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PubMed1990

Volumetric comparison of auditory structures in the brains of European wild boars (Sus scrofa) and domestic pigs (Sus scrofa f. dom.).

The size of certain brain parts involved in the processing of auditory stimuli was measured in European wild boars (Sus scrofa) and domestic pigs (Sus scrofa f. dom.). By means of intraspecific allometric methods for analyzing the brain weight to body weight relationships, the volumes were compared in both groups. In general, all measured structures were smaller in the domestic form, indicating that domestication has led to a decrease in the size of auditory brain parts. Within the auditory system, however, differences in the amount of decrease were observed in different structures. The cochlear nucleus is only 15% smaller and the medial geniculate body about 20% smaller in the domestic form, whereas the superior olive (28%), the inferior colliculus (28%), the grey matter of the auditory cortex (32%) and the lateral lemniscus (33%) are decreased more significantly. Furthermore, in the medial superior olivary nucleus, there are 9% fewer neurons in the domestic form, but the neuron density has increased by 28%.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

Guidelines for handling domestic violence cases in community mental health centers. Kentucky Department for Mental Health and Mental Retardation Services.

Community mental health centers are becoming increasingly involved in the delivery of services to victims and perpetrators of domestic violence. To help centers plan a domestic violence program and address the risk of liability in treating clients who may be dangerous, the authors suggest principles to guide clinical decisions, standards for service delivery, and standards for staff development. Domestic violence is clearly defined as criminal behavior. In treatment, cessation of violence takes priority over family reunification and resolution of issues between victim and perpetrator. Decisions about accepting a perpetrator in treatment should be made by the treatment provider, even if treatment is mandated by the court. Suggestions for reducing the burden of domestic violence cases on individual clinicians include using treatment teams, establishing guidelines for maximum caseloads, and encouraging mixed caseloads. CMHCs have an important role in a comprehensive approach to domestic violence that includes a wide array of services and careful coordination among agencies that provide them.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Differentiation of the Italian wolf and the domestic dog based on microsatellite analysis.

The Italian wolf is in the process of regaining the Alpine region which comes into conflict with the extensive sheep keeping practiced in Switzerland during the summer. As in Switzerland, the wolf is a protected species, the government reimburses losses caused by wolves. Therefore we wanted to know whether the Italian wolf could be distinguished from the domestic dog by microsatellite analysis if DNA samples of the predators could be secured. The evaluation of combined genotypes for the microsatellites CanBern6, CPH4, CPH7, CPH9, CPH12, CPH22 and ZuBeCa1 made it possible to identify an individual as either a domestic dog or an Italian wolf. The assignment of an individual to either one of the two populations is based on the logarithm of the likelihood ratio of an individual being an Italian wolf rather than a domestic dog, given a specific combined genotype. The distribution of the Italian wolf combined genotypes (n=42) is clearly distinct from the distribution of the domestic dog combined genotypes (n=90). The likelihood ratio for the "worst" Italian wolf combined genotype was 2.3 E+5 and for the "worst" domestic dog combined genotype was 3.8 E-5.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2004

Snoring in primary school children and domestic environment: a Perth school based study.

BACKGROUND: The home is the predominant environment for exposure to many environmental irritants such as air pollutants and allergens. Exposure to common indoor irritants including volatile organic compounds, formaldehyde and nitrogen dioxide, may increase the risk of snoring for children. The aim of this study was to investigate domestic environmental factors associated with snoring in children. METHODS: A school-based respiratory survey was administered during March and April of 2002. Nine hundred and ninety six children from four primary schools within the Perth metropolitan area were recruited for the study. A sub-group of 88 children aged 4-6 years were further selected from this sample for domestic air pollutant assessment. RESULTS: The prevalences of infrequent snoring and habitual snoring in primary school children were 24.9% and 15.2% respectively. Passive smoking was found to be a significant risk factor for habitual snoring (odds ratio (OR) = 1.77; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.20-2.61), while having pets at home appeared to be protective against habitual snoring (OR = 0.58; 95% CI: 0.37-0.92). Domestic pollutant assessments showed that the prevalence of snoring was significantly associated with exposure to nitrogen dioxide during winter. Relative to the low exposure category (<30 microg/m3), the adjusted ORs of snoring by children with medium (30 - 60 microg/m3) and high exposures (> 60 microg/m3) to NO2 were 2.5 (95% CI: 0.7-8.7) and 4.5 (95% CI: 1.4-14.3) respectively. The corresponding linear dose-response trend was also significant (P = 0.011). CONCLUSION: Snoring is common in primary school children. Domestic environments may play a significant role in the increased prevalence of snoring. Exposure to nitrogen dioxide in domestic environment is associated with snoring in children.

