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PubMed2000

Potentiation of ganodermic acid S on prostaglandin E(1)-induced cyclic AMP elevation in human platelets.

Ganodermic acid S (GAS), isolated from the Chinese medicinal fungus Ganoderma lucidum (Fr.) Karst (Polyporaceae), exhibits inhibitory effects on platelet responses to various aggregating agonists. Our study demonstrated that GAS also participated in potentiating the response of human gel-filtered platelets to prostaglandin (PG) E(1). GAS at <20 microM did not show any significant change of basal cyclic AMP level in gel-filtered platelets. However, GAS potentiated the PGE(1)-evoked cyclic AMP level in a bell-shaped, concentration-dependent manner. The agent at 7.5 microM enhanced the level up to 1.8-fold of that evoked by PGE(1) alone. Collagen did not inhibit the PGE(1)-induced cyclic AMP level in platelets pretreated with GAS at 6 to 7.5 microM. In the presence of 7.5 microM GAS, the agent enhanced the inhibition of PGE(1) on platelet response to collagen in: phosphorylation of myosin light chain and pleckstrin; alpha-granule secretion; cell aggregation and protein-tyrosine phosphorylation. In addition, the agent along with PGE(1) almost abolished the dense-granule secretion and thromboxane (TX) B(2) formation. The results suggest that GAS played an additional role in potentiating the PGE(1)-induced cyclic AMP synthesis. GAS and PGE(1) inhibited additively the platelet response to collagen.

Alprostadil↗

PubMed1990

Evidence for cross-reactive allergens among basidiomycetes: immunoprint-inhibition studies.

Allergenic cross-reactivity among six basidiomycete species (Calvatia cyathiformis, Coprinus quadrifidus, Psilocybe cubensis, Pleurotus ostreatus, Ganoderma meredithae, and Pisolithus tinctorius) was determined by immunoprint inhibition. Extensive cross-reactivity was demonstrated among Coprinus quadrifidus, Psilocybe cubensis, and Pleurotus ostreatus of the order Agaricales, and Calvatia cyathiformis of the order Lycoperdales. However, G. meredithae (order Aphyllophorales) and Pisolithus tinctorius (order Sclerodermatales) did not demonstrate significant cross-reactivity with the other basidiomycete species. Generally, the two most potent inhibitors were Psilocybe cubensis and Pleurotus ostreatus. Inhibitory dose-response curves of a major allergenic band (isoelectric point, 9.3) were obtained by densitometry. Significant cross-reactivity was demonstrated for the 9.3 band among the species of the order Agaricales and with Calvatia cyathiformis. The most potent inhibitors were again Psilocybe cubensis and Pleurotus ostreatus. Thus, there is substantial allergenic cross-reactivity among the species of the order Agaricales tested and with Calvatia cyathiformis but not between these four species and G. meredithae or Pisolithus tinctorius. These studies support earlier RAST-inhibition observations of shared allergenic epitopes among basidiomycetes, especially epitopes within the Agaricales. The presence of shared epitopes suggests the possibility of devising a panel of skin test reagents representative of a large group of basidiomycetes.

Allergens↗

PubMed1997

Fungal mycelia as the source of chitin and polysaccharides and their applications as skin substitutes.

A wovenable skin substitute (Sacchachitin) made from the residue of the fruiting body of Ganoderma tsugae was developed in this study. Chemical analysis revealed that the treated residue was a copolymer of beta-1,3-glucan (ca 60%) and N-acetylglucosamine (ca 40%) with a filamental structure of mycelia form, as demonstrated by both optical and scanning electron microscopy. The pulp-like white residue was then woven into thin, porous sheets 7.0 cm in diameter and 0.1-0.2 mm in thickness by filtration and lyophilized for use as a skin substitute. The wound area produced by dissecting rat skin of full thickness was found to almost completely heal on the side covered with Sacchachitin, whereas the control side covered with cotton gauge was around 6.0 cm2 on the 28th day. Furthermore, the wound healing effects of the chitin sheet from crab shell (Beschitin) and Sacchachitin were not found to be significantly different.

Acetylglucosamine↗

PubMed1999

Development of fungal mycelia as skin substitutes: effects on wound healing and fibroblast.

In this study, Sacchachitin membrane, prepared from the residue of the fruiting body of Ganoderma tsugae, was estimated for its effects on wound healing and the proliferation and migration of fibroblast cells. Two mirror-image wounds were made on the back of female guinea pigs by dissecting a 1.5 x 1.5 cm2 skin surface of full thickness. Sacchachitin membrane was placed randomly on one of the wounds and gauze or Beschitin on the other. Changes in the wound area were measured and photographed after a predetermined amount of time postoperatively. Histological examination of the wound and surrounding tissue was also performed to reveal any interaction of tissue with the dressing. The results showed that the wound area covered with Sacchachitin membrane was statistically smaller than that covering with gauze on day 10, whereas there was no significant difference in the wound size compared to that with Beschitin. Fibroblast cells from the dermis layer of guinea pigs were used. The number of fibroblast cells were counted on the predetermined days in the culture suspended with or without 0.01% w/v dressing materials. By layering on DMEM plates, the number of fibroblast cells migrating across the center line or outside of the central hole were counted after five days. All the results indicated that both 0.01% w/v of Sacchachitin and chitin significantly enhanced the proliferation and migration of fibroblast cells.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

A comparative study on the disintegration of filamentous fungi.

