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At least 433 records · Page 24Linked to original sources
PubMed1987

Stimulatory effect of substance P on sympathetic ganglia and spinal cord in culture.

Studies with organotypic culture of sympathetic ganglia and spinal cord revealed that substance P at concentrations of 10(-5) to 10(-12) M and 10(-5) to 10(-14) M exerts a marked growth-stimulating effect on sympathetic ganglia and spinal cord, respectively. In the presence of substance P, the intensity of sympathetic ganglion growth exceeds control values 3.0-4.8 times. The growth zone size of spinal cord explants increases under these conditions 2.0-5.2-fold. A feasible physiological significance of regulatory peptides in the growth and regeneration of nervous tissue as well as the role of noci-antinociceptive systems in histogenesis and regeneration are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Nerve extracts and substance P activate the phosphatidylinositol signaling pathway and mitogenesis in newt forelimb regenerates.

We investigated the inositol phospholipid transmembrane signaling pathway as a possible mediator of neurotrophic (mitogenic) signals in the newt limb regeneration blastema. Blastema mesoderm tissues were prelabeled with myo-[3H]inositol, treated with 10 mM LiCl and then exposed to substance P or to extracts of spinal ganglia, brain, or spinal cord. Stimulation with substance P resulted in a rapid dose-dependent reduction of [3H]phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate and [3H]phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate, correlated with a rapid accumulation of inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate. This effect was inhibited when the blastema tissue was treated with neomycin, a known inhibitor of inositol phospholipid turnover. In addition, substance P stimulated the incorporation of [3H]thymidine into DNA of blastema mesoderm cells, and this effect was also suppressed by neomycin, at a dose corresponding to that required to inhibit inositol phosphate accumulation. Extracts of neural tissues, especially spinal ganglia, induced the formation of inositol phosphates and extract activity was attenuated following treatment with heat or trypsin. These findings suggest a role for mitogen-activated inositol phospholipid signaling, initiating events that ultimately lead to cell proliferation.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Development of metabolic shifts in structures of the spinal reflex arc in rats after space flight.

The stage of structures of the spinal reflex arc was studied by methods of quantitative cytochemistry in rats after orbital space flights lasting 19.5 and 22.5 days; the RNA and cytoplasmic protein content was determined in spinal motoneurons and sensory neurons of the spinal ganglia, the composition of soluble proteins of the gray and white matter of the spinal cord and spinal ganglia was determined; the lactate dehydrogenase (LD) isozyme spectrum also was investigated in the spinal ganglia and muscles of the hind limbs. A decrease in the content of cytoplasmic proteins in the spinal motoneurons and neurons of the spinal ganglia and a decrease in the content of water-soluble proteins in the gray and white matter of the spinal cord were found 5-11 h after space flight lasting 19.5 days and during the first day after a space flight lasting 22.5 days. Significant changes in the activity of isozyme fractions LD1 and LD2 were found in homogenates of the spinal ganglia. On the 1st and 2nd days after flight the LD isozyme spectrum of the soleus muscle changed from "cardiac" to "intermediate" type. The changes discovered were evidently the result of functional underactivity of the skeletal muscles under conditions of weightlessness. An increase in the RNA content in the sensory and motor neurons and an increase in the content of water-soluble proteins in the gray matter of the spinal cord were found 25-27 days after the end of the space flights, probably a manifestation of readaptation of the animals to terrestrial conditions.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1986

Innervation of guinea pig heart by neurons sensitive to capsaicin.

To determine the origin of non-vagal afferent fibers innervating the heart of guinea pigs, capsaicin was injected into the ventricular myocardium to induce depletion of substance P (SP). The lower cervical, upper thoracic and lumbar spinal ganglia, as well as the left atrium and base of ventricles, were assayed for SP depletion by using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunohistochemical procedures. Capsaicin affected spinal ganglia from the 3 regions differently. The substance P level in lumbar spinal ganglia remained fairly constant, while the level of SP from cervical and thoracic regions declined significantly. At the maximal depletion dosage (173 micrograms of capsaicin/kg), SP concentration decreased 72.3% in cervical spinal ganglia, 45.5% in thoracic ganglia and 56.1% in the atrium. The lack of SP depletion in lumbar ganglia indicates that capsaicin acted locally on cardiac afferents rather than systemically. Data from this study suggest that capsaicin-sensitive neurons of the heart have cell bodies in the lower cervical spinal ganglia as well as in the upper thoracic spinal ganglia.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

[An experimental study of sensory innervation of the ureter in the dog using wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase conjugates].

