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At least 433 records · Page 24Linked to original sources
PubMed1987

Birth progression and traction forces developed under vacuum extraction after slow or rapid application of suction.

A vacuum extraction recorder was used to provide an objective measure of the traction forces developed on the fetal head during 120 vacuum extractions. In half of the deliveries the vacuum was gradually and stepwise increased to -0.8 kg/cm2 before traction. In the others, a rapid application of vacuum to the same level was chosen. No significant difference could be recorded in the traction forces developed by the different methods. In fact, once an adequate level of vacuum had been achieved, high degrees of traction could be applied to the suction cup, regardless of the rate at which the vacuum was developed. Furthermore, the number and nature of neonatal complications were not influenced by the method chosen.

Birth Injuries↗
PubMed1996

The intergenerational predisposition to operative delivery.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the risk of cesarean delivery for women who themselves were born via operative delivery. METHODS: A linked data base was constructed between the birth certificates of individuals born in Utah during 1947-1957 (parental cohort) and who subsequently became a parent of offspring born in Utah between 1970-1991 (offspring cohort). Parental cohort women (cases) who had been delivered operatively (cesarean delivery, mid- or high forceps) as well as women who had a sibling delivered by an operative procedure were matched (1:2) with parental-cohort women born by spontaneous vaginal delivery (controls). Both cases and controls were selected based on having a record of at least one delivery in Utah during 1970-1991. RESULTS: Women who were delivered by cesarean were at increased risk of subsequently delivering their children by cesarean (odds ratio [OR] 1.41, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.18-1.70; P < .001). Progressive risk was associated with parental delivery by mid- or high forceps (OR 1.72, 95% CI 1.20-2.47; P = .004), parental cesarean because of cephalopelvic disproportion alone (OR 1.83, 95% CI 1.16-2.88; P = .01), or parental cesarean for dysfunctional labor (OR 5.97, 95% CI 1.5-23.6; P < .001). The attributable risk for cesarean delivery to the contemporary population is 3.5%. CONCLUSION: An intergenerational predisposition to cesarean delivery exists.

Cesarean Section↗
PubMed1991

Long-term effects of vacuum and forceps deliveries.

The long-term effects of vacuum and forceps deliveries are largely unknown. We determined the long-term outcome of instrumental deliveries in 52,282 infants born in Jerusalem between 1964 and 1972. For each individual, events at birth were related to results of an intelligence test and medical examination done at 17 years of age by the Israeli Defence Forces draft board. 1747 individuals were delivered by vacuum, 937 by forceps, 47,500 by spontaneous delivery, and 2098 by caesarean section. Crude data showed that mean intelligence scores at 17 were significantly higher (p less than 0.0001) in the vacuum and forceps deliveries groups than in the spontaneous-delivery group; however, after adjustment for confounding factors by stepwise multiple regression, these differences were no longer seen. Although the forceps-delivery group had functional impairment of feet, vision, and retina compared with the spontaneous-delivery group, and the vacuum-extraction group had impairment of the legs, differences were small. Our findings suggest that infants delivered by vacuum or forceps are not at risk of physical and cognitive impairment at 17 years of age.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Brachial plexus palsy: an old problem revisited again. II. Cases in point.

OBJECTIVES: In spite of mounting evidence to the contrary, plaintiffs' expert witnesses continue to maintain that brachial plexus impairment is almost always the result of excessive lateral traction on the head during the last phase of delivery. Case studies are presented to challenge this concept. STUDY DESIGN: Examples encountered in medicolegal consultations were analyzed with this purpose as our focus. RESULTS: Cases of brachial plexus impairment were encountered in which there was no evidence of shoulder dystocia or extreme lateral traction on the fetal head. In one in which shoulder dystocia was recorded, there was also incontrovertible evidence of intrauterine maladaptation. In another, the posterior shoulder was involved. CONCLUSION: To propose that shoulder dystocia with extreme lateral traction on the fetal head after its delivery is not a factor in some cases of brachial plexus impairment would be insupportable. Conversely, to maintain a posteriori that brachial plexus impairment in itself is evidence that such pressure must have been used is untenable.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Obstetric maneuvers for shoulder dystocia and associated fetal morbidity.

