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Results for “Exploratory Behavior”

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At least 433 records · Page 24Linked to original sources

PubMed1999

Dopamine D4 receptor-knock-out mice exhibit reduced exploration of novel stimuli.

The involvement of dopamine neurotransmission in behavioral responses to novelty is suggested by reports that reward is related to increased dopamine activity, that dopamine modulates exploratory behavior in animals, and that Parkinson's disease patients report diminished responses to novelty. Some studies have reported that polymorphisms of the human dopamine D4 receptor (D4R) gene are associated with personality inventory measures of the trait called "novelty-seeking". To explore a potential role for the D4R in behavioral responses to novelty, we evaluated D4R-knock-out (D4R-/-) and wild-type (D4R+/+) mice in three approach-avoidance paradigms: the open field, emergence, and novel object tests. These three paradigms differ in the degree to which they elicit approach, or exploratory behavior, and avoidance, or anxiety-related behavior. Thus, we used these three tests to determine whether the D4R primarily influences the exploratory or the anxious component of responses to approach-avoidance conflicts. D4R-/- mice were significantly less behaviorally responsive to novelty than D4R+/+ mice in all three tests. The largest phenotypic differences were observed in the novel object test, which maximizes approach behavior, and the smallest phenotypic differences were found in the open field test, which maximizes avoidance behavior. Hence, D4R-/- mice exhibit reductions in behavioral responses to novelty, reflecting a decrease in novelty-related exploration.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed2006

Lack of lithium-like behavioral and molecular effects in IMPA2 knockout mice.

Lithium is a potent mood-stabilizing medication in bipolar disorder. Despite 50 years of clinical use, the mechanism of action is unknown. Multiple effects have been attributed to lithium including the uncompetitive inhibition of inositol monophosphatase (IMPase). IMPA2, one of the genes that encode IMPase, is located in a region with linkage to bipolar disorder. Owing to the role of IMPase in cell signaling and the possibility that this enzyme is a target for mood-stabilizing drugs, we generated IMPA2(-/-) mice. Possible involvement of IMPase in complex behaviors related to affective disorders was assessed by monitoring the behavior of the IMPA2(-/-) mice in the forced swim test, the tail suspension test (TST), the elevated zero-maze and open field test. It has been described that chronically lithium-treated mice exhibit reduced immobility time in the forced swim test and decreased exploratory behavior. We found increased rearing of IMPA2(-/-) mice in the open field, suggesting an increased exploratory behavior. Although immobility time of IMPA2(-/-) female but not male mice in the forced swim test was reduced, no difference was found between male and female IMPA2(-/-) and IMPA2(+/+) mice in the TST and overall there was no clear effect of the deletion of IMPA2 on depression-like behavior. Frontal cortex IMPase activity and inositol levels in the IMPA2(-/-) mice did not differ from IMPA2(+/+) mice, but kidney inositol levels were reduced. In conclusion, phenotypic characterization of the IMPA2(-/-) mouse indicates that deleting IMPA2 does not mimic the effects of lithium treatment.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone↗

PubMed1996

[The influence of job characteristics and workplace subculture on individuals' drinking behavior--an exploratory pilot study].

The purpose of this study was to explore how individuals' drinking behavior was associated with their jobs in terms of the amount consumed and its consequences. The researchers attempted to analyze the characteristics of job and workplace from structural, psychological, and cultural perspectives. The structural dimension referred to years serving in a company, years serving in a department, work position, work characteristics, and shift. The psychological dimension was addressed on perceived stress and work hazards. The cultural dimension of one's job consisted of formal and informal norms regarding one's drinking within the workplace. The result showed the occurrence of drinking-related problems was significantly associated with workplace subculture among the non-aboriginal Chinese males. However, none of the three perspectives as job characteristics was significantly associated with drinking amount. The findings imply that the workplace subculture plays a determinant role in affecting individual's drinking behavior, moreover, it could result in one's problem drinking.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

Expression of dominant negative cadherin in the adult mouse brain modifies rearing behavior.