Air Pollutants↗

PubMed2005

Facing aliens under globalization: changing meanings of home for Taiwanese employers of foreign domestics.

This paper is concerned with changing meanings of home for Taiwanese employers of foreign domestics under globalization. Shifting sense of home occurs for Taiwanese employers as well as foreign domestics in the process of labor migration. The author argues that Taiwanese employers, facing aliens at home, have adopted various rhetorical strategies to redefine their relationships with foreign domestics and deployed diverse practices of management within their households. As foreign domestics do housework at home, Taiwanese employers also do their own "homework," struggling to understand and cope with the process of becoming and being household employers. Their "homework" is an integral part of the globalization of domestic service.

Attitude↗

PubMed2001

Transnational perspectives on women's domestic work: experiences of Brazilian immigrants in the United States.

This article focuses on immigrant women's transnational experiences and perceptions of paid and unpaid domestic work. The dominance of work was an evident theme throughout the interviews with 26 Brazilian women who had been employed in domestic or food service work in the United States. Various intersections of gender, class, culture, and migration were evident in the women's changing definitions of work, measures of the quantity and quality of their paid and unpaid domestic work, and perceptions of their own fluid identities as Brazilian women, domestic workers, and immigrants. Through their daily lives and work experiences these immigrant women made concerted efforts to forge, maintain, or recreate contacts and connections with values and perspectives from both Brazilian and U.S. society. In the process they created dynamic transnational understandings and perspectives on women's domestic work.

Anecdotes as Topic↗

PubMed2006

[Between denial and helplessness: health care providers facing domestic violence in Mexico].

OBJECTIVE: To increase the knowledge of health care providers' understanding of and practices on domestic violence, in order to improve care. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was conducted between May and November 2003, In Quintana Roo, Coahuila, and Mexico City, three Mexican states with a high prevalence of domestic violence. Sixty in-depth interviews with health care providers in public health institutions and key informants of health service provision were completed. RESULTS: Health care providers were categorized based on the extent to which they reproduced four"discourses about violence". These discourses influence their daily practice and are related to the informants' gender values and social positions. Most informants expressed their willingness to address the issue of domestic violence. CONCLUSIONS. Attention to and care for domestic violence is insufficient in health services; this may be due more closely related to a predominant discourse tolerating domestic violence among decision-makers, than to the attitudes of health care providers; the latter demonstrated greater awareness of women's rights.

Denial, Psychological↗

PubMed2004

Evidence of avian pneumovirus spread beyond Minnesota among wild and domestic birds in central North America.

To detect avian pneumovirus (APV) in central North America, nasal turbinates or choanal deft tissues from domestic turkeys and wild birds were examined for the presence of APV RNA by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), whereas serum samples from domestic turkeys were analyzed for APV antibodies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In 2002, the seroprevalence of disease in domestic turkeys in Minnesota remained high (42.3% of the flocks). In addition, there is evidence the disease has spread to turkey flocks in North Dakota (8.2%), South Dakota (7%), Iowa (10%), and Wisconsin (8.6%) as detected by RT-PCR and/or ELISA. House sparrows and ring-billed gulls sampled in Minnesota and snow geese from Saskatchewan, Canada, were found to harbor APV RNA. Sequence analysis of wild bird APV strains showed high amino acid sequence identity among wild bird isolates (<97%) and between wild bird and turkey viral isolates (93.2%-99.3%). This study demonstrated that APV infections were present in domestic turkey flocks and wild birds outside the state of Minnesota; however, the role of wild birds in spreading APV to domestic turkeys remains unclear.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed2004

The prevalence rates of domestic abuse in women attending a family planning clinic.

