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PubMed2003

Enhanced heterologous polyketide production in Streptomyces by exploiting plasmid co-integration.

A plasmid named pSMALL was discovered in a Streptomyces coelicolor strain that significantly enhanced the levels of production of 15-methyl-6-deoxyerythronolide B, a polyketide lactone normally produced in low amounts by engineered polyketide synthase (PKS) genes. It is a co-integrate between a conventional SCP2*-derived Streptomyces expression plasmid, pJRJ2, and SCP2@, a variant of the parental SCP2* plasmid. SCP2@ has a 45-bp deletion 35 bp upstream of the start codon of the repI gene in the replication region; and this correlated with an enhanced plasmid copy number and polyketide overproduction by its derivatives. This discovery was exploited to construct pBOOST, a high-copy-number cloning vector that can be used to achieve greatly elevated (at least 25-fold), stable metabolite production by PKS genes cloned in SCP2*-derived vectors by forming co-integrates with them.

Base Sequence↗

PubMed2000

HIV-1 suppression during acute scrub-typhus infection.

BACKGROUND: In HIV-1-infected individuals, viral load has been reported to rise transiently if an acute infection with another organism occurs. Our study was prompted by the unexpected finding that HIV-1 copy number fell during an acute infection with Orientia tsutsugamushi, the causative agent of scrub typhus. METHODS: Serial HIV-1 viral load determinations were made in ten Thai adults with scrub typhus, who were not receiving antiretroviral therapy, and in five HIV-1-infected patients who had other infections (four malaria, one leptospirosis), during and after acute infections. Sera from HIV-1-infected patients with scrub typhus and from mice immunised with O. tsutsugamushi were examined for HIV-1-suppressive activity. FINDINGS: Median viral load 3 days after admission was significantly lower in the scrub-typhus group than in patients with other infections (193% vs 376% of day 28 values, p=0.03). In four O. tsutsugamushi-infected patients HIV-1 RNA copy number fell by three-fold or more compared with day 28 values, and HIV-1 copy numbers were below the assay threshold in two patients with scrub typhus. Five of seven HIV-1 isolates from non-typhus patients with CD4 lymphocytes less than 200 cells/microL were syncytia-inducing variants, whereas all ten isolates from O. tsutsugamushi-infected individuals matched by CD4-cell count were non-syncytia inducing (p=0.03). Sera from an HIV-1-negative patient with scrub typhus had potent HIV-1-suppressive activity in vitro. Sera from typhus-infected mice inhibited HIV-1 syncytia formation and bound by immunofluorescence to HIV-1-infected lymphocytes. INTERPRETATION: HIV-1-suppressive factors are produced during some scrub-typhus infection and should be investigated further in the search for novel strategies for the treatment and prevention of AIDS.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed1995

[A new mechanism of mutation in man: expansion of trinucleotide repeats].

An analysis of a novel, recently discovered class of mutations in man - an expansion, i.e., an increase of the copy number of intragenic unstable trinucleotide repeats - is presented. The expansion of trinucleotide repeats causes the development of at least seven hereditary diseases which damage the nervous system: the fragile X chromosome syndrome (two separate variants of the disease - FRAXA and FRAXE), myotonic dystrophy, spinal and bulbar Kennedy's amyotrophy, Huntington's chorea, type 1 spinocerebellar ataxia, and dentatorubral-pallidolyusian atrophy. The discovery of triplet expansion allows a satisfactory explanation on the molecular level of a series of unusual clinical genetic phenomena, such as anticipation, the ¿paternal transmission¿ effect, the ¿Sherman paradox¿, and others. The common properties and the distinctions of unstable trinucleotide mutations in the above-mentioned nosologic forms are analyzed comprehensively among for the mechanism by which these mutations cause disease, the time of their appearance in ontogenesis, and various clinical genetic correlations. The evolutionary origin of this class of mutations and, in particular, the role of alleles with an ¿intermediate¿ triplet number, which are the persistent reservoir of mutations arising de novo in a population, are also discussed. The possible implication of unstable trinucleotide repeats for a series of other hereditary diseases, such as spinocerebellar ataxia of type 2, Machado-Joseph disease, hereditary spastic paraplegia, essential tremor, schizophrenia and others, is also suggested.