The cadherin superfamily of cell-cell adhesion molecules (CAM) are crucial regulators of morphogenesis and axonal guidance during development of the nervous system and have been suggested to play important roles in neural plasticity of the brain. To study the latter, we created a mouse model that expressed a dominant negative classical cadherin in the brain of adult mice. The mice were tested for spontaneous motor activity and exploratory behavior in the open field, anxiety in the plus-maze, and spatial learning and memory in the water-T maze. Mice expressing the dominant negative cadherin displayed reduced rearing behavior, but no change in motor activity, in the open field, indicating deficits in exploratory behavior. In the water maze, animals expressing the mutant cadherin showed normal escape latencies and were indistinguishable from control littermates. Similarly, LTP in hippocampal slices of cadherin mutant and control mice were indistinguishable. These findings demonstrate intact spatial learning in mice expressing a dominant negative cadherin but altered rearing behavior, suggesting the involvement of classical cadherins in mechanisms mediating rearing behavior.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

Purkinje cell impairment induced by early movement restriction.

In the present work the effects of movement restriction imposed during the early postweaning period on both Purkinje cell dendritic development and exploratory behavior were analyzed. Male and female Sprague-Dawley albino rats were reared either in isolated-restricted or social-standard environments from postnatal day 18 to 30. On the 31st postnatal day, all rats were behaviorally evaluated by the open-field test and then sacrificed under deep ether anesthesia. Vermian cerebellar sections were later stained with the Golgi-Cox-Sholl method and the Purkinje cell dendritic morphology was quantified under light microscopy. The results indicate that early somatomotor restriction severely impairs both exploratory behavior and Purkinje cell dendritic growth.

Animals↗

PubMed1980

Rm values and structure-activity relationship of benzodiazepines.

Quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR) have been formulated for the activities of a series of benzodiazepines in rats. The lipophilic character of molecules was expressed by means of the chromatographic Rm values which were very well correlated with experimental or calculated log P values. The ideal lipophilic character for activity of benzodiazepines in the exploratory behavior test is not far from that of compounds acting in the central nervous system as unspecific depressant agents. The results of both the conflict and exploratory behavior studies might support the hypothesis of different sites of action for the antianxiety and sedative effects of benzodiazepines.

Animals↗

PubMed1986

[General pharmacological action of 4-(o-benzylphenoxy)-N-methylamine hydrochloride (bifemelane hydrochloride, MCI-2016)--influence on the central nervous system].

General pharmacological action of 4-(o-Benzylphenoxy)-N-methylbutylamine hydrochloride (bifemelane hydrochloride, MCI-2016) was examined with regard to the effects mainly on the central nervous system. MCI-2016, at 30-100 mg/kg, p.o., only showed a weak sleep prolongation effect (mice), anti-convulsant action (mice) and a moderate facilitation of exploratory behavior, but produced no remarkable behavioral changes. Above the doses of 200 to 300 mg/kg, p.o., MCI-2016 produced a decrease in muscle or body tone, mydriasis and a slight decrease of locomotor activity. The drug, however, showed little influence on exploratory behavior, conditioned avoidance response and normal body temperature (rats). Normal body temperature in rabbits was also little affected by MCI-2016. Effects on EEG was characterized by moderate activation of spontaneous EEG and potentiation of arousal response by stimulation of the midbrain reticular formation (1.5-5 mg/kg, i.v.). The drug, however, did not significantly change the sleep-wakefulness cycle and REM-sleep in rats. MCI-2016 also showed little influence on spinal reflex potentials and neuromuscular junction at high doses (10 mg/kg, i.v.). These results may indicate that MCI-2016 has slight influence on overall behavioral and motor changes. Effects of MCI-2016 on acetic acid-induced writhing, carrageenin edema and corneal reflex were also examined. MCI-2016 showed moderate analgesic and anti-inflammatory actions at 50-100 mg/kg, p.o., and also showed local anesthetic action. The duration of local anesthetic action was relatively long but the drug produced no local damage.

Analgesics↗

PubMed1988

Cerebral correlates of depressed behavior in rats, visualized using 14C-2-deoxyglucose autoradiography.

14C-2-Deoxyglucose (2DG) was used to investigate changes in the rate of cerebral metabolism in 3 rat models of depressed behavior. The models had already been established in the literature and were induced by injections of alpha-methyl-para-tyrosine, withdrawal from chronic amphetamine, or stress. We verified that exploratory behaviors were depressed in each model and that an antidepressant drug, tranylcypromine, prevented the depressed behavior in each model. 2DG studies revealed that the rate of regional glucose metabolism was elevated bilaterally in the lateral habenula of each of the 3 models. Regional metabolic rates were reduced in each model in the dorsal medial prefrontal cortex, anterior ventral nucleus of the thalamus, and inferior colliculus. Forebrain global metabolic rates were also reduced in each of the models. Tranylcypromine prevented the elevated rate of lateral habenula metabolism seen in each of the models alone but did not significantly affect the rates of global metabolism. Our findings of identical metabolic changes in each of the models indicate that these changes are not idiosyncratic to a particular model; rather, they correlate with a generalizable state of depressed exploratory behavior in rats.