The sensory innervations of the ureter in the dog were studied using the anterograde and retrograde axonal transport of wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase conjugates (WGA-HRP). Following upper ureteral injections, labeled cells were observed in the ipsilateral T7-L3 spinal ganglia to the injection site, with the greatest concentration at the T12-L2 levels. And labeled cells were seen in the contralateral T7--L3 spinal ganglia to the injection site with the greatest concentration at the T10 and L3 ganglia. Lower ureter injections resulted in the labeling of ipsilateral T11-Co1 and contralateral T9-Co1 spinal ganglia, with highest concentration at the ipsilateral L3 and S2 levels. Following thoracic and lumbar spinal ganglia T12, L1-L3 injections labeled fibers bundles were observed in the adventitia of the upper and lower ureter. Some labeled fibers were bifurcated from these bundles and passed through the two layers of the smooth muscles. In tunica submucosa and tunica propria mucosae, many labeled fibers were observed. A few labeled fibers were seen in the epithelium. After injections into the sacral and coccygeal spinal ganglia S1-Co1, labeled fibers were not observed in the upper ureter. Course and distribution of labeled fibers in the lower ureter were similar to those of the case in which injection was done into the thoracic and lumbar spinal ganglia.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) mRNA is down-regulated, and constitutive NOS enzymatic activity decreased, in thoracic dorsal root ganglia and spinal cord of the rat by a substance P N-terminal metabolite.

Nitric oxide (NO) in the spinal cord plays a role in sensory and autonomic activity. Pain induced by acetic acid in the abdominal stretch (writhing) assay and hyperalgesia associated with chronic pain are highly sensitive to NO synthase (NOS) inhibitors. Because substance P (SP) is released and up-regulated in some models of chronic pain, we hypothesized that an accumulation of SP metabolites may influence NOS expression and activity. To test this hypothesis, we examined the effect of intrathecally (i.t.) injected substance P (1-7) [SP(1-7)], the major metabolite of SP in the rat, on neuronal NOS (nNOS) mRNA in the thoracic and lumbar spinal cord, dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and on the corresponding constitutive NOS (cNOS) enzyme activity. Detected using quantitative RT-PCR, nNOS mRNA content in the thoracic spinal cord was decreased 6 h after injection of 5 micromol of SP(1-7) and returned to control 2 days later. In thoracic DRG, nNOS mRNA was reduced 48 h after SP(1-7). The cNOS enzymatic activity in thoracic spinal tissue was gradually decreased to a minimum at 72 h. Down-regulation of NOS by SP(1-7) in the thoracic area appears to be highly associated with capsaicin-sensitive primary afferent neurons. No similar changes in either parameter were measured in the lumbar area after SP(1-7). These data suggest that N-terminal SP fragments, which are known to cause long-term antinociception in the writhing assay, may do so by their ability to down-regulate NO synthesis along nociceptive pathways.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Morphometric and ultrastructural studies of the spinal sensory ganglia in the course of sciatic nerve regeneration in rats intoxicated with ethanol.

The aim of the study was to examine morphological changes in the spinal dorsal ganglia (from which sensory fibres of the sciatic nerve extend) in animals intoxicated with ethanol, in which the sciatic nerve was transected and then sutured. By means of morphometric methods using a computer system of picture analysis and in ultrastructural examinations it was found that ethanol administered to rats to drink for 3 months caused only slight morphological alterations in the sensory nerve cells of the spinal vertebral ganglia on the non-operated side. However, ethanol or its metabolites destroyed the regenerating sensory nerve cells of the spinal vertebral ganglia of the transected and then sutured sciatic nerve.

Alcoholic Intoxication↗
PubMed1998

Specific targeting of ganglion cell sprouts provides an additional mechanism for restoring peripheral motor circuits in pelvic ganglia after spinal nerve damage.

