Iron for Children.
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Anemia, Hypochromic↗
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Results for “Ferrous Compounds”
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Anti- and pro-oxidative properties of PADMA 28, a Tibetan herbal formulation.
There is growing public interest in traditional medicine. PADMA 28, a multicompound herbal preparation derived from Tibetan medicine, has proven efficacy in some clinical trials and tests at the cellular level. We report here on studies of PADMA 28 at the molecular level. Extracts of PADMA 28 contain both reducing and metal ion-chelating substances. In this way, PADMA 28 acts as a powerful antioxidant or prooxidant, depending on its concentration and the reaction under study.
Antioxidants↗
Intestinal iron uptake in the European flounder (Platichthys flesus).
Iron is an essential element because it is a key constituent of the metalloproteins involved in cellular respiration and oxygen transport. There is no known regulated excretory mechanism for iron, and homeostasis is tightly controlled via its uptake from the diet. This study assessed in vivo intestinal iron uptake and in vitro iron absorption in a marine teleost, the European flounder Platichthys flesus. Ferric iron, in the form (59)FeCl(3), was reduced to Fe(2+) by ascorbate, and the bioavailability of Fe(3+) and Fe(2+) were compared. In vivo Fe(2+) uptake was significantly greater than Fe(3+) uptake and was reduced by the iron chelator desferrioxamine. Fe(2+) was also more bioavailable than Fe(3+) in in vitro studies that assessed the temporal pattern and concentration-dependency of iron absorption. The posterior region, when compared with the anterior and mid regions of the intestine, was the preferential site for Fe(2+) uptake in vivo. In vitro iron absorption was upregulated in the posterior intestine in response to prior haemoglobin depletion of the fish, and the transport showed a Q(10) value of 1.94. Iron absorption in the other segments of the intestine did not correlate with haematocrit, and Q(10) values were lower. Manipulation of the luminal pH had no effect on in vitro iron absorption. The present study demonstrates that a marine teleost absorbs Fe(2+) preferentially in the posterior intestine. This occurs in spite of extremely high luminal bicarbonate concentrations recorded in vivo, which may be expected to reduce the bioavailability of divalent cations as a result of the precipitation as carbonates (e.g. FeCO(3)).
Animals↗
Characteristic bleaching profiles of cyanine dyes depending on active oxygen species in the controlled Fenton reaction.
The bleaching of cyanine-type pentamethine trinuclear dyes by active oxygen species (AOS), superoxide and hydroxyl radical, were studied under the xanthine-xanthine oxidase system and the Fenton reaction, respectively. The gradual bleaching of dyes occurred as the result of superoxide produced in the xanthine-xanthine oxidase system. However, the bleaching of cyanine dyes by Fenton reagent varied depending on the reaction conditions. If a normal Fenton reaction of Fe(II) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) took place, a hydroxyl radical was generated instantly. A Fenton reaction with an excess of [H2O2] over [Fe(II)] resulted in a gradual bleaching of the dye initiated by the hydroxyl radical, Fe(III) and H2O2. In this reaction, cyanine dyes with shorter side chains were bleached faster than those with longer ones. We controlled the Fenton reaction condition (Fe(II) or Fe(IIO)/H2O2 at pH 3.5 in the dark) to generate a specific AOS such as a hydroxyl radical (.OH) or superoxide (.O2-). Studies using xanthine-xanthine oxidase (pH 7.8), the Fe(II)-dipyridyl complex and various scavengers such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and hyaluronic acid, revealed that .O2- was the primary radical responsible for this controlled Fenton reaction. This finding shows that this controlled Fenton reaction would be an effective AOS generation method, and that cyanine dyes may be hopeful probes for the detection of AOS.
Coloring Agents↗
Chemical states and lattice dynamics of alpha-diimine Fe2+ complexes intercalated into gamma-zirconium phosphate.