Amphetamine↗

PubMed2000

Different effects of 5-HT1A receptor agonists and benzodiazepine anxiolytics on the emotional state of naive and stressed mice: a study using the hole-board test.

OBJECTIVES: The effects of 5-HT(1A) receptor agonists on the emotional behavior of naive or stressed mice were examined and compared with those of benzodiazepine anxiolytics. METHODS: Changes in the emotional state of mice were evaluated in terms of changes in exploratory activity, i.e. total locomotor activity, numbers and duration of rearing and head-dipping and latency to the first head-dipping, using an automatic holeboard apparatus. RESULTS: The 5-HT(1A) receptor full agonists flesinoxan (0.03-1 mg/kg, IP) and 8-OH-DPAT (0.03-1 mg/kg, IP), and the partial agonist buspirone (0.3-10 mg/kg, IP) dose-dependently decreased all of the exploratory behaviors. Significant decreases in both the number and duration of head-dips, and an increase in the latency to head-dipping were observed at 30 min after exposure to acute restraint stress (60 min). These emotional changes were scarcely improved by post-stress treatment with 5-HT(1A) receptor agonists, at doses that alone did not produce a significant behavioral effect. In contrast, pretreatment with flesinoxan (0.1-1 mg/kg, IP) or 8-OH-DPAT (0.1-1 mg/kg, IP) 24 h prior to exposure to stress dose-dependently suppressed the decrease in various exploratory behaviors that was observed immediately after the exposure to acute restraint stress. Moreover, pretreatment with buspirone (1-10 mg/kg, IP) 24 h prior to exposure to stress also significantly suppressed the decrease in rearing behavior and the increase in head-dip latency. However, changes in the emotional response to stress stimuli were not observed in mice that had been pretreated with the benzodiazepine anxiolytics diazepam (0.1-1 mg/kg, IP) and chlordiazepoxide (2-8 mg/kg, IP). CONCLUSIONS: The present study clearly demonstrates that the behavioral effects of 5-HT(1A) receptor agonists in both naive and stressed mice were quite different from those of benzodiazepine anxiolytics, as previously reported by us. Notably, 5-HT(1A) receptor agonists but not benzodiazepine anxiolytics protect against various emotional changes produced by stress stimuli, and the results suggest that activation of 5-HT(1A) receptors may facilitate some mechanism(s) involved in the recognition of and/or ability to cope with stressful situation.

8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin↗

PubMed2003

Two species of gamma oscillations in the olfactory bulb: dependence on behavioral state and synaptic interactions.

Gamma oscillations (40-100 Hz), originally seen in the olfactory bulb (OB), have long been a defining characteristic of sensory coding in the olfactory system. This study proposes that gamma oscillations are of two types, associated with different behavioral features and synaptic origins within the OB. Local field potentials were recorded from rat and mouse OBs during various behavioral periods (immobility, alert motionlessness, exploration and odor discrimination). High frequency gamma activity (65-100 Hz) is shown to be correlated with the sniff cycle, initiated at the peak of inhalation and is called type 1 gamma. It is prominent during exploratory behavior, but also present during resting and trained odor discrimination. Low frequency gamma activity (35-65 Hz), called type 2 gamma, is not strongly correlated with the sniff cycle, is inhibited by the sniff onset and is prominent during alert immobility. Rest and alert immobility are characterized by alternating type 1 and type 2 gamma rhythms, while exploratory sniffing and odor discrimination show a dramatic decrease in type 2 gamma with a broadband increase in the power of type 1 gamma. Periods of alert immobility prior to odor discrimination in trained animals show dominance of type 2 gamma, with episodes lasting up to 0.5 second. Data from mice with selective deletion of granule cell inhibition in the OB show a selective loss of type 2 gamma with type 1 gamma dramatically enhanced during exploratory behavior, suggesting that mutual inhibition between granule cells or centrifugal inhibitory input drives type 2 gamma, and that the excitatory-inhibitory connections between mitral and granule cells likely drive type 1 gamma. Gamma activity is not a single type of oscillation, and the largest amplitude gamma bursts are often those associated with an attentive cognitive state rather than odor sniffing.