Different methods for cell disintegration were tested for their efficacy on filamentous fungi, including percussion grinding, homogenization using an Ultra-Turrax, chemical treatment and lyophylization. The release of protein from Ganoderma applanatum and Pycnoporus cinnabarinus and the activity of cytoplasmatic glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in the crude extracts were monitored to determine the efficiency of each disintegration technique used. Fungal cells proved to be particularly resistant towards some disintegration methods commonly used for yeasts and bacteria. Best results were obtained using a percussion grinder, if necessary, in combination with an Ultra-Turrax pretreatment.

Basidiomycota↗

PubMed2000

On the anti-inflammatory and anti-phospholipase A(2) activity of extracts from lanostane-rich species.

We have studied extracts from three species rich in lanostane triterpenes for their activity against different in vivo models of inflammation induced by TPA, EPP and PLA(2). The inhibitory effect against PLA(2) in vitro was also studied. When the Poria cocos extract was tested against PLA(2)-induced mouse paw edema, it was active by the oral and parenteral routes. Its effect was greater in both magnitude and duration than that of Pistacia terebinthus and Ganoderma lucidum extracts. P. terebinthus was effective against chronic and acute inflammation, and according to a preliminary chromatographic analysis, its seems to be a good source of lanostane anti-inflammatory agents. G. lucidum was the least effective of the three species studied and, unlike the other two, failed to inhibit the activity of PLA(2) in vitro.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed2001

Effects of Korean red ginseng and its mixed prescription on the high molecular weight dextran-induced blood stasis in rats and human platelet aggregation.

This study was undertaken to evaluate the antithrombotic effects of Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) and its new prescription (KRGP) consisting of five herbs such as Korean red ginseng, Ganoderma, Cinnamomi Cortex, Glycyrrhizae Radix and Laminaria. In rats with blood stasis induced by high molecular weight dextran, KRG and KRGP significantly restored not only the number of platelets and fibrinogen, but also suppressed the fibrin degradation products (FDP) to normal range. In platelet aggregation assay with human platelet rich plasma (PRP), KRG and KRGP significantly inhibited thrombin and collagen-induced platelet aggregation. The IC(50) values of KRG and KRGP were >2 and 0.23+/-0.01 mg/ml for thrombin, 0.32+/-0.01 and 0.17+/-0.02 mg/ml for collagen and 0.72+/-0.25 and >2 mg/ml for ADP, respectively. In coagulation assay, KRG and KRGP significantly prolonged activated partial prothrombin time (APPT) and prothrombin time (PT) as compared with control data. KRGP was found to be more effective than KRG alone on antithrombotic activity. These results suggest that KRGP may exert its antithrombotic activity due to inhibition of platelet aggregation and coagulation activity more than KRG.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Discrimination of herbal medicines according to geographical origin with near infrared reflectance spectroscopy and pattern recognition techniques.

Herbal medicines have an important role in clinical therapy in Asian countries such as Korea, Japan, and China. The objective of this study is to develop a nondestructive and accurate analytical method to discriminate herbal medicines according to geographical origin. Even though they are the same species, their qualities are different by growing conditions such as climate and soil. Near infrared (NIR) reflectance spectroscopy and a pattern recognition technique were applied for discrimination of herbal medicines according to geographical origin (Korea and China). Astragali Radix (AR), Ganoderma, and Smilacis Rhizoma (SR) were examined. It is shown that the representative NIR reflectance spectra in each group are different according to geographical origin after second derivatization to enhance spectral features. Also, the NIR reflectance spectra of Chinese and Korean samples were differentiated using principal component (PC) score plots. To establish the discrimination rule, Mahalanobis distance and discriminant analysis with PLS2 were utilized.

Astragalus propinquus↗

PubMed2002

Bio-degradation of lignin in olive pomace by freshly-isolated species of Basidiomycete.