The alpha-diimine Fe2+ complexes, [Fe(phen)3]2+, [Fe(bpy)3]2+, and [Fe(terpy)2]2+, (phen: 1,10-phenanthroline, bpy: 2,2'-bipyridyl, terpy: alpha,alpha',alpha''-tripyridine) were intercalated into zirconium dihydrogenphosphate phosphate dihydrate (gamma-zirconium phosphate, gamma-ZrP), Zr(PO4)(H2PO4).2H2O. The rate of the intercalation, the molar ratio of Fe to Zr, was found to be 3.82-7.76%. Mössbauer spectra indicated that one part of [Fe(phen)3]2+ and [Fe(bpy)3]2+ changed from a low-spin Fe2+ to high-spin Fe2+ state on intercalation, but [Fe(terpy)2]2+ did not change in chemical state. The lattice dynamics of the complexes and the intercalation compounds were investigated in terms of the temperature dependence of the area intensity on the Mössbauer spectra. A linear relationship was established for all the complex salts and the intercalation compounds investigated between the ln[A(T)/A(82)] and absolute temperature, T, where A(T) and A(82) show the intensities of a doublet at T and 82 K of the Mössbauer spectra, respectively. From the slope of the linear relation, the theta2M values, which were derived based on the Debye approximation of lattice vibration, were evaluated for the complex salts and the intercalation compounds. The Fe2+ complexes showed theta2M values of 1.27 to 2.32 x 10(6), whereas the intercalation compounds showed very similar values to each other, ranging from 2.19 to 2.39 x 10(6), irrespective of different alpha-diimine ligands. The results were explained in terms of the characteristic layered structure of zirconium phosphate, and by the tight bond between the alpha-diimine Fe2+ complexes and the host gamma-ZrP.
Algorithms↗
Mechanism of superoxide dismutase-like activity of Fe(II) and Fe(III) complexes of tetrakis-N,N,N',N'(2-pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine.
The superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity of iron(II) tetrakis-N,N,N',N'(2-pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine complex (Fe-TPEN) was reexamined using a pulse radiolysis method. In our previous study (J. Biol. Chem., 264, 9243-9249 (1989)), we reported that this complex has a potent SOD activity in a cyt. c (cytochrome c)-based system (IC50 = 0.8 microM) and protects E. coli cells against paraquat toxicity. The present pulse radiolysis experiment revealed that Fe(II)TPEN reacts stoichiometrically with superoxide to form Fe(III)TPEN with a second-order rate constant of 3.9 x 10(6) M-1 S-1 at pH 7.1, but superoxide did not reduce Fe(III)TPEN to Fe(II)TPEN. The reaction of Fe(III)TPEN and superoxide was biphasic. In the fast reaction, an adduct (Fe(III)TPEN-superoxide complex) was formed at the second-order rate constant of 8.5 x 10(5) M-1 S-1 at pH 7.4. In the slow one, the adduct reacted with another molecule of the adduct, regenerating Fe(III)TPEN. In the cyt. c method with catalase, this Fe(III)TPEN-superoxide complex showed cyt. c oxidation activity, which had led to overestimation of its SOD activity. Based on the titration data, the main species of complex in aqueous media at neutral pH was indicated to be Fe(III)TPEN(OH-). A spectral change after the reduction with hydrated electron indicates that the OH- ion coordinates directly to Fe(III) by displacing one of the pyridine rings. The X-ray analysis of [Fe(II)TPEN]SO4 supported this structure. From the above results we propose a novel reaction mechanism of FeTPEN and superoxide which resembles a proton catalyzed dismuting process, involving Fe(III)TPEN-superoxide complex.
Antioxidants↗
Modification by hydroxyl radicals of functional reactivity in rabbit lingual artery.
To understand the direct involvement of hydroxyl radical (.OH) in the modification of functional reactivity in isolated rabbit lingual artery ring preparations, this study was undertaken to examine the effect of .OH generated from dihydroxy fumarate (DHF) plus Fe(3+)-ADP or from H2O2 plus FeSO4. When vasodilators (acetylcholine and nitroglycerin) were given after the .OH-generating system was removed from the organ chamber, the earlier .OH exposure produced an attenuation of the ring relaxation induced by acetylcholine but not that by nitroglycerin. Moreover, the earlier .OH exposure attenuated caffeine-induced contraction and depressed the phasic response, but potently enhanced the tonic response of norepinephrine-induced contraction. Both the enhanced tonic response of KCl-induced contraction produced by earlier .OH exposure and norepinephrine-induced contraction was inhibited by nisoldipine. These results are consistent with the view that .OH radicals can potentiate the voltage-dependent influx of Ca. It is also postulated that .OH may damage sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) function in the smooth muscle cells, thus reducing Ca release from the SR (this may be reflected by the attenuation of the phasic response), and may selectively attenuate endothelium-dependent relaxation as opposed to endothelium-independent relaxation.
