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At least 433 records · Page 24Linked to original sources
PubMed2001

Infrared spectroscopy analysis of hemp (Cannabis sativa) after selective delignification by Bjerkandera sp. at different nitrogen levels.

Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy has been used to monitor changes in C/N-modified lignocellulosic substrates from Cannabis sativa L. in a 7-week solid-state fermentation with the white-rot fungus Bjerkandera sp. strain BOS55. The microbial transformation of hemp was considered as a pretreatment to pulping processes in paper industries. Special emphasis was paid on the N-content of the substrate, which was modified by: (i) external ammonium inputs, (ii) water extraction, and (iii) protease treatment.Selective delignification in the N-limited media was observed. The most diagnostic FT-IR spectral bands in relation to changes in the lignocellulosic substrate were those corresponding to alkyl structures (2920, 1460 cm(-1)), carboxyl groups (1720 cm(-1)), amides (1650, 1540 cm(-1)) and carbohydrate (mainly 1030 cm(-1)). Simple and multiple regression functions revealed the potential of FT-IR in accurately reflecting substrate composition features previously determined by wet chemical methods. Correspondence analysis suggests C/N-dependent degradation patterns, and discriminant analysis confirmed that the differences between N-limited, N-enriched and the original substrate were significant (P < 0.05) in terms of the intensities of five FT-IR diagnostic bands (1030, 1130, 1270, 1540 and 1650 cm(-1)).The results suggest that, in the system studied, the FT-IR spectroscopy is a reliable alternative to wet chemical analyses in the routine monitoring of the success of the biologic process since it reflects both qualitative and quantitative changes and it is very sensitive to lignin alteration and to carbohydrate and protein concentration.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

Genotoxic activity of nitroarene-contaminated industrial sludge following large-scale treatment in aerated and non-aerated sacs.

An industrial sludge containing a complex mixture of nitroaromatic compounds was treated in industrial large-scale aerobic and anaerobic biodegradation processes, performed in compost sacs. The goal was to study changes in genotoxicity during the two different oxygen regimes using the umuC genotoxicity assay. The composting sac was actively aerated during 3 months and allowed to mature for another 3 months. The anaerobic sac was not aerated for 5 months and aerated during the last month in order to enhance degradation of remaining organic carbon. The sludge was obtained from the wastewater treatment plant at an industrial area in Karlskoga, Sweden. The biodegradation study was performed at a commercial waste treatment plant in Stockholm, according to the company routine procedure when treating household waste in sealed sacs. The material from the non-aerated system showed increased genotoxicity in the acetone-soluble fraction after treatment, as did the water-soluble fraction. The subsequent aeration period did not decrease the toxicity below the genotoxicity limit. The increase in the water-soluble genotoxic compounds may pose an environmental problem during secondary storage or use of sludge treated this way, since leakage of water-dissolved genotoxic compounds may occur. The composting process also generated genotoxicity, but this was restricted to acetone-soluble compounds, while the water-soluble compounds remained low in genotoxicity. The aerated process therefore seems more favorable in term of risk reduction of this industrial sludge, although it is necessary to optimize the aerated process in order to achieve non-toxic levels of potential genotoxic compounds extractable by organic solvents.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1995

The effect of sucrose on the quality of ryegrass (Lolium perenne) pollen extracts.

We studied the protein-stabilizing properties of sucrose, in the extraction medium, on the composition and stability of ryegrass (Lolium perenne) pollen extracts. The effect of 0.5 M and 1 M sucrose was assessed in the presence and absence of 0.5% phenol, which is commonly used as a disinfectant in industrially prepared allergenic extracts. In the absence of phenol, sucrose improves the stability of extracts during storage, but it has little influence on the extraction process. In the presence of 0.5% phenol, however, both the quality of fresh extracts and the stability are greatly improved by 0.5 M and by 1 M sucrose, as shown by electrophoresis, immunoblotting, and RAST-inhibition experiments. The protection afforded by sucrose against the degrading effect of phenol is particularly evident for the major allergen Lol p 1 and for a set of basic allergens. In this respect, sucrose has been found to be superior to glycerol, on an equimolar basis. One may envisage the use of 0.5 M sucrose in allergenic extracts for intradermal testing and immunotherapy.

Allergens↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The healing characteristics of the sockets following surgery in tooth extraction in workers in viscose manufacturing].

