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PubMed1998

Prevalence of caries and edentulousness among 65-74-year-olds in Europe.

Reviewed in this article are epidemiological studies included in the WHO Global Oral Data Bank for noninstitutionalized European adults aged 65-74 years for the period 1986-96. Edentulous percentages, decayed, missing, filled teeth (DMFT) index, and data on the mean number of teeth are presented. At least one representative study had been carried out in 48% of the countries, with the quantity of information from countries with developed market economies being similar to that from countries with economies in transition. The proportion of 65-74-year-olds who were edentulous varied from 12.8% to 69.6%, the mean number of teeth ranged from 15.1 to 3.8, and the DMFT index from 22.2 to 30.2. The observed disparities in the oral health status among older European adults suggest that it may be possible to develop and implement oral health policies that take into account geographical and socioeconomic differences in populations.

Aged↗

PubMed1998

DMFT, dmft and treatment requirements of schoolchildren in Asturias, Spain.

An epidemiological survey was carried out in 1992 to study the dental health status of schoolchildren aged 6, 9 and 12 in Asturias, Spain. It focused on the caries prevalence, dmtf, DMFT, restoration indices and dental treatment needs of this population. A representative sample of 1839 subjects, randomly selected and proportionally assigned by age group (6, 9 and 12) with the classroom as the sample unit, was examined. Analysis of the data showed that in 6-year-old children the caries prevalence in primary teeth was 45.8%. The mean caries indices were 2.10 dmft and 0.25 DMFT. At 9 years old the prevalence of caries in primary teeth was 62.8% and in the permanent teeth 49.1%. The mean level of caries was 2.38 dmft and 1.50 DMFT. At 12 years old the caries prevalence in permanent teeth was 71% and in first molars 64.2%. The mean caries experienced was 3.30 DMFT. In all groups the D-component constituted the major part of the caries index. The results for girls were higher than for boys in almost all age groups. Surface fillings were the treatment most required in all age groups.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1994

Eighteen-month coronal caries incidence in North Carolina older adults.

In this longitudinal study of a random sample of North Carolinians over the age of 65 and living in their homes, 325 blacks and 280 whites were examined and interviewed 18 months after baseline examinations. Coronal caries incidence was greater among whites than blacks. The increment due to teeth becoming root fragments were similar for both races; however, there were more newly crowned teeth among whites. Newly crowned surfaces were not used as part of the caries increment in logistic regression models to investigate potential risk predictors. For blacks, caries development over the 18-month period was associated with a higher lactobacillus score and more coronal caries at baseline, more previously filled coronal surfaces, and lack of active membership in clubs or other groups. For whites, having no self-reported tooth sensitivity, having a lower socioeconomic index score, taking antihistamine medications at baseline, and having the perception of more problems after the age of 40 than before were all associated with the development of coronal caries.

Black or African American↗

PubMed2001

Oral health status of adults from a California regional center for developmental disabilities.

The oral health status and treatment needs of developmentally disabled adults (18 years and older) from a Los Angeles Regional Center who live in a variety of settings were measured as part of a comprehensive study to determine their overall health status. A dental assessment was performed on a sample of 325 persons which was similar in demographic composition to the entire population at the center. Approximately 80% of clients reported a personal dentist of record, and 73% brushed their own teeth. Edentulism was 9%. The mean number of retained teeth per person was 22. Subjectively, 15.7% of the sample was rated as having "good" overall dental health, 77.7% "fair," and 6.6% "poor." The major reasons rendering fair or poor assessments were oral hygiene, clinical periodontal disease, and dental caries. More females than males were assessed as having "good" overall dental health. The overall appearance of the teeth for a majority of the sample (76.5%) was rated as "same as most." Persons who brushed their own teeth had fewer missing teeth than those who did not. Persons with a dentist of record had fewer decayed and more filled teeth. Persons living at home with family or friends had a significantly lower DMFT index than those living independently or in facilities. In general, these findings are encouraging; however, caution must be exercised, since efforts to improve the oral health status of this population require continued attention.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

Dental caries, socio-economic development and national oral health policies.