Animals↗
Neuroprotective activity of p-terphenyl leucomentins from the mushroom Paxillus panuoides.
The neuroprotective mechanism of p-terphenyl leucomentins from the mushroom Paxillus panuoides was studied. Leucomentins showed potent inhibition of lipid peroxidation and H2O2 neurotoxicity, but free from any role as reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavengers. Iron-mediated oxidative damage has been implicated in these processes, as a provider of ROS via iron. Leucomentins can chelate iron when DNA is present with iron and H2O2, and so inhibiting DNA single strand breakage. These results suggest that the neuroprotective action of leucomentins is dependent on their ability to chelate iron.
Agaricales↗
An expression system for a transporter of iron and other metals.
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Animals↗
Engineering copper ferrite (CuFe2O4) nanocomposites for enhanced eco-friendly photocatalysis: a systematic critical review on mechanisms, performance, and environmental applications.
Water pollution caused by organic and inorganic contaminants, particularly dyes and pharmaceuticals, represents a major environmental challenge. Advanced oxidation processes based on photocatalysts have emerged as efficient and sustainable approaches for water and wastewater treatment. Copper ferrite (CuFe2O4) is considered a promising photocatalyst owing to its narrow bandgap, visible-light activity, chemical stability, and magnetic properties. Despite extensive experimental investigations, a comprehensive systematic comparison of CuFe2O4-based photocatalysts under diverse operational conditions has remained limited. In this study, a systematic review following PRISMA guidelines was conducted using studies published between January 2014 and November 2025 indexed in Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect. From an initial pool of 397 studies, 98 articles met the inclusion criteria. Key parameters - including pollutant type, pH, catalyst dosage, initial pollutant concentration, irradiation time, light source, and degradation efficiency - were quantitatively compared to identify performance trends and operational optima. The results demonstrate that CuFe2O4-based nanocomposites, particularly heterojunction, Z-scheme, and S-scheme architectures combined with TiO2, g-C3N4, graphene, and metal oxides, achieve high degradation efficiencies (often >90 %) for a wide range of organic pollutants and selected inorganic contaminants (e.g., Cr(VI)). Enhanced charge separation and suppressed electron-hole recombination were identified as the primary factors contributing to improved photocatalytic activity. In addition, the intrinsic magnetic properties of these nanocomposites enable facile catalyst recovery and reuse. In conclusion, CuFe2O4-based nanocomposites, especially those incorporating advanced heterojunction architectures, emerge as highly efficient and magnetically recoverable photocatalytic platforms for sustainable water and wastewater treatment, with strong potential for scalable implementation and real-wastewater applications.
Catalysis↗
Particulate arsenic and iron during anoxia in a eutrophic, urban lake.
The bioavailability and transport of particle-reactive pollutants are influenced by their partitioning between dissolved and particulate phases. We explored the importance of particle complexation to the arsenic cycle in an urban lake (Upper Mystic Lake, eastern MA, USA) that experiences arsenic remobilization from contaminated sediments during seasonal hypolimnetic anoxia. Particle size distributions were measured using a new in situ serial filtration system that excludes oxygen and filters at low flow rates to minimize filtration artifacts. Despite anoxia, the majority of remobilized As was present as As(V), and typically 85 to 95% of total As was particle complexed, with 25 to 50% found in the size fraction between 0.4 and 0.05 microm. Iron was distributed similarly among these size classes (>95% of total Fe associated with particles larger than 0.05 microm, 30 to 50% between 0.4 microm and 0.05 microm), contrary to conventional expectation that the majority of Fe should be present as soluble Fe(II) in anoxic waters. By classical filtration (i.e., through a 0.4-microm filter), the colloidal fractions of both Fe and As would have been inaccurately classified as dissolved. Correlations between depth profiles of total As and particulate Fe as well as comparisons of measured arsenic sorption (i.e., total As > 0.05 microm) against predictions by surface complexation modeling of As on amorphous Fe(III) oxides argue that arsenic sorbed on Fe(III) oxides was the major As species present in this lake's hypolimnion throughout several months of anoxia.