Action Potentials↗

PubMed1994

Effects of an A1 adenosine receptor agonist on the neurochemical, behavioral and histological consequences of ischemia.

Untreated rats and rats given the A1 receptor adenosine agonist, R-phenylisopropyladenosine (R-PIA), were subjected to four vessel ischemia. The effect of R-PIA on hippocampal amino acid release, hippocampal neuronal damage, exploratory behavior, learning capacity and global neurological score were evaluated. R-PIA decreased by half the glutamate released during ischemia and improved the global neurological scores 3, 24, 48, 78 h and 7 days after ischemia. But R-PIA had no effect on taurine/GABA release (during ischemia), hippocampal neuronal damage (7 days post-ischemia), exploratory behavior (48 h post-ischemia) or learning capacity (7 days post-ischemia). Thus, a decrease in glutamate release by R-PIA is not systematically correlated with an improvement of histological damage or learning capacity. Reduced glutamate release is not therefore a sufficient criterion on which to evaluate the neuroprotective capacity of a drug.

Amino Acids↗

PubMed2005

Variations in the behaviors to novel objects among five inbred strains of mice.

Novelty stimuli cause various behavioral responses, such as exploration and avoidance, and contextual variables may contribute to the behavioral outputs. Here, we tried to compare the behavioral responses to novel objects of five inbred strains of mice (C57BL/6J, 129/svJae, C3H/HeJ, BALB/cJ and DBA/2J) by using a modified novel object test where a small light-weight cube wrapped with paper was presented to mice in a home cage without beddings. In response to these objects, the C57BL/6J, 129/svJae and C3H/HeJ mice showed mild exploratory behaviors, such as approaching, sniffing or brief contact. In striking contrast, the BALB/cJ and DBA/2J mice, which have been known to show high avoidance/low exploration in other behavioral paradigms, exhibited play-like secondary reactions toward the objects after initial primary exploratory behaviors. Specifically, DBA/2J mice would move the object around in the cage, holding it with their mouths, and BALB/cJ mice would gnaw the object, eventually stripping off the wrapping paper. Such behaviors decreased when similar objects were presented repeatedly. The present results suggest that active manipulations of novel objects may be a relevant parameter for measuring novelty-induced behaviors in mice and appear to be strongly influenced by genetic factors.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

The effects of acute and chronic administration of corticosterone on rat behavior in two models of fear responses, plasma corticosterone concentration, and c-Fos expression in the brain structures.

The aim of this paper was to examine changes in rat emotional behavior, and to find the brain structures, which are involved in the mediation of behavioral effects, related to the repeated administration of glucocorticoids. The effects of acute and chronic pretreatment of rats with two doses of corticosterone (5 and 20 mg/kg) were analyzed in two models of fear responses: neophobia-like behavior in the open field test, and freezing reaction in the conditioned fear test. Behavioral effects of repeated glucocorticoid administration were compared to changes in blood total corticosterone concentration, and expression of immediate early gene (c-Fos) in brain structures. It was found that acute administration of corticosterone (90 min before tests) enhanced rat exploratory behavior, and decreased freezing reaction. On the other hand, repeated administration of corticosterone (for 25 days, the final injection 90 min before contextual fear conditioning training) decreased plasma corticosterone concentration, inhibited exploratory behavior, enhanced freezing responses on retest and produced a complex pattern of changes in c-Fos expression, stimulated by exposure of rats to the aversively conditioned context. Aversive context induced c-Fos in the magnocellular neurons of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (mPVN), dentate gyrus (DG), cingulate cortex area 1 (Cg1), and primary motor cortex (M1). In rats chronically treated with corticosterone this effect was attenuated in the mPVN and DG, enhanced in the M1, and additionally observed in the CA1, CA2 layers of the hippocampus, and in the central nucleus of amygdala (CeA), in comparison to control animals not subjected to contextual fear test. In sum, the present data suggest that chronic corticosterone treatment enhances the activity of primary motor cortex and CeA with subsequent improvement of memory of aversive events, and simultaneously stimulates a negative feedback mechanism operating in PVN with ensuing decrease in blood corticosterone concentration.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

TNFalpha signaling in depression and anxiety: behavioral consequences of individual receptor targeting.