OBJECTIVE: We sought to determine the fetal injury rate associated with shoulder dystocia and to determine whether there is a higher rate of brachial plexus injury or bone fracture when fetal manipulation techniques are required for delivery. STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective review of 285 cases of shoulder dystocia that occurred between January 1991 and December 1995 was performed. The type, sequence, and combination of obstetric maneuvers used to relieve the shoulder dystocia were noted. These cases were divided into two groups, as follows: (1) those resolved with McRoberts' maneuver, suprapubic pressure, or proctoepisiotomy or a combination of these and (2) those that required the addition of direct fetal manipulative maneuvers (Woods, posterior arm, or Zavanelli). Fetal injury was defined as the occurrence of brachial plexus palsy, clavicular fracture, humeral fracture, or fetal death caused by asphyxial complications. RESULTS: The fetal injury rate was 24.9% (71/285), including 48 (16.8%) brachial plexus palsies, 27 (9.5%) clavicular fractures, and 12 (4.2%) humeral fractures. Sixteen infants had both nerve injury and bone fracture. Four (8.9%) brachial plexus palsies had documented persistence at 1 year of follow-up. One neonatal death occurred at age 3 months after an episode of hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy. The incidence of bone fracture was not higher when direct fetal manipulation was required: 21 of 127 (16.5%) versus 18 of 158 (11.4%), p = 0.21. The incidence of brachial plexus palsy was also similar in both groups (27/127 vs 21/158, p = 0.1). CONCLUSIONS: Direct fetal manipulation techniques used to alleviate shoulder dystocia are not associated with an increased rate of bone fracture or brachial plexus injury.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Temporary Erb-Duchenne palsy without shoulder dystocia or traction to the fetal head.

BACKGROUND: Although many retrospective studies report that brachial plexus palsies occur after vaginal delivery in the absence of recorded shoulder dystocia, there are no known prospective reports by a treating clinician (PubMed, English language only, 1952-June 2004, search terms: shoulder dystocia, nonshoulder dystocia, obstetric brachial plexus injury, Erb's palsy, Erb-Duchenne palsy, spontaneous vaginal delivery). CASE: A multiparous patient presented with a birth plan requesting that the baby be allowed to deliver on its own, without traction on the head and without suctioning. Although induced at term for elevated blood pressure, the otherwise healthy patient experienced a normal labor with a 30-minute second stage. At delivery, which was videotaped by the father, the fetal head presented over an intact perineum in a right-occiput-anterior position. Without traction, the anterior shoulder delivered spontaneously with the next contraction and Valsalva, followed by the posterior shoulder. The trunk followed routinely. The average-weight for gestational age neonate exhibited an Erb-Duchenne palsy of the right (posterior) arm that resolved on the fourth day of life. CONCLUSION: Temporary Erb-Duchenne palsy can occur in the posterior arm after normal labor and spontaneous delivery without shoulder dystocia or traction on the fetal head.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Risk factors for anal sphincter tear in multiparas.

OBJECTIVE: To assess maternal, newborn, and obstetric risk factors associated with anal sphincter tear in multiparous women. METHODS: This case-control study identified 18,779 multiparous vaginal deliveries from 1992 to 2004 from an obstetric automated record database at the University of Alabama at Birmingham. Two hundred eighty-four patients were selected, 145 cases and 139 controls. Variables from the index pregnancy and prior pregnancies were analyzed, and multivariable logistic regression models were constructed to determine significant predictor variables for anal sphincter tear in multiparous women. RESULTS: One hundred forty-five multiparous women with no history of cesarean delivery sustained a sphincter tear. Multivariable logistic regression showed a significant association with episiotomy (odds ratio [OR] 16.3, 95% confidence interval [CI] 7.7-34.4), shoulder dystocia (OR 7.9, CI 1.6-38), forceps delivery (OR 4.7, CI 2.0-11.2), and being married (OR 2.2, CI 1.1-4.6). A second exploratory model that included variables from previous pregnancies, showed that in addition to episiotomy (OR 34.6, CI 8.8-136), shoulder dystocia (OR 11.1, CI 1.3-95.2), forceps delivery (OR 6.1, CI 1.6-23.5), previous sphincter tear (OR 7.7, CI 1.2-48.7), and second stage of labor greater than 1 hour (OR 6.7, CI 1.1-42.5) were associated with tear. CONCLUSION: The strongest clinical risk factors for anal sphincter tear in multiparous women are episiotomy, shoulder dystocia, previous sphincter tear, prolonged second stage of labor, and forceps delivery. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: II-2.

Adult↗