Arsenic↗
Pneumatic flow injection analysis-tandem spectrometer system for iron speciation.
A pneumatic flow injection-tandem spectrometer system, without a delivery pump was used for the speciation of iron. In this system, the suction force of a pneumatic nebulizer of a flame absorption spectrometer was used for solution delivery through the manifold. The Fe(III) and total Fe concentrations were determined using thiocyanate ion in a UV-Vis spectrometer and a FAAS, respectively. The Fe(II) was determined by the difference. The calibration curves were linear up to 18 microg mL(-1) and 25 microg mL(-1) with detection limits of 0.09 microg mL(-1) and 0.07 microg mL(-1) for Fe(III) and Fe(II), respectively. The mid-range precision and accuracy were <2.5% and +/-3% for the two species, respectively, at a sampling rate of 120 h(-1). This system was applied for the determination of Fe(III) and Fe(II) in industrial water, natural water and spiked samples.
Calibration↗
Iron and arsenic release from aquifer solids in response to biostimulation.
Biostimulation has been used at various contaminated sites to promote the reductive dechlorination of trichloroethylene (TCE), but the addition of carbon and energy donor also stimulates bacteria that use Fe(III) as the terminal electron acceptor (TEA) in potential competition with dechlorination processes. Microcosm studies were conducted to determine the influence of various carbon donors on the extent of reductive dissolution of aquifer solids containing Fe(III) and arsenic. Glucose, a fermentable and respirable carbon donor, led to the production of 1500 mg Fe(II) kg(-1), or 24% of the total Fe in the aquifer sediment being reduced to Fe(II), whereas the same concentration of carbon as acetate resulted in only 300 mg Fe(II) kg(-1) being produced. The biogenic Fe(II) produced with acetate was exclusively associated with the solid phase whereas with fermentable carbon donors as whey and glucose, 22 and 54% of the Fe(II) was in solution. With fermentation, some of the metabolites appear to be electron shuttling chemicals and chelating agents that facilitate the reductive dissolution of even crystalline Fe(III) oxides. Without the presence of electron shuttling chemicals, only surficial Fe in direct contact with the bacteria was bioavailable, as illustrated when acetate was used. Regardless of carbon donor type and concentration, As concentrations in the water exceeded drinking water standards. The As dissolution appears to have been the result of the direct use of As as an electron acceptor by dissimilatory arsenic reducing bacteria. Our findings indicate that selection of the carbon and energy donor for biostimulation for remediation of chlorinated solvent impacted aquifers may greatly influence the extent of the reductive dissolution of iron minerals in direct competition with dechlorination processes. Biostimulation may also result in a significant release of As to the solution phase, contributing to further contamination of the aquifer.
Acetates↗
Interactions with the absorption of tetracyclines.
All tetracycline derivatives are bacteriostatics and their concentration in serum should not fall during the therapy below the generally accepted minimum therapeutic concentration of 0.5 to 1.5 mug/ml. Tetracyclines have a high affinity to form chelates with polyvalent metallic cations such as Fe+++, Fe++, Al+++, Mg++ and Ca++. Many of these tetracycline-metal complexes are either insoluble or otherwise poorly absorbable from the gastro-intestinal tract. Milk and other dairy products, antacids containing polyvalent cations, as well as various iron salts ingested simultaneously with tetracycline derivatives, might interfere with their absorption by 50 to 90% or even more. The severity of interaction depends both on the nature of the tetracycline derivative and of the cation, on the doses used, on pharmaceutical factors, and on time schedules in dosing. An interval of 3 hours between the ingestion of tetracyclines and cations prevents the interaction. The pharmacokinetic interactions in absorption of tetracyclines likely to be clinically significant in cases where the infecting pathogens are moderately resistant to tetracyclines and relatively high serum concentrations are needed for proper bacteriostasis.
Animals↗
Inhibitory effect of lactoferrin on the adhesion of Prevotella nigrescens ATCC 25261 to hydroxyapatite.
