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At least 433 records · Page 24Linked to original sources
PubMed1991

Increased neuropeptide Y concentrations in the lateral hypothalamic area of the rat after the onset of darkness: possible relevance to the circadian periodicity of feeding behavior.

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a major hypothalamic peptide which powerfully stimulates feeding when injected into the hypothalamus and is implicated in circadian rhythmicity. To investigate whether NPY is involved in the increased feeding that follows the onset of darkness in rats, NPY levels were measured in discrete hypothalamic areas before and after darkness. Four groups of eight adult female Wistar rats were habituated to a 12:12 hour light:dark cycle, with food presented at the onset of darkness (19.00 hours). One group was sacrificed during the 3 hours before darkness and another in the first 2.5 hours after darkness, with food provided as usual. To distinguish any effects of feeding itself, the study was repeated with two further groups, but food was not provided after darkness. Seven hypothalamic regions were microdissected from slices of fresh brain and acid-extracted for radioimmunoassay of NPY. NPY levels (fmol/microgram protein) were significantly higher (p less than 0.01) in the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) of the dark-phase group in both studies. In the other six regions, NPY levels did not differ between light and dark phases. The LHA regulates the circadian rhythmicity of feeding and NPY injection here stimulates feeding. Alterations in NPY in the LHA around the onset of darkness may be related to the initiation of dark-phase feeding.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Effect of intracerebroventricularly infused glucagon on feeding behavior.

Administration of pancreatic glucagon into 3rd cerebral ventricle of rats suppressed feeding with potency greater than 1000 times that of peripheral administration. A low dose of glucagon (5 ng) suppressed food intake mainly in short-term and slightly in long-term. A medium dose (25 ng) produced delayed feeding suppression. A high dose (100 ng) suppressed only short-term food intake. From this evidence, it is concluded that intracerebroventricular administration of physiological concentration of pancreatic glucagon suppresses short-term food intake through the hypothalamus. The possible mechanism of feeding suppression by glucagon is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Feeding behavior and its responsiveness to naloxone differ in lean and obese sheep.

Feeding and its regulation by opioids were studied in lean sheep and sheep in the static phase of dietary obesity. Sheep were fasted 16 h and on separate days were injected IV with 0 (saline), 0.01, 0.1, 1, or 3 mg/kg naloxone 5 min before they were allowed ad lib intake for the ensuing 32 h. All sheep were in chronic zero energy balance when not fed ad lib during naloxone treatment. After 0 mg/kg naloxone, intake rate was at least twice as fast (p < 0.05) in lean than obese sheep through the first 4 h of ad lib feeding, but was similar (approximately 0.5 g/min) in both groups of sheep after 8 h of ad lib feeding. Dose-dependent inhibitory effects of naloxone on intake were observed in lean and obese sheep through the first 4 h of ad lib feeding with maximum inhibition at +2 h. Dose-response curve for naloxone inhibition of intake was shifted leftward in obese compared with lean sheep. Dose of naloxone needed to inhibit intake by 25% was less (p < 0.05) in obese (0.13 mg/kg) than lean (0.57 mg/kg) sheep when both groups experienced similar plasma concentrations of injected naloxone. Basal concentrations of immunoreactive beta-endorphin in fasted plasma were similar in lean (33 +/- 4 pg/ml) and obese (48 +/- 9 pg/ml) sheep. Dietary obesity in sheep was associated with reduced appetite and with enhanced responsiveness to the intake-inhibitory effects of naloxone.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Novel peptide-peptide cooperation may transform feeding behavior.

There is need for a new approach to the suppression of feeding. Here, we show that two of the most potent endogenous satiety peptides interact in a novel way to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and to suppress food intake. Combined peripheral administration of leptin and urocortin (UCN) significantly decreased food intake, whereas neither one showed an effect when given alone in the same doses. We further provide a mechanism whereby this novel cooperativity can occur by demonstrating that UCN, which by itself does not cross the BBB, can readily enter the brain by associating with leptin. Such a novel interaction between two peptides at the BBB opens new approaches for general study of the dynamic regulatory role of the BBB in brain-body communication as well as the specific study of obesity.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

[Participation of hippocampal neurons on the stages of feeding behavior].

Activity of 65 hippocampal single units was recorded during an instrumental feeding behaviour in three rabbits. Different neurons fire or change their spontaneous activity in one or more behavioural acts, which constitute the consecutive behaviour. In one or the other behavioural act single unit discharges occur both after and before some intermediate results. Participation of hippocampus in organization of the consecutive behaviour is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Functional structure of the feeding behavior of the crayfish Astacus leptodactylus].

