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PubMed1996

Nasogastric enteral feeding in the management of hyperemesis gravidarum.

OBJECTIVE: To report our experience in treating hyperemesis gravidarum with nasogastric enteral feeding. METHODS: Seven women (ages 17-36 years, mean 27 years) presented with intractable nausea, vomiting, dehydration, and weight loss (mean 13 lb) and were hospitalized for management of symptoms and nutritional support. An 8-Fr Dobbhoff nasogastric feeding tube was placed and nutritional supplement was administered as a continuous infusion, starting at a rate of 25 mL/hour. The rate of infusion was increased in an incremental fashion until daily caloric requirements were met. RESULTS: Nausea and vomiting improved within 24 hours after nasogastric tube placement. Enteral feedings were well tolerated, and all patients were discharged from the hospital within 8 days. Enteral feedings were continued, in an outpatient setting, for a mean of 43 days (range 5-174). Ultimately, all patients resumed oral feeding and discontinued enteral feeding. Subsequently, all patients gave birth to full-term, normal-weight babies. CONCLUSION: Enteral feeding via nasogastric tube seems to be effective in relieving intractable nausea and vomiting and in providing adequate nutritional support. Enteral nutrition should be considered as an alternative to total parenteral nutrition in the management of hyperemesis gravidarum.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Atopic disease and breast-feeding--cause or consequence?

BACKGROUND: A number of studies have observed an association between breast-feeding and increased risk of development of asthma and eczema. It has been proposed that these results might be due to early signs of atopic disease in the infant causing mothers to prolong breast-feeding. OBJECTIVE: We sought to determine whether early symptoms of atopic disease (eczema, food reaction, or asthma) or positive skin prick test responses reduce the likelihood of ceasing breast-feeding. METHODS: A prospective birth cohort of 620 infants from Melbourne, Australia, was used. Telephone interviews every 4 weeks were conducted until 64 weeks and then again at 78 and 104 weeks to determine duration of breast-feeding (both exclusive and total) and evidence of atopic disease. Because of the varying time of onset of atopic symptoms, they were modeled as time-varying covariates in Cox models. RESULTS: Only 52 (8.4%) infants did not establish breast-feeding, whereas an additional 103 (25.0%) did not establish exclusive breast-feeding. Early signs of atopic disease or sensitization were independently associated with an approximately 28% reduction in risk of ceasing exclusive breast-feeding (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.53-0.97); P=.029), but there was no evidence for a relationship with risk of ceasing breast-feeding completely (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.12; 95% CI, 0.92-1.37; P=.262). CONCLUSION: Early signs of atopic disease might prolong the duration of exclusive breast-feeding. This could mask a protective effect of breast-feeding or even result in breast-feeding appearing to be a risk factor for the development of atopic diseases. Future investigation of the relationship between breast-feeding and atopic diseases should consider this possibility.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

An investigation into feeding errors of 0-4-month-old infants.

This study was carried out on 206 infants seen consecutively at the Pediatric Clinic of our hospital. The feeding errors investigated were: the proportion of infants not exclusively breast-fed, incorrect dilution of formula milk, incorrect dilution of cow's milk, rice flour feed prepared with water, and the use of rice water as a feed. The feeding methods of the infants were compared with their weight for height. Of those infants exclusively breastfed 83 per cent were found to be above 100 per cent as regards weight-for-height. In those receiving supplementary feeds this ratio was significantly lower (P < 0.05). In 20 per cent of cases where the infant had received formula milk and in 14 per cent of cases where the infant had received cow's milk, the milk was found to be overdiluted by more than 40 per cent.

Breast Feeding↗

PubMed2001

Leptin levels in preterm human breast milk and infant formula.

OBJECTIVE: Leptin, a hormone present in breast milk, is involved in energy regulation and metabolism. The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether leptin is present in either preterm breast milk (PBM) or preterm formula (PF). The effects of delivery methods and pasteurization on leptin levels also were evaluated. METHODS: PBM samples were obtained from 29 mothers who delivered infants at between 23 and 34 weeks' gestation. Leptin levels were measured in PBM and PF with the use of a radioimmunoassay specific for human and bovine leptin, respectively. Milk samples were pasteurized by fast- and slow-heating methods. PBM and PF spiked with human leptin were delivered through catheters by bolus and continuous administration to determine the effects of delivery method on recoverable leptin levels. RESULTS: Median PBM leptin concentration was 5.28 ng/mL (intraquartile range: 24.79). Birth gestational age, birth weight, and gender of the infant did not significantly influence PBM leptin levels. Neither bolus nor continuous feeding practices affected leptin levels in PBM or spiked PF. However, pasteurization significantly reduced the amount of detectable leptin in PBM. CONCLUSIONS: PBM leptin levels were highly variable and similar to levels reported for term breast milk. There was no effect of postnatal age on PBM leptin concentrations. Sterilization decreased detectable leptin levels, whereas feeding practices had no adverse effect on the quantity of leptin delivered. Although no infant formula contained leptin, leptin could be added to formula and delivered through various feeding methods without loss.