Genetic Diseases, Inborn↗

PubMed2001

Comparison of mouse and human NASP genes and expression in human transformed and tumor cell lines.

We previously cloned and sequenced cDNAs encoding mouse NASP (mNASP), a cell cycle regulated histone H1 binding protein. Here we report the genomic sequence and organization for mNASP along with its 5' regulatory region and compare these with human NASP (hNASP). The mNASP gene contains 16 exons interrupted by 15 introns. The sequence encoding testis mNASP uses all 16 exons while the somatic form uses 13 exons by differential splicing. All the exons conform to the AG/GT splicing rule. Putative TATA box-containing transcription initiation sites are present for somatic NASP in human and mouse and for testis hNASP. Comparison of the promoter regions of mNASP and hNASP approximately 1 kb upstream of the transcription start sites for the two splice variants revealed a number of possible transcription factor binding sites relevant to specific patterns of NASP tissue expression. The presence of single bands on Southern blots of mouse genomic DNA suggests that mNASP is a single copy gene although pseudogenes exist in both the mouse and human genomes. Chromosome fluorescence by in situ hybridization revealed that mNASP is present on chromosome 4, in an area that corresponds to band 4D1, a region syntenic to the locus of hNASP on chromosome 1. Additionally, we report that human somatic and testis NASP mRNAs are expressed at varying levels in all the transformed cell lines and human tumors tested, further supporting NASP's role in the cell cycle of dividing cells.

Animals↗

PubMed2026

sWGS Identifies a Copy-Number-High Subset of TP53-mutated Multiple-Classifier Endometrial Carcinomas With Adverse Clinicopathological Features.

TP53-mutated "multiple-classifier" endometrial carcinomas represent a diagnostically challenging subgroup within current molecular classification algorithms. Although these tumors are assigned to POLE-mutated or mismatch repair-deficient categories according to current ESGO/FIGO-based algorithms, their biological heterogeneity remains incompletely characterized. Herein, we retrospectively analyzed TP53-mutated multiple-classifier endometrial carcinomas identified through routine molecular profiling at our institution between 2022 and 2025 using an integrated histopathological, immunohistochemical, targeted sequencing, and shallow whole-genome sequencing approach. Copy-number alteration-high (CNA-high) status was defined as ≥5 large-scale genomic alterations, corresponding to copy-number gains or losses ≥3 Mb within a single chromosomal arm excluding whole-arm alterations. Among 33 analyzable TP53-mutated multiple-classifier endometrial carcinomas, sWGS identified 12 CNA-high tumors (36.4%) and 21 CNA-low tumors (63.6%). CNA-high tumors were more frequently non-endometrioid, high-grade, and advanced-stage according to FIGO 2023. They showed higher TP53 variant allele frequencies (VAF) and higher TP53 VAF-to-tumor-cellularity ratios. After a median follow-up of 12.8 months, recurrences (6/33; 18.2%) and disease-related deaths (3/33; 9.1%) were observed in the CNA-high subgroup, whereas no recurrence or disease-related death was observed among CNA-low patients. These findings indicate that TP53-mutated multiple-classifier endometrial carcinomas comprise biologically distinct subsets that are not fully captured by current 4-tier TCGA-based molecular classification and ESGO-based risk stratification. In this cohort, sWGS identified a CNA-high group with adverse clinicopathological features and clinical events suggesting a potentially more aggressive clinical course. Integration of genome-wide copy-number profiling may therefore refine the biological interpretation of TP53 alterations in multiple-classifier endometrial carcinomas and warrants validation in larger multicenter cohorts.

TP53↗

PubMed2005

Rhinovirus-stabilizing activity of artificial VLDL-receptor variants defines a new mechanism for virus neutralization by soluble receptors.

Members of the low-density lipoprotein receptor family possess various numbers of ligand binding repeats that non-equally contribute to binding of minor group human rhinoviruses. Using an artificial concatemer of five copies of repeat 3 of the human very-low density lipoprotein receptor, we demonstrate protection of HRV2 against low-pH mediated uncoating and inhibition of penetration of an RNA-specific fluorescent dye into the intact virion. This indicates that the recombinant receptor inhibits viral breathing and irreversible conformational modifications of the capsid that precede RNA release, providing a new mechanism for rhinovirus neutralization by soluble receptor molecules.