CONTEXT: Domestic abuse has a detrimental impact on the mental and physical health of a woman. The abusive partner may use physical and sexual violence and 'control' the choice of contraception. OBJECTIVE: To examine the prevalence rates of domestic abuse. DESIGN: Data collection using anonymous questionnaire. SETTING: A family planning clinic. PARTICIPANTS: Two hundred and ninety-two women. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The prevalence rate of past and present history of domestic abuse and the nature of the abuse. RESULTS: One in three women experienced domestic abuse at some time in their life. A significant relationship existed between the age of the woman and experiencing abuse within the last year. Women in full-time employment experienced the highest rates of abuse. DISCUSSION: The anonymity of the research and the method of implementation encouraged an excellent response rate. CONCLUSION: During a woman's childbearing years, one-third of women may experience domestic abuse from their partner.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Associations between witnessing parental domestic violence and experiencing depressive symptoms in Filipino adolescents.

OBJECTIVES: We examined the association between 2 important public health problems in the developing world: parental domestic violence and depressive symptoms during adolescence. METHODS: Data on depressive symptoms and witnessing of domestic violence were obtained during private face-to-face interviews conducted in 2002 with 2051 Filipino adolescents 17-19 years of age. RESULTS: Symptoms of depression were common; 11% of young men and 19% of young women reported wishing that they were dead occasionally or most of the time, and nearly half of all respondents recalled parental domestic violence. Female adolescents had significantly higher scores than male adolescents on a 12-item index of depressive symptoms. Both male and female adolescents who had witnessed parental domestic violence reported more depressive symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Filipino adolescents who have witnessed parental domestic violence are significantly more likely to report depressive symptoms.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2005

Genetic diversity in domestic cats Felis catus of the Tsushima Islands, based on mitochondrial DNA cytochrome b and control region nucleotide sequences.

Nucleotide sequences of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of 50 domestic cats (Felis catus) obtained from the Tsushima Islands were determined and the genetic diversity was analyzed. In the cats, six haplotypes of the complete cytochrome b sequences (1,140 base-pairs, bp) and ten haplotypes of the partial control region sequences (350 bp) were identified. Haplotypes obtained from both genes showed existence of at least 11 maternal lineages of domestic cats in Tsushima. Mean values of polymorphic site numbers and sequences differences in the control region were 2.4 times and 1.8 times higher than those in the cytochrome b gene, respectively. Our results support the idea that the evolutionary rate of the control region was faster than that of the cytochrome b as reported in other mammals. Molecular phylogenetic trees showed the similar clustering of haplotypes for both genes. Meanwhile, no individual variations within the Tsushima leopard cat (Felis bengalensis euptilura), which is native to Tsushima, were observed, possibly as a result of genetic drift in the small ancestral population by geographical isolation. In contrast, the diversity of the domestic cat population was higher than that of the leopard cats, because the genetic variability of the former's founders, which were repeatedly brought to Tsushima in the past, still remains. In addition, no sequences of the leopard cat mtDNA were detected in any domestic cats. However, because the possibility that the domestic cat would crossbreed with the leopard cat cannot be denied, genetic monitoring of two species is necessary to biological conservation in Tsushima.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

The role of domestic tap water in Acanthamoeba contamination in contact lens storage cases in Korea.