BACKGROUND: Increased serum levels of TNFalpha and other pro-inflammatory cytokines have been found in patients with major depression and several other psychiatric conditions. In rodents, these cytokines produce symptoms commonly referred to as "sickness behavior." Some of these, including reduced feeding and decreased social and exploratory behavior, are reminiscent of those seen in depressed patients. Interpretation of these effects is complicated by the malaise caused by acute injections of pro-inflammatory cytokines, however. Thus, it is unclear whether cytokines are involved in the etiology of depressive symptoms. METHODS: We used a panel of behavioral assays to assess TNFR1(-/-) and TNFR2(-/-) mice for anxiety and depression-like behaviors. RESULTS: We show that deletion of either TNFR1 or TNFR2 leads to an antidepressant-like response in the forced swim test and that mice lacking TNFR2 demonstrate a hedonic response in a sucrose drinking test compared with wildtype littermates. In addition, deletion of TNFR1 leads to decreased fear conditioning. There were no differences in behavior in anxiety tests for either null mutant. CONCLUSIONS: These results are consistent with the hypothesis that TNFalpha can induce depression-like symptoms even in the absence of malaise and demonstrate that both receptor subtypes can be involved in this response.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Chronic administration of flumazenil increases life span and protects rats from age-related loss of cognitive functions: a benzodiazepine/GABAergic hypothesis of brain aging.

Under barrier condition and with ad lib access to food and water, 20 Fischer-344 rats were chronically treated for 10 months with the benzodiazepine (BDZ) antagonist, flumazenil (FL; 4 mg/kg/day in drinking water acidified to pH = 3.0), beginning at the age of 13 months, while the group of 20 control age-matched rats received plain acidified water. The life span of the first 8 deceased rats treated with FL was significantly longer than that of the first 8 deceased rats in the age-matched control group. In tests for spontaneous ambulation and exploratory behavior in the Holeboard apparatus, conducted during the 3rd and the 8th month of treatment, the FL group, relative to controls, had significantly higher scores for the ambulation and exploratory behavior. In tests for unrewarded spontaneous alternation in the T maze, conducted at days 7, 39, 42, and 47 through 54 after drug withdrawal, i.e., at the age of 24-25 months, the FL-exposed group, compared to age-matched controls, showed a significantly higher percent of alternating choices, a behavior that was statistically comparable to that of the "young" 6-month-old controls. In the Radial Maze tests conducted 2 months after drug withdrawal, the FL group made significantly less "working memory" errors and "reference memory" errors, relative to the age-matched 25-month-old control group, a performance that was comparable to that of the young 7-month-old control group. In conclusion, chronic FL significantly protected rats from age-related loss of cognitive functions. It is postulated that the age-related alterations in brain function may be attributable to the negative metabolic/trophic influences of the "endogenous" benzodiazepine (BDZ) ligands and/or those ingested with food. A BDZ/GABAergic hypothesis of brain aging has been formulated which assumes that age-related and abnormally strong BDZ/GABAergic influences promote neurodegeneration by suppressing trophic functions of the aminergic and peptidergic neurons through opening of chloride channels in soma membrane and axon terminals, causing excessive hyperpolarizing and depolarizing inhibition, respectively. The review of human clinical and animal data indicates that FL has nootropic actions by enhancing vigilance cognitive and habituation processes.

Aging↗

PubMed1996

Oscillatory activity in sensorimotor cortex of awake monkeys: synchronization of local field potentials and relation to behavior.