A relationship between a population's level of socio-economic development and dental caries has often been assumed. Proxy measures such as sugar consumption have been used to reflect this. This study tests the hypothesis that there is a relationship between dental caries and the level of socio-economic development, using recent international data. It goes on to explore the implications of this relationship for the development of national oral health policies. Dental caries data was obtained from the WHO, Global Oral Epidemiology Data Bank for the period 1981-1996. Socio-economic data was obtained from the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). Countries were ranked according to the Human Development Index (HDI) and their GNP. The study confirms the existence of a relationship between dental caries and development. Caries is a good proxy measure for socio-economic development. Countries in the throes of socio-economic transition have the highest DMFT scores.

Child↗

PubMed2002

Caries experience of 5-6-year-old and 12-13-year-old schoolchildren in central and western Nepal.

OBJECTIVE: To describe and analyse the caries experience and caries prevalence in the deciduous dentition of 5-6-year-old schoolchildren and in the permanent dentition of 12-13-year-old schoolchildren in western and central Nepal. DESIGN: Non-randomised cross-sectional surveys conducted by trained and calibrated examiners. SETTING: Surveys were conducted in private and government rural and urban schools at 10 sites along the Terai and the foothills in eight districts of western and central Nepal. SUBJECTS: A total of 2,177, 5-6-year-old and 3,323, 12-13-year-old schoolchildren from urban and rural areas were examined under WHO Pathfinder methodology. OUTCOME MEASURES: Prevalence of caries and dental caries experience (dmft/DMFT). RESULTS: The caries prevalence and mean dmft score of 5-6-year-olds was 67% and 3.3 (urban 64% and 2.9; rural 78% and 4.0). The caries prevalence and mean DMFT score of 12-13-year-olds was 41% and 1.1 (urban 35% and 0.9; rural 54% and 1.5). The d/D-component constituted almost the entire dmft/DMFT index. CONCLUSION: The recorded prevalence of untreated dental caries in schoolchildren requires an appropriate oral health response based primarily on prevention and health promotion. Foremost in this regime would be the promotion and use of accessible and affordable fluoridated toothpaste.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2001

[Self-perception of oral health status by the elderly].

OBJECTIVE: To assess the self-perception of oral health status of the elderly and to analize the clinics, subjectives and sociodemographic factors that interfer in this perception. METHODS: Results are based on interviews and clinical assessment of 201 subjects aged 60 years and over, who were dentate, functionally independents and used to go to a health care center in the town of Araraquara, SP, Brazil. A questionnaire with questions about social characteristics of the sampled population, their oral health status self-perception and the Geriatric Oral Health Assessment Index (GOHAI) was applied. All subject underwent a clinical examination to determine the prevalence of the main oral diseases. Statistical analyses were performed to determine the association between social and clinic variables, and the GOHAI index with their oral health self-perceptions. In addition, analyses were made to identify self-assessment predictors. RESULTS: The clinical examination revealed that dental caries and periodontal disease had a significant prevalence, though 42.7% of the sample assessed their oral health status as regular. Social class, the GOHAI index, and the decayed and missing teeth were all associated with the self-assessment. The multivariate analysis showed that the self-assessment predictors were the GOHAI index, missing teeth and Community Periodontal Index and Treatment Needs index. These predictors accounted for 30% of the self-assessment variability. CONCLUSIONS: As the oral health self-perception had minor influence on the clinical conditions, developing educational and preventive actions for the elderly population are recommended.

Aged↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Nutrition and carious pathology].

Recent researches in animals about correlation between decay and sugar, pointed out that frequency of assumption is more important than quantity. The Authors want to have a confirm examining 1810 5-years-aged children, pointing out the relationship among beverages, sugar-containing foods and dmft index. The results show a caries increment drinking soft drinks beverages. The frequency of sugar containing food assumption seems to be strictly related to dental caries improvement and to the reduction of dmft = 0 cases.

Beverages↗

PubMed1982

Effect of oral hygiene instructions given by paraprofessional personnel.

A study was undertaken in order to test the effect of hygiene instructions given by specially trained chair-side assistants and to test the value of depuration prior to instructions. Chair-side assistants were trained to motivate and instruct patients in oral hygiene methods. The 71 participants (12 female and 59 male employees of the same industrial firm) were divided into three groups. Group C received depuration (one visit) prior to oral hygiene instruction, Group B hygiene instructions only, and Group A depuration only. Following instructions, the participants were examined after 4, 12 and 24 weeks with respect to: DMFT, Gingival Index, Retention Index, plaque surface and periodontal pockets greater than or equal to 4 mm. The results showed a reduction in plaque surfaces from baseline to 24 weeks in Groups B and C of 67% and 70% (difference not significant). Slight improvement was noted in Group A. Significant improvement was also observed in Gingival Index scores and pocket depths. Significant differences were not found between the groups with respect to Retention Index scores. Smoking did not influence the program. The effects of instructions were retained after 6 months. It is concluded that the use of this kind of personnel is highly effective and expedient, and that the present model can be useful in preventive dental health work.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[The prognosis of dental caries in children].