Analysis of the motor component in feeding behaviour of the crayfish enabled to differentiate it into separate fragments with respect to the targets which are reached due to realization of each of these fragments. It is suggested that separate fragments are realized by some functional blocks which are activated from their own receptive zones by trigger mechanisms. With changing the coordinates of food stimulus the whole structure of the behaviour also changes due to the inclusion of additional fragments (locomotions, rearrangement of postures, activation of the claw extremities, etc.). Since this rearrangement favours the animal in reaching its final target, it may be considered as adaptive one.

Astacoidea↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Changes in feeding behavior of patients who had received enteral nutrition during the 1st year of life].

UNLABELLED: Enteral feedings delivered by either gastrostomy or a nasogastric tube are often used in infants and toddlers to ensure adequate caloric and nutrient intake. If we are not aware of a rapid introduction of oral feedings they may develop poor feeding skills. PATIENTS: Seven infants (mean age: 6.7 months; SD: 3.6) presented this problem during the 1993-96 period. Six of them were using a nasogastric tube, another one a gastrostomy (PEG). At the beginning of the enteral feeding regimen their weight was -3.32 z-score (SD: -1.2) and for height: -2.11 z-score (SD: -0.51). The underlying disease was gastroesophageal reflux (n = 4), esophageal atresia (n = 1), short bowel syndrome (n = 1) and unexplained anorexia (n = 1). RESULTS: The mean length of artificial nutrition was 20 months (SD: 11.5), although two of the patients still receive nocturnal enteral drip. Six patients resumed a normal feeding pattern within 3 months to 2 years after behavior modification program was started. CONCLUSION: According to our experience, there is a critical period involved with oral feeding during the first year of life. If not aware, children in transition for tube to oral feeding may display oral-motor, sensory and developmental feeding problems.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1980

Physiological basis of feeding behavior in Tritonia diomedea. II. Neuronal mechanisms.

1. The nudibranch mollusk Tritonia diomedea feeds by biting and drawing pieces of coelenterate sea whips into its buccal cavity. It then swallows them in a series of cyclic ingestion movements. The coordinated pattern of swallowing can be elicited in reduced preparations by stimulation of identifiable neurons in cerebral or buccal ganglia. 2. Swallowing normally proceeds as a cyclic pattern of protraction and retraction movements driven by alternating bursts in odontophore-radula protractor and retractor motor neurons (MNs), with simultaneous coordination of many other major neurons. 3. Brief or prolonged constant-current stimulation of certain individual buccal ganglion (SW) premotor neurons reliably triggers one or more complete cycles of impulse bursts in motor neurons with coordinated movements of the jaws and buccal mass. The MN bursts produced in this way resemble the ones seen during feeding. Some SW neurons trigger responses that greatly exceed the duration of the stimulus; others drive cyclic output in the motor system whose duration corresponds closely to the duration of the depolarizing current. As well, the rate of MN bursting can be modulated by steady currents of different amplitudes injected into these SW neurons. There are, however, alternative sensory and motor routes independent of SW neurons by which the motor pattern may be elicited and modulated. 4. A search for the source of the feeding rhythm resulted in the identification of a pair of motor neurons (B5) that have prominent burst and pattern-generating capabilities independent of SW activation. They fire vigorous impulse bursts on rebound from spontaneously occurring IPSP waves or from imposed hyperpolarizing potentials of similar amplitude and duration. 5. Constant prolonged depolarizing currents injected into B5 result in the production of repetitive bursts in other MNs that resemble in amplitude and time course those seen during feeding. Cyclic bursting generated in this way apparently entrains other parts of the feeding motor generator since a coordinated output of appropriately phased hyperpolarizing waves, antagonistic EPSP volleys, motor bursts, and movements is simultaneously recorded in other, unstimulated motor neurons of the system. However, the SW neurons are not always entrained by such MN-generated bursting. 6. Brief stimulation of B5 (sufficient to elicit one or a few impulses) also results in the appearance of a depolarizing afterpotential, which is itself capable of regenerating further impulses. When prolonged, constant currents are applied, the impulses that result form bursts whose durations and interburst intervals depend on the amplitude of the stimulating currents. The spike and burst-generating qualities of these neurons (which may include endogenous and interactive components) are sufficient to serve as a source of timing and phasing for the motor pattern.

Animals↗