Blotting, Western↗

PubMed2002

Breast feeding after reduction mammaplasty performed during adolescence.

UNLABELLED: Reduction mammaplasty (RM) can be performed during adolescence if the functional capacity of the breast is preserved. Future breast feeding must be carefully considered in the therapeutic decision making process. PURPOSE OF THE STUDY: Breast feeding after reduction mammaplasty performed during adolescence was assessed to determine surgical factors influencing outcome and patient reception of information concerning breast feeding. METHODS: A questionnaire was sent to 109 women who had undergone reduction mammaplasty between 1981 and 1997 when they were 15-17 years old to ascertain their reasons for having surgery, their satisfaction, and their attitude towards breast feeding. RESULTS: Sixty-five questionnaires (60%) could be analyzed. Mean delay since surgery was 8.1 years. Seventeen women (26%) had delivered 25 infants (mean 1.5). Mean delay after surgery to first delivery was 7.68 years. Five women (29%) nursed their first infant for a mean 11.3 days. None of the women interrupted breast feeding for a reason related to a nipple anomaly or difficult sucking. Twelve women (71%) did not nurse their first infant, because of the prior breast surgery for six of them. Among the 48 nulliparous women, 24 (50%) stated they would nurse their future infant. Although information on breast feeding was systematically delivered, 41 women (63%) stated they had not been informed. There was no statistical relationship between breast feeding and degree of satisfaction, patient-assessed scar quality, or nipple disorders. CONCLUSION: Adolescents who undergo reduction mammaplasty can nurse their future infants with a complication rate similar to that in the general population. Special attention must be given to delivery of information on breast feeding.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Comparison of sucking patterns at introduction of oral feeding and at term in Israeli and American preterm infants.

BACKGROUND: It has been hypothesized that early initiation of oral feeding in premature infants may enhance the maturation of sucking patterns. AIM: To compare preterm infant sucking characteristics in urban level III neonatal care units in the USA and Israel. The two hospitals have different practices regarding the introduction of oral feeding. METHODS: Infants were assessed at 34-35 wk postconceptional age (PCA) and at term. Sucking parameters were assessed with the Kron's Nutritive Sucking Apparatus. RESULTS: 70 infants (38 Americans and 32 Israelis) participated in the study. Oral feedings were initiated earlier (32.6 +/- 4.3 vs 34.5 +/- 1.8 wk PCA, p < 0.01) and full oral feedings were reached earlier (35.4 +/- 2.8 vs 36.5 +/- 2.5 wk PCA, p < 0.05) in the USA infants. American preterm infants produced significantly more sucks (p < 0.001), had a higher suck rate (p < 0.001), more sucks per burst (p < 0.05), and a shorter interburst width (p < 0.01) at 34 wk PCA than Israeli infants. At term, American infants produced significant more sucks (p < 0.001), higher suck rate (p < 0.001), shorter intersuck width (p < 0.001), and a shorter interburst width (p < 0.05) than the Israeli infants of the same PCA. CONCLUSION: Different practices in the care of preterm infants, such as postconceptional age at introduction of oral feeding, may play a role in the development of feeding and feeding organization at term.

Age Factors↗

PubMed2001

"Breast is best": knowledge among low-income mothers is not enough.

The beliefs of low-income mothers regarding breastfeeding compared to formula feeding, according to feeding method, were investigated. Interviews were conducted with 154 women who were assigned to one of two groups. Four health benefits of breastfeeding were rated significantly higher than for infant formula within both the breastfeeding (BF) and formula-feeding (FF) groups. Breastfeeding was seen as less convenient than formula feeding by the FF group (mean = 2.3 +/- 1.7 versus 3.8 +/- 1.5 for formula feeding and breastfeeding, respectively; P < .001). Both groups rated formula feeding as more likely to enable others to help in infant care, easier in terms of the mother's time control, and less likely to tie mother down than breastfeeding. The findings show that, despite formula-feeding mothers' beliefs in the health benefits of breastfeeding, they perceive that it limits their activities. Therefore, breastfeeding promotion must address not only benefits but also lifestyle issues.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Are breast-fed infants and toddlers in New Zealand at risk of iodine deficiency?