1. Oscillations of 20-40 Hz were observed in local field potentials (LFPs) and unit activity in sensorimotor cortices of three awake monkeys while the monkeys performed trained wrist movements and untrained exploratory arm movements. The mean frequency of LFP oscillations was 25.9 +/- 1.4 (SD) Hz and the number of cycles of oscillations per episode was variable, with a mean of 4.2 +/- 0.5 (mean +/- SE). 2. Oscillatory episodes occurred most often when the monkeys retrieved raisins from a Klüver board (0.59 +/- 0.23 episodes per s, mean +/- SD) or from unseen locations with the use of somatosensory feedback (0.62 +/- 0.12 episodes per s); they occurred less often when the monkeys performed repetitive wrist flexion and extension movements (0.22 +/- 0.04 episodes per s) or sat quietly at rest (0.23 +/- 0.17 episodes per s). 3. The amplitude of LFP oscillations increased with depth in cortex, reaching a maximum between 1 and 2 mm. LFP oscillations at the surface of the cortex were 180 degrees out of phase with oscillations in the deep cortical layers. The phase shift (with respect to the deep layers) decreased with depth in the cortex and disappeared at depths of > 1 mm. 4. LFPs were recorded simultaneously at multiple sites in the sensorimotor cortex when monkeys retrieved raisins from a Klüver board or from unseen locations. Cross-correlation of LFPs recorded at different sites indicated that oscillations in the 20- to 40-Hz range could become synchronized at sites separated by up to > or = 14 mm in the precentral cortex. 5. The probability of occurrence of significant correlations between LFP oscillations at paired sites and the average correlation amplitude decreased with increasing horizontal separation of sites in precentral cortex. The phase shift between LFP oscillations recorded at paired sites did not change significantly with increasing horizontal separation. 6. For paired sites in precentral cortex, the average strength of correlations and the proportion of oscillations that were significantly correlated were greater during exploratory behaviors such as retrieving raisins from slots of the Klüver board than during periods of rest or overtrained wrist movements. 7. Oscillations could become synchronized with small phase shifts (0.5 +/- 1.6 ms) between pre- and postcentral cortical sites. Average strength and probability of occurrence of significant correlations between pre- and postcentral LFPs increased during exploratory behaviors. 8. Oscillations occurred simultaneously in the left and right motor cortex and could become synchronized with negligible phase shifts when the monkey performed bimanual manipulations. However, synchronization occurred as often and as strongly for unimanual as for bimanual manipulations. 9. These results indicate that episodes of 20- to 40-Hz oscillations occur often and become synchronized over a large cortical area during exploratory forelimb movements. However, they have no reliable relation to particular components of the movement and therefore seem unlikely to be involved directly in movement execution; instead, they may represent a neural correlate of attention during demanding sensorimotor behaviors.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Role of group II and group III metabotropic glutamate receptors in spinal cord injury.

Spinal cord injury (SCI) produces an increase in extracellular excitatory amino acid (EAA) concentrations that results in glutamate receptor-mediated excitotoxic events. An important class of these receptors is the metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs). mGluRs can activate a number of intracellular pathways that increase neuronal excitability and modulate neurotransmission. Group I mGluRs are known to modulate EAA release and the development of chronic central pain (CCP) following SCI; however, the role of group II and III mGluRs remains unclear. To begin evaluating group II and III mGluRs in SCI, we administered the specific agonists for group II, APDC, or group III, L-AP4, by interspinal injection immediately following SCI. Contusion injury was produced at spinal segment T10 with a New York University impactor (12.5-mm drop, 10-g rod 2 mm in diameter) in 30 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (175-200 g). Evoked and spontaneous behavioral measures of CCP, locomotor recovery, changes in mGluR expression, and amount of spared tissue were examined. Neither APDC nor L-AP4 affected locomotor recovery or the development of thermal hyperalgesia; however, L-AP4 and APDC attenuated changes in mechanical thresholds and changes in exploratory behavior indicative of CCP. APDC- and L-AP4-treated groups had higher expression levels of mGluR2/3 at the epicenter of injury on post contusion day 28; however, there was no difference in the amount of spared tissue between treatment groups. These results demonstrate that treatment with agonists to group II and III mGluRs following SCI affects mechanical responses, exploratory behavior, and mGluR2/3 expression without affecting the amount of tissue spared, suggesting that the level of mGluR expression after SCI may modulate nociceptive responses.

Aminobutyrates↗

PubMed1980

[Locomotor activity of rats following chronic pretreatment with haloperidol].

The spontaneous locomotor activity, the nocturnal action profile and exploratory behavior following chronic pretreatment with haloperidole was measured (2 mg/kg daily i. p. for 3 weeks). After this treatment all 3 parameters showed significant changes. The mean values of spontaneous activity during the night and the exploratory behavior during the day were strongly enhanced. The nocturnal action profile showed both amplification and a shift of the activity moves. The results give evidence of an increase and alteration of spontaneous motor actions, correlated with a relatively increased activity of the dopaminergic system due to the pretreatment.

Animals↗