Examinations of 496 children aged 4 to 15 have shown that the tests based on the individual indexes of caries intensity are the most effective tools for the prediction of dental caries in children. The prediction accuracy may be essentially improved if a complex of clinical and laboratory investigations is carried out to detect the individual factors of dental caries risk in children.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1989

[Dental health status of junior high school students in the suburbs of Chiba city].

The Population of 12-15 years is a key age group for oral health because the permanent dentition and periodontal tissues are almost complete at this stage. The purpose of this study was to evaluate oral health status and to develop an effective school dental health program for junior high schools students. The survey was performed on 527 persons aged 12-13 at 2 junior high schools in the suburbs of Chiba city. Periodontal disease was evaluated on the basis of the CPITN, and analyzed for severity and region of periodontal disease. Gingivitis was examined with PMA index, using color photo slides taken of anterior dentition at the time of inspection. At the same time, caries experience and oral hygiene index were also estimated. The results were as follows: (1) The mean DMFT was 3.89. Caries prevalence in females was higher than males. Ratio of treated teeth rate was 77.03%; that of untreated teeth rate was 22.65%. Females revealed less treatment for caries than males. Oral hygiene index showed significant difference between males and females. Labial and buccal parts of the maxillary and molar region on the mandibular showed remarkable plaque deposition. Calculus accumulation in this population was greatest on the lower incisor. (2) The mean PMA index was 7.36. Gingivitis was highly prevalent in both sexes, although it was more severe in males. There was correlations between PMA index and OHI. (3) From the results of CPITN, 10.6% of the subjects showed no signs of periodontal disease (Code 0), and 5.7% exhibited gingival bleeding (Code 1).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗

PubMed1988

[Epidemiologic study of dental caries in the school population of the provinces of Ille-et-Vilaine, Eure, Orne, Calvados and Manche].

An epidemiological study of 1,063 schoolchildren aged 6 to 15 years, from the Departments of Ille et Vilaine, Eure, Orne, Calvados and Manche was conducted of dental caries prevalence and incidence according to sex and urban or rural origin of the children. The DMFT index was respectively 0.34, 2.02, 3.85 and 6.51 at the age of 6, 9, 12 and 15 years. The DMFS index was 0.52 at 6 years and 11.32 at 15 years. At the age of 6, 84.5% of the children were free of caries whereas this percentage was only of 5.1% at the age of 15.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1994

Enamel opacities and dental caries in children who used a low fluoride toothpaste between 2 and 5 years of age.

A recent clinical trial investigated the cariostatic effectiveness of a low (550 ppm) fluoride toothpaste in comparison with a standard (1050 ppm) control paste in pre-school children who were 2-years-old at the start of the 3-year trial. The present study has investigated the prevalence of enamel opacities in permanent incisor teeth and of caries in children who had taken part. As well as children from test and control groups, a third group of non-trial children were included in the sample. A total of 1,523 children were examined in schools and had photographs taken of their upper permanent incisor teeth. The latter were scored using the Thylstrup and Fejerskov (TF) index for fluorosis and the modified Developmental Defects of Enamel (DDE) index. Differences between the groups were small in real terms but using the TF index the child and tooth prevalence of opacities were significantly lower in the children who had used the test paste with a lower fluoride content; the same trend was seen in diffuse defects scored using the modified DDE index. There was no significant difference in the prevalence of caries in either primary or permanent teeth although the trend in both cases was for slightly more disease in children who had used the test paste.

Cariostatic Agents↗

PubMed2003

Effectiveness of an oral health promotion programme at the workplace.

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of an oral health promotion programme at the workplace. The programme was given once a year at offices or factories, which was voluntary and free for all employees. The programme consisted of clinical examinations followed by oral health guidance, oral hygiene instruction and oral prophylaxis of anterior lower teeth. Oral health status was compared by the times of participation in the programme. It was shown that three times or more participants in the programme had fewer decayed, missing and filled teeth (DMFT) and lower percentage of Community Periodontal Index (CPI) sextants 3 and 4. The oral health promotion programme was effective in keeping or maintaining good oral health among workers. In addition to current activities, the programme should include education to motivate subjects to receive regular check-ups.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Oral health practices and dental caries among Libyan pupils, Benghazi (1993-94).