Anti-Retroviral Agents↗

PubMed1990

Bloodstream and metacyclic variant surface glycoprotein gene expression sites of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense.

Trypanosoma brucei gambiense is the causative agent of chronic human sleeping sickness. Previous studies have indicated that T. b. gambiense isolates expressed the antigens U1 or L2 in both the metacyclic and early bloodstream form of the parasite life cycle. These studies suggested that L2 and U1 were likely to be metacyclic variant surface glycoproteins (mVSG). The basic copies of the genes encoding the VSGs L2 and U1 are present in single copy in non-expressing isolates of T. b. gambiense. Furthermore, they have been found to be maintained stably in a large number of stocks isolated from a wide geographic area over a 30-year period. The genomic DNA comprising the upstream 5' flanking regions of the U1 and L2 putative mVSG gene expression sites have been cloned from bloodstream forms of T. b. gambiense. The L2 expression site clone, containing 12.5 kb of sequences 5' to the VSG gene, was found to lack the 72/76-bp repeat unit generally found in the 'barren' region upstream of bloodstream form expression sites. The U1 expression site clone, containing 13.5 kb of the 5' flanking region, appeared to have the repeats, which were localized to 2 kb of DNA immediately 5' to the U1 mVSG gene. Neither the U1 nor the L2 clone was found to have ESAG2 or ESAG3 gene sequences, but both were found to have ESAG1 genes. The ESAG1 genes from the putative metacyclic expression sites and from the U1 and L2 bloodstream form expression sites (in the form of cDNA clones) were sequenced and compared to all other published ESAG1 sequences.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed2005

Dedifferentiated liposarcoma with extensive lymphoid component.

An unusual variant of dedifferentiated liposarcoma with extensive lymphocytic component is described. A 71-year-old patient suffered from a relapse of an atypical lipomatous tumor/well-differentiated liposarcoma with early micronodular (low-grade) dedifferentiation, which had been resected 4 years before. The relapse revealed features of a dedifferentiated liposarcoma with spindle-cell, partly pleomorphic dedifferentiation and osseous metaplasia. Clearly separated from the spindle-cell areas, an extensive homogeneously dense lymphoid (lymphocytic) tumor-component was evident, with relative abrupt transition to the well-differentiated liposarcoma component. Using immunohistochemistry and PCR, the lymphoid ("lymphoma-like") infiltrate proved to be a polyclonal lymphocytic proliferation. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISII) analysis revealed no signs of MDM2- and CDK4-gene amplification in the lymphoid areas, although within this mononuclear lymphoid population, large polymorphic nuclei displayed an amplified number of MDM2/CDK4 gene copies, indicating the presence of truly dedifferentiated tumor cells within the lymphoid component. The results favor a reactive lymphocytic infiltration versus a neoplastic one, which might be caused for example by chemoattractive agents. An extensive lymphoid "overgrowth" must be considered within the spectrum of unusual variants and in the differential diagnosis of dedifferentiated liposarcoma.

Aged↗

PubMed1994

In vivo distribution and cytopathology of variants of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 showing restricted sequence variability in the V3 loop.

The distribution, cell tropism, and cytopathology in vivo of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) was investigated in postmortem tissue samples from a series of HIV-infected individuals who died either of complications associated with AIDS or for unrelated reasons while they were asymptomatic. Proviral sequences were detected at a high copy number in lymphoid tissue of both presymptomatic patients and patients with AIDS, whereas significant infection of nonlymphoid tissue such as that from brains, spinal cords, and lungs were confined to those with AIDS. V3 loop sequences from both groups showed highly restricted sequence variability and a low overall positive charge of the encoded amino acid sequence compared with those of standard laboratory isolates of HIV type 1 (HIV-1). The low charge and the restriction in sequence variability were comparable to those observed with isolates showing a non-syncytium-inducing (NSI) and macrophage-tropic phenotype in vitro. All patients were either exclusively infected (six of seven cases) or predominantly infected (one case) with variants with a predicted NSI/macrophage-tropic phenotype, irrespective of the degree of disease progression. p24 antigen was detected by immunocytochemical staining of paraffin-fixed sections in the germinal centers within lymphoid tissue, although little or no antigen was found in areas of lymph node or spleen containing T lymphocytes from either presymptomatic patients or patients with AIDS. The predominant p24 antigen-expressing cells in the lungs and brains of the patients with AIDS were macrophages and microglia (in brains), frequently forming multinucleated giant cells (syncytia) even though the V3 loop sequences of these variants resembled those of NSI isolates in vitro. These studies indicate that lack of syncytium-forming ability in established T-cell lines does not necessarily predict syncytium-forming ability in primary target cells in vivo. Furthermore, variants of HIV with V3 sequences characteristic of NSI/macrophage-tropic isolates form the predominant population in a range of lymphoid and nonlymphoid tissues in vivo, even in patients with AIDS.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗

PubMed1982

Yeast L dsRNA consists of at least three distinct RNAs; evidence that the non-Mendelian genes [HOK], [NEX] and [EXL] are on one of these dsRNAs.

[HOK], [NEX] and [EXL] are non-Mendelian genes affecting the K1 and K2 killer systems of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. T1 fingerprints of L double-stranded RNA from [HOK]-, [NEX]- and [EXL]-containing cells and their heat-cured derivatives indicate that: there are three distinct double-stranded RNAs, L-A, L-B and L-C; [HOK], [NEX] and [EXL] are all located on L-A; there are three functional variants of L-A that produce the [HOK] [NEX], [HOK] [EXL] or [EXL] phenotypes; L-A is compatible with L-B or L-C; and there are additional sequences present in lower copy number. Although their fingerprint patterns are unrelated, solution hybridization shows that L-B and L-C share sequence homology. Strains carrying L-A as the major double-stranded RNA or only L-B or only L-C all have similarly sedimenting (160S) virus-like particles with RNA polymerase activity. Virus-like particles from strains with L-A all have proteins of 81,000 and 180,000 daltons that are absent from isogenic strains cured of L-A. Virus-like particles from strains with only L-B or only L-C both have major proteins of 77,000 and 73,000 daltons.

DNA, Fungal↗

PubMed2000

Papio cynocephalus endogenous retrovirus among old world monkeys: evidence for coevolution and ancient cross-species transmissions.

To study the evolutionary history of Papio cynocephalus endogenous retrovirus (PcEV), we analyzed the distribution and genetic characteristics of PcEV among 17 different species of primates. The viral pol-env and long terminal repeat and untranslated region (LTR-UTR) sequences could be recovered from all Old World species of the papionin tribe, which includes baboons, macaques, geladas, and mangabeys, but not from the New World monkeys and hominoids we tested. The Old World genera Cercopithecus and Miopithecus hosted either a PcEV variant with an incomplete genome or a virus with substantial mismatches in the LTR-UTR. A complete PcEV was found in the genome of Colobus guereza-but not in Colobus badius-with a copy number of 44 to 61 per diploid genome, comparable to that seen in papionins, and with a sequence most closely related to a virus of the papionin tribe. Analysis of evolutionary distances among PcEV sequences for synonymous and nonsynonymous sites indicated that purifying selection was operational during PcEV evolution. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that possibly two subtypes of PcEV entered the germ line of a common ancestor of the papionins and subsequently coevolved with their hosts. One strain of PcEV was apparently transmitted from a papionin ancestor to an ancestor of the central African lowland C. guereza.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

Modification of alcohol withdrawal by the A9 allele of the dopamine transporter gene.

OBJECTIVE: Determinants of individual vulnerability to alcohol withdrawal symptoms are largely unknown. Because of the substantial role of monoaminergic transporters in limiting time and space effects of synaptic neurotransmission, the dopamine transporter gene (DAT1; locus symbol: SLC6A3) was studied as a candidate gene possibly related to symptoms of uncomplicated alcohol withdrawal. METHOD: In 48 chronically intoxicated alcoholics (diagnosed according to ICD-10), withdrawal symptoms were examined and the presence of a variable-number tandem repeat in the 3' untranslated region of the DAT1 gene was determined. RESULTS: Withdrawal syndromes were more pronounced in the 22 patients carrying the nine-copy repeat than in the 26 patients without this variant. Multiple regression analysis revealed that 4% of the variance of withdrawal was explained by this genotype, whereas 16% was due to the amount of alcohol the patients reported having consumed in the month before detoxification. CONCLUSIONS: The A9 allele of the dopamine transporter gene is associated with more severe effects of alcohol withdrawal, possibly because of modifications of the brain's capacity to compensate for long-term effects of ethanol on cerebral function.