The study of cicatrization after the teeth extraction in workers of viscous rayon industry which had had a long contact with sulfuric carbon revealed a lower regeneration potential and increased complication incidence as compared to control patient group. Preventive measures are designed providing for control check-ups 3 to 5 days after the intervention and the use of rehabilitation period in presurgical preparation of the patients.

Alveolar Process↗
PubMed1981

Some observations on epidemiologic studies in Egyptian gins, cotton pressing plants and cottonseed oil extraction plants.

The follow-up studies presented in this report wee conducted to evaluate the impact of the relative technical improvements that took place in the cotton processing industries of Egypt in the last 10-15 years on the health of the workers. Results have indicated tha: 1) the health status of the workers has been relatively improved; however, their work environment is far from being safe. 2) The prevalence of byssinosis and reduction in FEV1 during the first day of work after the weekend are related to the duration of exposure, level of dustiness and content of plant debris in dust. 3) Chronic effect of exposure to cotton dust, demonstrated as reduction in predicted FVC, develops in workers continuing exposure for long durations, even if the classic symptoms of byssinosis and reduction in FEV1 do not occur. 4) Women workers are more liable to be affected by cotton dust exposure than the men. 5) "Cottonseed dust" may not be a "byssinnogenic" dust; however, it is capable of producing ventilatory function effects similar to those produced by cotton dust.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Removal of monomeric phenols in dry mill olive residue by saprobic fungi.

The dry olive residue (DOR) obtained from the olive oil extraction process has toxic components against plants and microorganism growth, particularly monomeric phenols. In this investigation nine saprobic fungi were found to be capable of completely removing these phenols from the solid after 20 weeks of growth, although the rate depended on the type of fungi and phenol. Results showed that most of the fungi tested first eliminated o-diphenols and then non-o-diphenols. However, some fungi did not follow this trend. Phanerochaete chrysosporium first removed hydroxytyrosol and tyrosol and later their glucosides and, in contrast, Paecylomyces farinosus hydrolyzed hydroxytyrosol and tyrosol glucosides at the first stage, 2 weeks of growth, and then eliminated all monomeric phenols. The behavior of this fungus seems of great interest for recovering phenolic antioxidants from the DOR. Similarly, differences in DOR decolorization capacity among the fungi tested were also observed. Coriolopsis rigida showed the highest capacity, followed by Phebia radiata, Pycnoporus cinnabarinus, and Pha. chrysosporium. Therefore, both decolorization and monomeric phenol elimination pointed out that saprobic fungi could be used to detoxify the DOR obtained from the two-phase system of the olive oil extraction process.

Food Handling↗
PubMed2001

Lipophilic extractives in process waters during manufacturing of totally chlorine free kraft pulp from eucalypt wood.

The chemical composition of lipophilic extractives from process waters throughout a totally chlorine free (TCF) bleaching sequence after kraft pulping of eucalypt wood has been studied. These compounds are among the most problematic wood constituents for both TCF and zero liquid effluent (ZLE) processes, since they tend to accumulate in circuits resulting in the formation of the so-called pitch deposits causing serious problems in the pulp and paper industry. Pitch deposits collected at different parts of the pulp mill were also characterized and their composition compared with that of lipophilic compounds in process waters and Eucalyptus globulus wood. The identification of these compounds from process waters, wood and pitch deposits was performed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry using short- and medium-length high temperature capillary columns. Sterols, sterol esters, steroid ketones and steroid hydrocarbons were the main compounds identified. These chemical species arise from eucalypt wood extractives that survive the pulping and are released from pulp into the process waters during the bleaching process. Finally, they can deposit in pulp and on different parts of the mill or remain suspended in process waters being discharged in effluents.

Chromatography, Gas↗
PubMed2005

Accumulation of extractables in buffer solutions from a polyolefin plastic container.

Plastic materials are widely used in medical items, such as solution containers, transfusion sets, transfer tubing and devices. An emerging trend in the biotechnology industry is the utilization of large plastic containers to prepare, transport and store an assortment of solutions including buffers, media and in-process and finished products. The direct contact of such containers with the product at one or more points in its lifetime raises the possibility that container extractables may end up in the finished product. The interaction between a polyolefin container material and several test solutions representative of buffers and media used in biopharmaceutical applications was investigated. This manuscript summarizes the identification of the major extractables associated with the polyolefin container and documents the levels to which targeted extractables accumulate in the test solutions under several storage regimes.