OBJECTIVE: This study assessed the iodine status of New Zealand infants and toddlers and explored factors that might influence their iodine status. METHODS: A community-based, cross-sectional survey of 6- to 24-mo-old children was conducted in three cities in the South Island of New Zealand. Iodine status was determined by a casual urine sample. Breast-feeding mothers were asked to provide a breast milk sample for iodine determination. Caregivers collected a 3-d weighed diet record from their children to investigate associations between dietary patterns and urinary iodine excretion. RESULTS: The median urinary iodine concentration for the group (n = 230) was 67 microg/L (interquartile range 37-115) with 37% (95% confidence interval 30.5-43.4) of children having a urinary iodine concentration lower than 50 microg/L. When children were classified by current feeding method, those children who were currently formula-fed had a significantly higher median urinary iodine concentration (99 microg/L) than did children who were currently breast-fed (44 microg/L; P < 0.000). The mean iodine concentration in breast milk was 22 microg/L (n = 39). After multivariate analysis using estimates from 3-d diet records, only percentage of energy from infant formula was significantly associated with urinary iodine concentration (P = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS: This study found mild iodine deficiency in a group of New Zealand infants and toddlers. Children who consumed infant formula, which is fortified with iodine, had better iodine status than did children who were currently breast-fed because breast milk contained low levels of iodine.

Breast Feeding↗

PubMed1996

The metabolism of cholestanol in primary biliary cirrhosis.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The concentration of serum cholestanol, a 5 alpha-saturated derivative of cholesterol, is increased in primary biliary cirrhosis proportionally to impaired liver function for unknown reasons. The purpose of this study was to analyze serum cholestanol level and its biliary and fecal elimination, and relate the results to cholesterol absorption and metabolism. METHODS: Sixteen patients with primary biliary cirrhosis and 44 non-primary biliary cirrhosis controls were studied. Squalene and non-cholesterol sterols were analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography, cholesterol absorption by the peroral double-isotope continuous feeding method, and neutral and acidic sterols in bile and feces by gas-liquid chromatography. RESULTS: In primary biliary cirrhosis, the mean level of serum cholesterol was normal, but the cholestanol/cholesterol proportion was increased 4-fold, and the proportion was related to the serum bile acid and bilirubin levels. The mean biliary cholestanol proportion and the biliary secretion rate were increased 5- and 2-fold, respectively, suggesting that at low cholestanol absorption cholestanol synthesis was increased. Calculated clearance of serum cholestanol into bile was decreased. The fecal output was within the control limits, so that intestinal cholestanol production was lowered in primary biliary cirrhosis. In addition, serum and biliary plant sterol proportions were increased in primary biliary cirrhosis, but their biliary secretion was unchanged, while those of cholesterol, bile acids, phospholipids, and cholesterol precursor sterols were markedly reduced. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that an enhanced cholestanol synthesis and a cholestasis-induced decrease in biliary clearance of serum cholestanol contribute to the excessively high serum cholestanol level in primary biliary cirrhosis. In addition, reduced bile acid synthesis may contribute to the increased serum cholestanol content.

Absorption↗

PubMed1999

The effects of long haul transport on pregnant, non-lactating dairy cows.

AIMS: The transport of dairy cows from the North to the South Island of New Zealand has been common in recent years. The aims of this study were to determine the serum biochemical and bodyweight responses of cows to such a journey, and to investigate the effects of pre-transport hay feeding. METHODS: Pregnant, non-lactating Jersey cows from two herds were transported by road (1196 km) and ferry (5 hours) over a 3-4 day period. Cows in each herd were allocated to three 4-day pre-transport feeding treatments (grass only, grass + hay, 3 days of grass then 1 day of hay). Twelve experimental cows selected from each treatment group were weighed and blood sampled before transport, on arrival, and 24 and 48 hours after arrival. Additional blood samples were collected from experimental animals in one herd before and after one of the overnight rest stops during the journey. Sera were analysed for serum betahydroxybutyrate, total protein, calcium and magnesium concentrations and creatine kinase (CK) activity. RESULTS: Cow bodyweights declined by 6 9% during the journey and although they increased after arrival, they were still lower (p<0.001) than pre-transport values 48 hours after arrival. Serum magnesium fell (p<0.001) from pretransport concentrations of 0.95 mmol/l (Herd 1) and 0.83 mmol/l (Herd 2) to mean values of 0.50 mmol/l for both herds after transport. Total protein and CK concentrations increased during the first day of transport in Herd 2 cows, but then declined during the subsequent overnight rest stop. Pre-transport feeding treatments did not consistently affect cow bodyweight or blood biochemical responses to transport. CONCLUSIONS: Transported cows benefited from overnight rest, feeding and watering in terms of hydration and muscle status, but bodyweight and serum magnesium concentrations were significantly reduced by the overall journey, emphasising the requirement for suitable mineral supplementation and careful feeding and selection of pregnant cows before long-haul transport.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1996