Adult↗

PubMed1987

Structural organization of the alpha-amylase gene locus in Drosophila melanogaster and Drosophila miranda.

Chromosomal sites belonging to the alpha-amylase gene family have been identified in D. melanogaster and D. miranda and in the sibling species of miranda, pseudoobscura, and persimilis. Two sites occur in chromosome 2 of melanogaster; one contains the Amy gene locus (54A) and the other an amylase "pseudogene" (53CD). Two sites of homology exist at 73A and 78C and perhaps another at 81BC in chromosome 3 of pseudoobscura and persimilis and in the homologous regions of the X2 chromosome in miranda. The active Amy locus is apparently at 73A. The structural organization of cloned sequences from this multigene family in melanogaster and miranda is under analysis, with emphasis on the functional Amy gene region. Electrophoretic variants of amylase have served as invaluable tools in these studies. For melanogaster, their use as genetic markers enabled us to positively identify our lambda Dm65 clone of the Amy locus and to show that it contains two functional copies of the structural gene for alpha-amylase. Amylase isozymes are now being used in P element-mediated transformation experiments aimed at defining regulatory elements for the temporal and spatial control of amylase expression during development and in response to dietary glucose. In miranda, electrophoretic variants of amylase were useful in assigning the Amy locus to chromosome X2, and they continue to serve as essential markers in our study of the evolution of dosage compensation for amylase expression in males of this species. Restriction maps of the Amy locus in 7 strains of D. melanogaster indicate that despite the worldwide origins of the chromosome samples, all contain a duplication of the amylase structural gene at this locus regardless of whether they produce two alpha-amylase isozymes, a single variant, or none. We have aligned these maps with the genetic and cytological maps of chromosome 2R in melanogaster and assigned alleles for different amylase isozymes to either the proximal or distal Amy gene copy in a number of strains. Restriction site polymorphism is relatively limited at the Amy locus, but some strain-specific rearrangements exist. The locus of two strains with reduced amylase activity, Amy1 (CA 1) and Amy "null", contain anomalies--an insertion in the former and an inversion in the latter. Causal relationships are being sought between the level of amylase expression in these strains and the position of their respective anomalies.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Use of a repetitive mouse B2 element to identify transplanted mouse cells in mouse-chick chimeras.

Monitoring the migrations of cells during embryonic development requires a system in which cells can be identified in situ during locomotion. One promising system involves the generation of chimeras by transplanting mouse cells into chick embryos in ovo to exploit the wealth of mouse genetic variants. The success of this technique relies on the ability to detect individual mouse cells in a chick environment with high specificity. The murine B2 family of short interspersed elements is present in the mouse genome at copy numbers in excess of 10(5), whereas this sequence is absent in the chick genome based on hybridization techniques. This differential of five orders of magnitude produces signals in mouse cells that are easily identified, even in an environment that is predominantly chick. Thus, the B2 repeat probe is highly effective for the purpose of identifying mouse cells in mouse-chick chimeras.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

Formation of dimeric Fabs in Escherichia coli: effect of hinge size and isotype, presence of interchain disulphide bond, Fab' expression levels, tail piece sequences and growth conditions.

We have made hinge variants of two human Fab's in order to investigate the factors involved in the formation of dimeric Fab's in the periplasm of E. coli. Hinges containing one or more copies of the IgG1 hinge with various numbers of spacing residues were tested. Fab's with hinges based on the gamma2, gamma3 and gamma4 isotypes were also tested. We find that the IgG1 hinge sequence can form approximately 35% F(ab')2 in vivo in shake flask experiments, but that only (approximately) 5% F(ab')2 can be produced during fermentation. IgM and IgA tail-pieces added to Fab's did not effect their multimerisation. The possible role of growth conditions upon F(ab')2 formation in vivo is discussed.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed2000

Molecular definition of a small amplification domain within 3q26 in tumors of cervix, ovary, and lung.