The pelvic ganglia contain both sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons and provide an interesting model in which to study the effects of a distributed spinal nerve lesion. Previous animal studies have suggested that after either lumbar or sacral nerve injury, some functional connections are restored between preganglionic and postganglionic neurons. It has been proposed that this is because of intact preganglionic axons sprouting collaterals to supply denervated ganglion cells. However, this has never been demonstrated, and our study has investigated whether the ganglion cells themselves contribute to axogenesis and restoration of peripheral circuitry. We have monitored the growth of axons from pelvic ganglion cells after lumbar or sacral nerve injury (partial decentralization), or a combination of the two (total decentralization). These new processes were distinguished from intact preganglionic terminals by their immunoreactivity for substances present only in pelvic ganglion neurons (vasoactive intestinal peptide, neuropeptide Y, and tyrosine hydroxylase). The proportion of pelvic neurons surrounded by these immunostained fibers was then assessed. Complete removal of preganglionic terminals provides the biggest stimulus for growth of new axon processes (sprouts), which grow profusely within just a few days. These arise from each of the main chemical classes of pelvic neurons but grow at different rates and have different distributions. Importantly, some chemical classes of sprouts preferentially supply neurons of dissimilar histochemistry, suggesting the presence of very specific targeting mechanisms rather than random growth. These sprouts are transient, however, those formed after partial decentralization appear to be maintained. Moreover, after lesion of either lumbar or sacral spinal nerves, many sprouts arise from neurons with intact spinal connections and innervate neurons that have lost their preganglionic inputs. This provides a very different alternative mechanism to reestablish communication between preganglionic and postganglionic neurons. In conclusion, we have demonstrated a rapid and selective axogenesis within the pelvic ganglion after spinal nerve injury. This may allow the development of novel strategies by which autonomic nerve pathways can be experimentally manipulated, to facilitate more rapid return of appropriate peripheral reflex control.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

The ontogeny of carbonic anhydrase in chick dorsal root ganglia and spinal cords.

We examined the distribution of carbonic anhydrase in dorsal root ganglia and spinal cords of chick embryos from Stage 26 (5 days) through hatching using the Hansson technique (Hansson, H.P., Histochemistry, 11 (1967) 112-128; Lannerholm, G., Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 429 (1984) 369-381). Although reactivity was apparent in this tissue at all stages (e.g. in endothelial cells, erythrocytes, and cell nuclei) carbonic anhydrase-positive dorsal root ganglion neurons were not detected until Stage 35 (8.5-9 days). At this stage fewer than 1% of neurons were reactive. The number and proportion of carbonic anhydrase-positive dorsal root ganglion neurons increased steadily from Stage 35 to hatching, when about 60% of the neurons were reactive. In hatchlings carbonic anhydrase-positive neurons spanned the entire size spectrum of ganglion cells and appeared to be randomly distributed throughout the dorsal root ganglion. No carbonic anhydrase-positive neurons were found in the spinal cord at any stage. However, in hatchlings the background staining was markedly lighter in laminae 1 and 2 and in Lissauer's tract than in the rest of the cord, suggesting that unmyelinated axons in the CNS are not reactive.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Cytochemical study of proteins and RNA in individual spinal cord motor neurons and intervertebral ganglion neurons of rats following space flight].

By the methods of quantitative cytochemistry the content of RNA cytoplasmatic protein was measured in motoneurons of anterior horns of the spinal cord and neurons of spinal ganglia of rats after their 22-day space flight. The exposure did not alter the content of RNA in motoneurons of the anterior horns of the spinal cord and reduced the value in large neurons of spinal ganglia. The flight diminished significantly the protein content in the cytoplasm of motoneurons and neurons of spinal ganglia as compared with the preflight level. On the 27th postflight day the RNA content in motoneurons of the anterior horns of the spinal cord increased and that in neurons of spinal ganglia did not differ from the preflight level. On the 27th postflight day the protein content in the cytoplasm of motoneurons returned to the preflight level and remained decreased in the cytoplasms of large neurons of spinal ganglia.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Nerve-pathways of acupoint Fengch'ih in rat by anterograde transport of HRP.