[The state of in vitro breeding of lice and fleas]

Laboratory breeding of lice, fleas and other bloodsucking arthropods is necessary for developing and testing the efficacy of new drugs and alternative arthropod control methods. They are necessary to investigate their role as vectors of pathogens and to develop methods for diagnosis and therapy of arthropod caused or transmitted diseases. To date, it is not possible to replace rabbits as natural blood sources for breeding lice colonies (Pediculus spp.). But on the base of the knowledge about lice feeding and about in vitro-breeding of other arthropods it would be possible to develop an in vitro-feeding method for lice. For about three years an equipment is available in the USA for in vitro-breeding of cat fleas (Ctenocephalides felis). Using this so called "Artificial dog" it would be possible to replace numerous of cats used as hosts of laboratory flea colonies in pharmaceutical companies and other research laboratories

Journal Article↗

PubMed1997

Baby feeding: the thoughts behind the statistics.

AIM: To investigate attitudes towards baby feeding and to identify reasons why women stop breast feeding. METHOD: A series of six focus groups were held with thirty eight mothers with babies aged between 3 and 18 months, who had been breast and/or bottle fed. RESULTS: The discussions identified a number of significant themes. Decisions on baby feeding were made before birth. Women felt under considerable pressure to breast feed and felt guilty about bottle feeding. Information available about baby feeding was generally inconsistent, unrealistic and incomplete although all women were well informed about the benefits of breast feeding. Most women found breast feeding more difficult than anticipated and needed more help with common problems. A number of difficulties were identified with bottle feeding. Those women who enjoyed breast feeding were most likely to continue. The best support for breast feeding came from other mothers and supportive partners. Ceasing breast feeding was difficult for some women. CONCLUSION: Exploring mothers' attitudes to breast feeding highlighted the need for non judgemental attitudes to baby feeding and consistent information and support on both breast and bottle feeding. Duration of breast feeding is likely to be improved if problems can be addressed. A larger, more detailed prospective study would more accurately identify problem areas and suggest ways of solving them.

Attitude↗

PubMed2002

Effect of maternal confidence on breastfeeding duration: an application of breastfeeding self-efficacy theory.

BACKGROUND: Although much research has focused on identifying factors that influence breastfeeding initiation and duration, many high-risk factors are nonmodifiable demographic variables. Predisposing factors for low breastfeeding duration rates that are amenable to supportive interventions should be identified. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of maternal confidence (breastfeeding self-efficacy) on breastfeeding duration. METHOD: A prospective survey was conducted with 300 women in the last trimester of pregnancy recruited from the antenatal clinic of a large metropolitan hospital in Brisbane, Australia. Telephone interviews were conducted at 1 week and 4 months postpartum to assess infant feeding methods and breastfeeding confidence using the Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale. RESULTS: Although 92 percent of participants initiated breastfeeding, by 4 months postpartum almost 40 percent discontinued and only 28.6 percent were breastfeeding exclusively; the most common reason for discontinuation was insufficient milk supply. Antenatal and 1-week Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale scores were significantly related to breastfeeding outcomes at 1 week and 4 months. Mothers with high breastfeeding self-efficacy were significantly more likely to be breastfeeding, and doing so exclusively, at 1 week and 4 months postpartum than mothers with low breastfeeding self-efficacy. CONCLUSIONS: Maternal breastfeeding self-efficacy is a significant predictor of breastfeeding duration and level. Integrating self-efficacy enhancing strategies may improve the quality of healthcare that healthcare professionals deliver and may increase a new mother's confidence in her ability to breastfeed, and to persevere if she does encounter difficulties.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Improvement of heterologous protein productivity by controlling postinduction specific growth rate in recombinant Escherichia coli under control of the PL promoter.