Prevotella nigrescens ATCC 25261 (P. nigrescens) cells adhere well to hydroxyapatite treated with citrate (CHA), but the attachment is drastically inhibited by lactoferrin (LF). To determine the nature of the iron-free LF responsible for inhibiting P. nigrescens cell attachment, this study tested the duration and frequency of LF treatment of CHA and the effects of divalent and trivalent ferric ions. The inhibitory effect on the attachment of P. nigrescens was somewhat higher with bovine LF than human LF. Apo LF effectively inhibited P. nigrescens cell attachment to CHA, and almost abolished attachment at a concentration of 0.4 mg/ml. Fe3+ saturated LF was unable to inhibit attachment, whereas Fe2+ showed a slight effect under the same conditions. The LF absorbed rapidly to CHA in less than 10 min. With a lower concentration (0.1 mg/ml) of LF, only three treatments of CHA were required for the maximum inhibition of P. nigrescens cell attachment. The quantity of LF adsorbed to the hydroxyapatite (HA) and to P. nigrescens cells was determined by use of [3H]-LF. Approximately 25 micrograms of LF protein adsorbed to 5 mg of HA at saturation, and approximately 0.25 microgram of LF did so to the 6 x 10(8) cells.
Adsorption↗
Magnolol protects human sperm motility against lipid peroxidation: a sperm head fixation method.
It was previously reported that magnolol, isolated from the Chinese medicinal herb Magnolia officinalis, had a potent inhibitory activity on lipid peroxidation. Since sperm motility could be suppressed by lipid peroxidation, this study examines the protective effect of magnolol on lipid peroxidation-suppressed sperm motility. FeSO4 was used to induced lipid peroxidation and sperm motility was expressed as tail beat frequency (TBF) measured with a sperm head fixation method. Magnolol at 10(-9) to 10(-7) M significantly reversed the FeSO4-suppressed TBF. Magnolol significantly inhibited the generation of malondialdehyde (MDA), the end product of lipid peroxidation, in sperm. Magnolol protected sperm motility by inhibiting lipid peroxidation in sperm.
Biphenyl Compounds↗
Purification of a 43,000 dalton aggregate generated from alpha-crystallin.
A procedure is presented for the purification of an aggregate of covalently linked polypeptides of alpha-crystallin. Using either iron catalyzed oxidation or UV irradiation, 6-12% of calf lens alpha-crystallin can be converted to a 43,000 Da aggregate containing non-reducible cross-linked polypeptides as indicated by SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions. The 43,000 Da aggregate generated by Fe2+ oxidation can be isolated to approximately 85% homogeneity with respect to its relative molecular weight on SDS-PAGE. The procedure can be performed in two steps; 1) gel filtration of the oxidized alpha-crystallin under deaggregating and reducing conditions, and 2) preparative SDS-PAGE of the 43,000 Da aggregate-enriched peak obtained by filtration. The 43,000 Da aggregate band can be recovered from the polyacrylamide gels using a new preparative electroelution technique. 1.0 +/- 0.3 mg of purified 43,000 Da aggregate can be obtained from 100 mg of Fe2+ oxidized alpha-crystallin. The described methodology will facilitate further characterization of this 43,000 Da alpha-crystallin aggregate.
Animals↗
Iron oxidation in Mops buffer. Effect of EDTA, hydrogen peroxide and FeCl3.
The effect of EDTA and H2O2 on iron autoxidation in Mops buffer depends on the pH of the solution. At acidic pH, EDTA caused the oxidation of a stoichiometric amount of iron. At neutral and alkaline pH, EDTA and H2O2 not only oxidizes a stoichiometric amount of iron but also causes the oxidation of the Fe2+ exceeding the concentration of these compounds. In the presence of EDTA, oxidation of Fe2+ in exceeding the concentration of these compounds has a shorter lag phase and an increased rate compared with that in the absence. The solution develops a yellow colour whose intensity is proportional to the amount of Fe2+ exceeding the concentration of these compounds in solution. When the reaction is conducted in the presence of NBT, formazan formation is greatly reduced compared to the control without EDTA and H2O2. The Fe3+-EDTA complex and Fe3+ affected iron oxidation, development of the yellow colour and NBT reduction in a similar fashion. In all these experimental conditions, iron oxidation is greatly reduced in the presence of mannitol, sorbitol and catalase. In phosphate buffer, EDTA oxidized a stoichiometric amount of iron without affecting free Fe2+ oxidation. Fe3+ has no effect on iron oxidation in this buffer.
Buffers↗