AIM: To study the nervous-pathways of Fengch'ih acupuncture by means of anterograde transport of aqueous solution of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). METHODS: Fifty Wistar rats were randomly divided into 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 d groups, and every group had 10 animals. HRP (30% aqueous solution) was injected into a Fengch'ih. Serial, transverse or capital, 40 microm sections of the cervical spinal ganglia, cervical and thoracic spinal cord segment and brain were cut on a cryotome. Sections were incubated for HRP histochemistry according to the tetramethylbenzidine (TMB). Part of the sections were counterstained with neutral red. RESULTS: After 1 d of survival times, many labeled cell bodies were found in 1-4 cervical spinal ganglia, anterior horn of 1-4 cervical spinal cord, ventromedial division of facial nucleus, accessory facial nucleus ipsilaterally. With increasing survival times, the intensity of labeled cells were slightly decreased. CONCLUSION: Fengch'ih may bring into full play its effect by correlation of posterior ear branch of facial nerve and anterior branch of 2-3 cervical nerve with 1-4 cervical the anterior horn of the spinal cord, ventromedial division of facial nucleus, accessory facial nucleus.

Acupuncture Points↗
PubMed2003

Alpha E- and alpha N-catenin expression in dorsal root ganglia and spinal cord.

The localization of alpha E- and alpha N-catenin in dorsal root ganglia and spinal cord was examined immunocytochemically. Alpha E- and alpha N-catenin appeared to be co-localized in cell bodies of neurons in dorsal root ganglia, but alpha N-catenin was not expressed in cell bodies of neurons in the ventral horn that showed alpha E-catenin expression. These findings indicate the possibility that the type of alpha catenin expressed in neurons differs with its functional property (e.g. sensory or motor).

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Origins of nitric oxide synthase-containing nerve fibers in the rat basilar artery with reference to the fine structure of the nerve fibers.

The origins of nitric oxide synthase (NOS)-containing nerve fibers in the rat basilar artery were studied by a combination of Fluoro-Gold retrograde tracing and immunohistochemistry. After application of Fluoro-Gold onto the middle part of the basilar artery, the dye accumulated in the sphenopalatine, otic, trigeminal, superior cervical, nodose ganglia and in the spinal ganglia at level C2 and C3. Nerve cells with NOS-like immunoreactivity were detected in the above ganglia, except for the superior cervical ganglion. Neurons that showed both NOS-like immunoreactivity and Fluoro-Gold fluorescence were numerous in the sphenopalatine and otic ganglia, and less numerous in the trigeminal, nodose and spinal ganglia. Under electron microscopy, a number of unmyelinated nerve terminals with neuronal NOS-like immunoreactivity was seen in proximity to smooth muscle cells in the tunica media of the basilar artery. These findings provide morphological evidence that NOS-containing nerve fibers in the rat basilar artery have multiple origins, and suggest that the control of posterior cerebral circulation by the parasympathetic and sensory ganglia are more complex than previously considered.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

N-/R-cadherin expression in dorsal root ganglia and spinal cord.

Localizations of N- and R-cadherins in dorsal root ganglia and lumbar spinal cord of the chick were immunocytochemically examined. As a result, N- and R-cadherin appeared to be co-localized on plasmalemma of neurons in dorsal root ganglia that were in contact with satellite cells, whereas there was no expression in neurons of the ventral horn. These findings indicate the possibility that expression pattern of cadherins in the peripheral neuron differs with its functional property (e.g. sensory or motor).

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Experimental immunohistochemical studies on the localization and distribution of substance P in cat primary sensory neurons.

With the indirect immunofluorescence technique of Coons and collaborators the occurrence of substance P (SP)-like immunoreactivity was studied in spinal ganglia (L6-S1), the spinal cord (L6-S1) and the pad skin of the hind paw of the cat. In untreated cats a very dense network of SP-positive fibers was found in the spinal cord in Lissauer's fasciculus, in laminae I-III and a rather dense plexus was seen in the ventral horns, in the area around the central canal (laminae X) and in the medial parts of laminae VI and VII. SP-positive fibers were also observed in the connective tissue under the epithelium of the skin. However, in untreated cats no specific immunogluorescnece was observed in the spinal ganglia, dorsal roots or certain large peripheral nerve trunks. After certain experimental procedures such as local application of colchicine or compression of the dorsal root close to the spinal ganglion, SP-positive fluorescence was observed in a rather small number of neuronal cell bodies and in fibers. The fluorescent material was observed in the peripheral parts of the cytoplasm and the cell bodies were exclusively of the small type. Ten days after transection of the dorsal roots a marked decrease in the number of SP-positive fibers was observed in the substantia gelatinosa but not in the ventral horns. The present results give strong evidence for the occurrence of SP in a certain population of primary sensory neurons and support earlier findings that SP may act as a transmitter or modulator in these neurons.

Animals↗