A survey was carried out from August to December 2004 in Pusan, Korea to document the presence of free-living amoeba (FLA), including the genus Acanthamoeba, in both contact lens storage cases and domestic tap water. Acanthamoeba was isolated from 5 (4.2%) in 120 contact lens storage cases. Four house tap water samples from residents, whose contact lens storage cases had been contaminated by Acanthamoeba, were also found to be contaminated with Acanthamoeba. Therefore, the contamination rate of FLA and Acanthamoeba in domestic tap water was investigated in order to examine the role of domestic tap water in Acanthamoeba contamination of contact lens storage cases. FLA and Acanthamoeba were identified in 97 (46.8%) and 16 (7.7%) of the 207 domestic tap water samples, respectively. There were no significant differences between the contamination rates of FLA in tap water according to the filtration plant of origin. No FLA was detected in the tap water directly supplied by the water purification plants. Water storage tanks appear to promote FLA colonization, including Acanthamoeba, in domestic tap water. This increases the risk of Acanthamoeba contamination in contact lens storage cases as well as increasing the risk of Acanthamoeba keratitis.

Acanthamoeba↗

PubMed1999

[A serological investigation of Legionella infection in six-species of poultries and domestic animals in Luzhou City, Sichuan Province].

OBJECTIVE: To understand the prevalence rates of Legionella infection in poutries and domestic animals in Luzhou city. METHODS: Serological investigation of antibodies against Legionella pneumophila serogroups 1-14 and Legionella micdadei was carried out, using microagglutination test (MAT) in six species of poutries and domestic animals. RESULTS: Results showed that the infection with multiple serogroups was present. However, each species had its own serogroup with positive rates of different serogroups ranging from 2.00% to 28.75%. Positive rates of domestic animals and poultry accounted for 4.49% and 6.47% respectively. CONCLUSION: It was suggested that poultries and domestic animals were widely infected with Legionella. It is important to carry out epidemiological surveillance in these domestic animals, poultries and environment for a better control program of this disease.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Anaerobic treatment of domestic sewage at low temperature.

The results of research concerning the feasibility of anaerobic treatment of domestic sewage at low temperature are summarized in this article. The batch tests demonstrated a high biodegradability of domestic sewage at 20 degrees C (74%). Both batch and continuous experiments for the treatment of domestic sewage showed that the removal of SS prior to anaerobic treatment of domestic sewage not only provides a stable reactor performance but also improves the removal of both colloidal (CODcol) and dissolved COD (CODdis). The results of the pre-treatment of domestic sewage in an anaerobic filter (AF) and an anaerobic hybrid (AH) reactor showed that the AF reactor is an efficient process for the removal of suspended COD (CODss), viz. 82%, at an HRT of 4 h and 13 degrees C. The novel AF reactor consists of vertical sheets of reticulated polyurethane foam with knobs, where the biomass was only in attached form. For the treatment of pre-settled sewage at 13 degrees C, the AH reactor, with granular sludge, showed a higher total COD (CODt) removal than the UASB reactor as a result of higher CODcol removal. Therefore, the performance of a two-step system, AF + AH (with granular sludge) reactor, was investigated with different HRTs at 13 degrees C. For optimization of CODss and CODdis an HRT of 4 + 4 h is needed, while for optimization of CODcol removal an HRT of 4 + 8 h is required. A CODt removal of 71% was achieved with 60% conversion to methane from the removed CODt when the AF + AH system was operated at an HRT of 4 + 8 h at 13 degrees C.

Bacteria, Anaerobic↗

PubMed1998

[The preliminary analysis of domestic hydrogel microspheres for endovascular embolization].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the embolic effects and biocompatibility of domestic hydrogel microspheres (HMs). METHOD: 22 domestic rabbits were used. 0.03 g/2ml, 0.06 g/2ml domestic Hms of 70 - 150 microm and 2 ml normal saline were injected respectively through catheterization in the right common carotid arteries of rabbits. The changes in neurologic functions, general state and average weight of rabbits were observed, and the histomorphological changes of embolized arteries and surrounding tissues were evaluated by analysis of macroscopy and light microscope. RESULT: Rabbits' neurologic symptoms (hemiparalysis, convulsion and hypotonia) and death were observed after embolization. Thrombogenesis was present and the entire cross sections of blood vessels could easily be embolized. Neither acute and chronic inflammatory cells nor remarkable general toxic and side effects were shown in rabbits. CONCLUSION: Domestic HMs can effectively block the vessels, and they have the characteristics of good biocompatibility. The kind of domestic HMs is a promising particulate embolic agent in clinical sets.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

[A serological investigation of Legionella infection in eight-species of poultry and domestic animals in Sichuan province].