Buffers↗
PubMed1988

A new technology for the production of valuable vitamin extracts from wheat and rye germs.

A method for nearly complete extraction of the lipid fraction from wheat and rye germs was developed, and the technological parameters of the production process were specified. The resulting preparations are extracts rich in vitamin E and other biologically active components. Dermatological studies and application in the cosmetic industry have testified to the suitability of these preparations for use in cosmetic and pharmaceutical products. Owing to their high content of unsaturated fatty acids and to a natural combination of biologically active compounds, the preparations from wheat and rye germs obtained by our method on an industrial scale find increasingly wider application. The post-extraction residue free from the lipid fraction is high-value feed.

Chemical Phenomena↗
PubMed2001

Solid phase microextraction.

Solid Phase Microextraction (SPME) uses a small volume of sorbent dispersed typically on the surface of small fibres, to isolate and concentrate analytes from sample matrix. After contact with sample, analytes are absorbed or adsorbed by the fibre phase (depending on the nature of the coating) until an equilibrium is reached in the system. The amount of an analyte extracted by the coating at equilibrium is determined by the magnitude of the partition coefficient of the analyte between the sample matrix and the coating material. After the extraction step, the fibres are transferred, with the help of a syringe-like handling device, to analytical instrument, for separation and quantitation of target analytes. This technique integrates sampling, extraction and sample introduction and is a simple way of facilitating on-site monitoring. Applications of this technique include environmental monitoring, industrial hygiene, process monitoring, clinical, forensic, food, flavour, fragrance and drug analyses, in laboratory and on-site analysis.

Chemistry Techniques, Analytical↗
PubMed2005

Estimation of color of durum wheat. Comparison of WSB, HPLC, and reflectance colorimeter measurements.

Color is an important parameter involved in the definition of semolina and pasta quality. This character is mainly due to natural pigments (carotenoids) that are present at different levels in cereals and cereal products, due to botanical origin, growing conditions, distribution in the kernel, and technological processes. In food industries, color measurements are usually performed by means of automatic instruments that are rapid and safe, as alternatives to the chemical extraction methods. In this study, automatic measurements (CIE, color-space system L, a, b), water-saturated butanol (WSB), and HPLC determinations have been applied to evaluate the carotenoid content in whole meals and respective semolina samples produced from wheat cultivated in the years 2001 and 2002. In whole meals, total carotenoids, determined by HPLC, were about 3.0 microg/g (2001) and 3.5 microg/g (2002) calculated on dry weight (dw) and about 3.0 and 3.2 microg/g dw in corresponding semolina samples. The b values for the same period were 19.78 and 15.75, respectively, in raw materials and 20.03-21.67 in semolina. Results have confirmed lutein and beta-carotene as the main components mainly responsible for the yellow color in wheat grains. The ability of the index b to express natural dyeing was dependent on sample characteristics as demonstrated by the relationships found between this index and pigments, although the best correlation resulted between HPLC and WSB.

Butanols↗
PubMed1982

Analytical methods used by industry for determining lead in processed foods.

Over the past 8 years, a number of food processors and can manufacturers have participated in repeated round-robin studies of lead methodology. During this period, 3 methods have been found to be comparable in a variety of foods: carbon rod atomic absorption, chelation-solvent extraction atomic absorption, and anodic stripping voltammetry. Each method is described and results are given from a number of round-robin studies. In general, the coefficient of variation at lead levels of 0.1-0.3 ppm is usually less than or equal to 20%.

Food Analysis↗
PubMed2003

Removal of hexavalent chromium with a lignocellulosic substrate extracted from wheat bran.

In this paper, a new recovery system of the toxic hexavalent chromium Cr(VI) is proposed that uses a lignocellulosic substrate derived from the industrial treatment process of wheat bran. We studied the adsorption mechanism of Cr(VI) onto the lignocellulosic substrate and showed that the adsorption reaction consumes a large amount of protons goes along the reduction of Cr(VI) into Cr(III). The oxidation of lignin moieties takes place concurrently to the chromium reduction and leads to the formation of hydroxyl and carboxyl functions. The latter contribute to an increase in the number of ion-exchange sites for the reduced chromium. The maximum adsorption capacity for hexavalent chromium was found at about 35 mg g(-1) in an acidic medium. This is comparable to other natural substrates and ordinary adsorbents.

Adsorption↗