To develop the optimal operational strategy for the PL promoter of interferon (IFN)-gamma-producing Escherichia coli, some rational medium feeding methods, carried out just after temperature induction to control the postinduction specific growth rate (mu i), were designed. Using experimental data from various batch cultures, we correlated mu i with specific IFN-gamma production rate (qpi) to find out how mu i just after induction affected qpi. It was revealed that sustaining mu i above a certain value after induction was the key factor for high-level production of IFN-gamma. Stepwise and constant-rate medium feeding, in which the temperature induction was done simultaneously, at the late-exponential growth phase of batch culture resulted in a dramatic extension of the production period as a result of sustaining mu i after temperature induction. These methods led to the overcoming of harsh conditions after temperature induction and the improvement of IFN-gamma productivity. Finally, by both a high-cell-density culture using an exponential fed-batch culture for cell growth and constant-rate medium feeding after temperature induction for IFN-gamma production, we accomplished an increase in IFN-gamma production by 23-fold, 7.43 g/L, as compared with that of batch culture.

Bacterial Proteins↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Anorexia as the probable cause of plasma alpha-lipoprotein changes seen in avian erythroblastosis.

The plasma alpha-lipoprotein bands seen on starch-gel electrophoresis are progressively split and retarded as avian erythroblastosis progresses. Similar changes may be produced in normal birds by starvation, and by pair-feeding methods. Anorexia appears to be a major cause, if not the total cause, of the plasma alpha-lipoprotein changes seen in erythroblastosis.

Alpharetrovirus↗

PubMed2000

Repellent and antifeedant activity of salicylic acid and related compounds against the biting midge, Culicoides impunctatus (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae).

An artificial membrane, blood-feeding method was used to assess the repellent and antifeedant effects of derivatives of salicylic acid on the biting midge Culicoides impunctatus Goetghebeur. Trans-2-hydroxycyclohexanecarboxylic acid, 6-methylsalicylic acid, 2,6-dihydroxy-4-methylbenzoic acid, and salicyluric acid caused highly significant inhibition of feeding, with salicyluric acid performing significantly greater than the other compounds. Investigating the effects of alkyl substitution of salicylic acid, o-thymotic and o-cresotic acids were also effective. A pilot clinical trial using salicyluric acid indicated that it provided a protective effect and it was hypothesized that this may have resulted primarily from contact, because no significant repellent effects were shown for this compound in a microscope slide test, designed to demonstrate repellency with volatile compounds.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Are feeding practices associated with duodenitis-proximal jejunitis?

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Feeding concentrate has been putatively associated with risk of development of duodenitis-proximal jejunitis (DPJ); however, this association has not been evaluated systematically in a controlled study. OBJECTIVES: To determine whether there was evidence that feeding practices were associated with increased odds of developing DPJ employing a case control study. HYPOTHESIS: The amount of concentrate fed daily to horses is significantly greater among horses that develop DPJ than control horses with either lameness or other types of colic. METHODS: Feeding practices of cases of DPJ diagnosed between 1997 and 2003 were compared with those of 2 populations of control horses (colic controls and lameness controls) admitted to the clinic from the same time period. Following multiple imputation of missing data, comparisons were made using polytomous logistic regression. RESULTS: Horses with DPJ were fed significantly more concentrate and were significantly more likely to have grazed pasture than either control populations; DPJ horses were significantly more likely to be female than were lameness horses. Results were unchanged after adjusting for bodyweight of the horse. CONCLUSIONS: Feeding and grazing practices differ among horses with DPJ relative to horses with other forms of colic and lame horses. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: The observed magnitudes of association were not sufficiently strong to merit diagnostic/predictive application; however, these observations, if substantiated by other studies, might provide important aetiological clues.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1989

Effect of breast-feeding on immune response to BCG vaccination.

The effect on BCG immunisation of feeding either formula or breast milk was assessed in Canadian Cree infants who were vaccinated either at birth or after 1 month of age. The response to BCG was measured in terms of lymphocyte blastogenesis stimulated by purified protein derivative of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Breast-feeding significantly enhanced cell-mediated immune response to BCG vaccine given at birth, but had no significant effect if vaccine was given after 1 month. These findings were not related to maternal history of tuberculosis or BCG vaccination, and the feeding method did not influence lymphocyte stimulation by candida or streptococcal antigens.

Age Factors↗