OBJECTIVE: To understand the prevalence rates of Legionella infection in poultries and domestic animals in Sichuan province. METHODS: Serological investigation of antibodies against Legionella pneumophila serogroups 1 - 14 and Legionella micdadei was carried out, using microagglutination test (MAT) in eight species of poultries and domestic animals. RESULTS: Infections with multiple serogroups were identified. However, each species had its own major serogroup with positive rates of different serogroups ranging from 0.83% to 59.18%. Positive rates of the poultry and domestic animals were accounted for 7.73% and 4.25% respectively. CONCLUSION: It was suggested that poultries and domestic animals were widely infected with Legionella. It is important to carry out epidemiological surveillance in these domestic animals, poultries and environment for a better control program of this disease.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Response of Sudanese doctors to domestic violence.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the awareness, and response of the Sudanese doctors to domestic violence. METHODS: The study was carried out among the doctors of the Police University Hospital, Khartoum, Sudan. Self-administered questionnaires were distributed to all doctors who were attendants at the hospital, one morning in July 2002. The information required from the surveyed doctors included their familiarity, and views on domestic violence as a health problem, number of cases of abuse encountered, barriers to diagnose or screen cases, their views on intervention beyond physical treatment and if they had been taught or trained in domestic violence. RESULTS: Out of 142 doctors who received the questionnaires, 102 returned it giving a response rate of 71.8%. The respondent's ages ranged from 25-54 years; 53 were female (51.9%); and 32 (31.3%) had experience of more than 10 years. Forty-three doctors (42.1%) had a fair knowledge of the concept of domestic violence, 28 (27.4%) viewed it as a worthwhile health problem and 21 (20.5%) reported encountering 1-2 cases in the last year. Barriers to screen cases included a lack of knowledge and training, insufficient time at clinics and fear of problems with perpetrators. The female gender and long professional experience had positive correlations with a better knowledge regarding violence and the desire to intervene beyond physical treatment (P<0.005). CONCLUSION: Our study indicated clearly the missing role of the medial profession in recognition and helping the victims of domestic violence. The authors discussed several suggestions to promote the role of doctors in addressing this problem.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

Domestic violence--the medical community's legal duty.

During the last decade, domestic violence has been identified as one of the major causes of emergency room visits by women. As many as 30% of the women who are seen by emergency room physicians exhibit at least one or more symptoms of physical abuse. Unfortunately, the vast majority of these cases go unreported due to a lack of awareness on the part of physicians and other health care providers regarding the law, actual reporting procedures, and potential liability. This article addresses both the medical community's legal liability and the results of a January 1992 survey conducted by the Jefferson County Medical Society and University of Louisville. This survey evaluated local physicians' awareness of the statutory requirements imposed on the medical community when treating suspected victims of domestic violence. According to this survey of 215 physicians, only 29% were aware that Kentucky law requires physicians and other health care practitioners to report to the Cabinet for Human Resources any suspected abuse, neglect, or exploitation of an adult. Furthermore, the Jefferson County Medical Society survey reported that only 24% of the physicians polled had ever filed a domestic violence report on behalf of a patient. In an effort to compare the physicians' knowledge of other domestic violence issues, the physicians were also questioned regarding the issue of child abuse. Over 80% of physicians surveyed were aware of the Kentucky statute which requires a physician to report child abuse, and greater than 60% of those physicians surveyed had filed a complaint with a local or state agency. Domestic violence is now being publicly recognized as a social problem with far-reaching consequences.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Child↗