A common amplification target encompassing chromosome region 3q25 to q27 has been identified by comparative genomic hybridization analyses in tumors of the cervix, ovary, endometrium, lung, and head and neck. Because this segment spans at least 30 megabases, we undertook a molecular analysis of copy number to more precisely define the amplification domain. Our Southern blot and fluorescence in situ hybridization results with the use of 17 markers confirmed the presence of low-level 3q amplification events in cervical, ovarian, and variant SCLC tumors. Most of the tumor types studied appeared to have similar, broad amplification domains centered within 3q26.2, suggesting that the same target is being affected in all. The ovarian carcinoma cell line NIH:OVCAR3 had a highly restricted amplification domain spanned by four overlapping YAC clones, suggesting a small target. The region of highest amplification included the gene for the RNA component of telomerase (hTR), supporting it as a potential target. Although the importance of low-level amplification is unknown, the consistent and reproducible nature of this event in a variety of carcinomas suggests that 3q26.2 harbors an oncogene whose low-level amplification has a significant influence on tumor biology.

Blotting, Southern↗

PubMed2006

Outliers in RhD membrane integration are explained by variant RH haplotypes.

BACKGROUND: Variations in a multipass transmembrane protein may affect its membrane integration. To study this effect, the systematic molecular characterization of variant D antigen density is a suitable model. Unlike most other membrane proteins, the expression of the D antigen is often determined by a single allele, because it occurs frequently in hemizygous form. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: The D antigen density distribution of 530 CcDee, 475 ccDEe, and 514 ccDee random samples was established by flow cytometry. The molecular bases of samples with D antigen densities outside a bell-shaped peak was investigated. RESULTS: The antigen densities of 499 CcDee, 437 ccDEe, and 480 ccDee samples formed bell-shaped peaks. Three, 10, and 12 samples, respectively, had decreased antigen densities and carried variant RHD alleles. Weak D type 19, RHD(I204T); weak D type 20, RHD(F417S); and the partial D DYU (also known as DQC), RHD(R234W) were new RHD alleles. Twenty-eight CcDee, 28 ccDEe, and 22 ccDee samples had increased antigen densities; 53 of them lacked a hybrid Rhesus box and were thus predicted to be RHD homozygous. Eight ccDee samples were predicted to be heterozygous despite a large relative dose of RHD to RHCE alleles in quantitative polymerase chain reaction. One of these samples was further investigated and carried an RHD-CE hybrid transcript characteristic for a -D- haplotype. CONCLUSIONS: Unusual little and large RhD protein integration into the membrane could be traced to a host of distinct protein variants. Weak expression of D antigen was invariably associated with variant RHD alleles. Larger than normal D antigen density may often be caused by the presence of two D encoding alleles, which may be located in cis, and confounding zygosity testing that is solely based on gene copy number.

Alleles↗

PubMed2026

Unraveling the genomic blueprint of the Indian black soldier fly: From genome assembly to evolutionary insights.

The black soldier fly (BSF) (Hermetia illucens) has been renowned for its sustainable bioconversion capabilities, resulting in smart protein production with wide applications in animal feed, bioenergy, and biofertilizer. However, the genetic mechanisms underlying efficient bioconversion and productivity remain poorly understood. To advance strain-specific applications and strengthen genetic resource availability, we present the whole genome sequencing (WGS) data for an Indian isolate of black soldier fly. The assembled genome was 1.46 Gb with a scaffold N50 of 172.7 Mb, and a GC content of 42.6%. Furthermore, 64.17% of genomic sequences were masked as repeated, and 14,317 protein-coding sequences were identified. Variant analysis against the reference genome identified 34.44 million variants (∼33.25 million SNPs and ∼ 1.18 million INDELs), with the majority (99.3%) classified as MODIFIER, 0.54% as LOW impact, 0.14% as MODERATE, and only 0.003% as HIGH impact. Comparative genomic analysis with other related species revealed expansions of gene families in BSF associated with Immune effector (Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), Lysozymes, and Peptidoglycan Recognition Protein (PGRP) and Detoxification (cytochrome P450 enzymes). Notably, AMPs in the Indian isolate showed enhanced copy number variation in defensin (27) and PGRP (40) compared to reference BSF, suggesting potential regional adaptations to pathogen exposure. Collectively, this genomic data provides an improved resource for evolutionary studies, functional genomics, and targeted genetic improvement of BSF for sustainable bioconversion applications.

Comparative genomics↗