We investigated the oral health practices and prevalence of dental caries among Libyan pupils (6-12 years), by studying 389 boys and 373 girls selected randomly from 11 public primary schools in three different residential areas indicating different socioeconomic levels. In all, 321 (42.1%) pupils did not brush their teeth, with significant differences in the different areas. The prevalence of dental caries was 61.9%, with no significant sex difference. At 12 years, the decayed, missing and filled teeth index was 1.63, the average decay per child was 1.26 and the prevalence of dental caries was 50%, but the filling needs met was 0.01. Health education programmes to improve oral hygiene practices should be considered.

Child↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Comparing treatment options for occlusal surfaces utilizing an invasive index.

The purpose of this project was to develop an invasive index to: 1) compare the treatments recommended by dentists for the occlusal surfaces of molars; 2) compare the invasive index score of each tooth with the extent of the carious lesion as determined by electrical resistance and histological examination; and 3) compare the relative extent of the total crown destruction resulting from the carious lesion and the cavity preparation. Twenty dentists examined 19 extracted permanent molar teeth using a #23 explorer and selected the most appropriate treatment from the following options: no treatment (score 0), occlusal sealant (score 1), preventive resin (score 2), occlusal amalgam (score 3). The invasive index scores determined for each dentist and each tooth were compared using an analysis of variance. The electrical conductivity of each tooth was measured with an electronic caries detector (Vanguard). Electrical resistance scores were compared to the invasive index scores and to a histological examination. The results demonstrate that the invasive index is a useful means to compare treatments recommended by different dentists. The invasive index suggests there is considerable variation among dentists in the treatment they recommend for occlusal surfaces. Electrical resistance testing did not provide helpful information for treatment planning of questionably carious occlusal surfaces.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1997

The relationship between reported toothpaste usage in infancy and fluorosis of permanent incisors.

OBJECTIVE: To examine a possible relationship between reported toothbrushing habits in infancy and fluorosis of permanent maxillary incisors at age 8-9 years. DESIGN: Comparison of clinical findings with retrospective survey data. SETTING: Five primary schools in the City of Birmingham where the water is fluoridated at 1.0 mg F/l. SUBJECT AND METHODS: Results of clinical examinations were compared with historical data collected via parental questionnaires. Maxillary central incisors of 325 consecutive children were examined for fluorosis clinically and photographically according to the criteria of the Modified Thylstrup and Fejerskov Index. 112 children had fluorosis and 213 did not. Information concerning toothbrushing habits in infancy was obtained via a questionnaire to parents who were also asked to add paste to a brush in a similar way to when the children were small. From a combination of questionnaire replies and paste weights the amount of fluoride that each child may have ingested from toothpaste each day was then estimated. RESULTS: Highly significant associations were found between estimated fluoride ingestion from toothpaste and fluorosis. The mean DMF score of the fluorosis group was half that of the fluorosis-free children. The prevalence of fluorosis among children in ACORN group A-C was significantly greater than in groups D-F. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the study suggest that toothpaste swallowing may be a factor in the production of fluorosis.

Child↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Dietary and salivary factors associated with root caries.

In this pilot study, dietary habits, microbial factors, and salivary factors in 20 older adults who had active decay on root surfaces were compared with those of 20 adults who had inactive or no root caries. In this case-control study, the groups were matched by sex and were of similar age. Subjects using medications known to induce dry mouth were excluded. Subjects completed a nutrition interview and a four-day food diary. Stimulated whole saliva flow rate, buffering capacity, levels of salivary lactobacilli with use of the Dentocult method, and S. mutans cultured on MSB agar were determined. The root caries group had a greater mean number of eating occasions per day (6.1 vs. 4.6), more frequent exposures to fermentable carbohydrates (5.8 vs. 4.2), and higher average daily sugars intake (133 g/day vs. 105 g/day) than the control group. Root caries subjects had significantly higher lactobacilli counts and less salivary buffering capacity. Within the root caries group, significant correlations were found with Root Caries Index and lactobacilli (r = 0.56) and S. mutans counts (rs = 0.50). These results show that frequent intake of simple sugars, high lactobacilli counts, and low saliva buffering capacity may be risk factors associated with root caries in older adults.

Aged↗