The solid waste (pomace) from olive oil processing cannot be used directly as an animal feed, but it was thought that an appropriate series of fermentations might improve its nutritional value. As a first step, typical samples of pomace were subjected, after an alkaline pre-treatment, to delignification by Phanerochaete chrysosporium (ATCC 19343), Oxysporus sp., Schizophyllum commune, Hyphoderma sp. or Ganoderma sp.; the last four species being freshly isolated from decaying wood collected in a woodland in Jordan. The relative activity of the species was judged by the levels of ligninase or laccase secreted and the extent of lignin degradation under a range of experimental conditions. Oxysporus sp. (ca. 69%) and S. commune (ca. 53%) gave significantly higher levels of breakdown of the lignified material than the other recent isolates. P. chrysosporium (ca. 60%) was not as active as in previously reported studies, and it may be that culturing the fungus on a standard laboratory medium had reduced its ability to generate ligninase. Further work is needed to establish whether the delignified pomace could be further processed into a feed for poultry.

Basidiomycota↗

PubMed2003

Synthesis of beta-(1-->6)-branched beta-(1-->3) glucohexaose and its analogues containing an alpha-(1-->3) linked bond with antitumor activity.

A beta-(1-->6)-branched beta-(1-->3)-glucohexaose, present in many biologically active polysaccharides from traditionally herbal medicines such as Ganoderma lucidum, Schizophyllum commune and Lentinus edodes, was synthesized as its lauryl glycoside 32, and its analogues 18, 20 and 33 containing an alpha-(1-->3) linked bond were synthesized. It is interesting to find that coupling of a 3,6-branched acylated trisaccharide trichloroacetimidate donor 9 with 3,6-branched acceptors 13 and 16 with 3'-OH gave the alpha-(1--> 3)-linked hexasaccharides 17 and 19, respectively, in spite of the presence of C-2 ester capable of neighboring group participation. However, coupling of 9 with 4-methoxyphenyl 4,6-O-benzylidene-beta-D-glucopyranoside (27) selectively gave beta-(1-->3)-linked tetrasaccharide 28. Simple chemical transformation of the tetrasaccharide 28 gave acylated tetrasaccharide trichloroacetimidate 29. Coupling of 29 with lauryl (1-->6)-linked disaccharide 26 with 3-OH gave beta-(1-->3)-linked hexasaccharide 30 as the major product. Bioassay showed that in combination with the chemotherapeutic agent cyclophospamide (CPA), the hexaose 18 at a dose of 0.5-1mg/kg substantially increased the inhibition of S(180) for CPA, but decreased the toxicity caused by CPA. Some of these oligosaccharides also inhibited U(14) noumenal tumor in mice effectively.

Allyl Compounds↗

PubMed2003

Cell phenotype analysis using a cell fluid-based microchip with high sensitivity and accurate quantitation.

We have assessed a cell fluid chip-based fluorescent cytometric assay that runs on bioanalyzer for fast characterization of small population cell phenotypes characterization. The assay determines the expression of specific cell surface markers on various cell samples. Six samples can be analyzed on each chip in one automated process. Results were in good agreement with conventional flow cytometry in quantitation. Importantly, this procedure used less than 200 cells per sample and produced results consistent with that using 10(5) cells by the conventional staining procedure. The method was also used for screening potential ingredients in herbs. Purpose of this study was to analyze the change of cell subtypes of UCB mononuclear cells in vitro reactivity in herbs. We found that by treatment of the water-soluble extract (F3) of Ganoderma lucidum, the presence of CD56(+) marker (natural killer cells) significantly increased from 1.1 to 3.2% (P<0.05 and P) in UCB mononuclear cells. The results indicated that F3 quantitatively influenced NK cells activities. We suggest this screening method may be useful for a fast phenotypes characterization after extract stimulation utilizing only a small population of cells.

Cells, Cultured↗

PubMed2005

Chemical composition and antifungal activity of essential oils from different tissues of Japanese Cedar (Cryptomeria japonica).

In this study antifungal activities of essential oils from different tissues of Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don) against four wood decay fungi and six tree pathogenic fungi were investigated. In addition, the yields of essential oils obtained by water distillation were compared and their constituents determined by GC-MS analyses. The yield of essential oils from four tissues of Japanese cedar is in the decreasing order of leaf (27.38 mL/kg) > bark (6.31 mL/kg) > heartwood (3.80 mL/kg) > sapwood (1.27 mL/kg). Results obtained from the antifungal tests demonstrate that the essential oil of Japanese cedar heartwood used against Laetiporus sulphureus and Trametes versicolor and sapwood essential oil used against L. sulphureus had strong antifungal activities at 500 mug/mL, with IC(50) values of 39, 91, and 94 microg/mL, respectively. Besides, the essential oils of Japanese cedar heartwood used against Rhizoctonia solani, Collectotrichum gloeosporioides, Fusarium solani, and Ganoderma australe had strong antifungal activities at 500 microg/mL, with IC(50) values of 65, 80, 80, and 110 microg/mL, respectively. GC-MS analyses showed that the sesquiterpene hydrocarbon compounds dominate in the essential oil from Japanese cedar heartwood, amounting to a total percentage of 82.56%, with the major compounds of delta-cadinene (18.60%), isoledene (12.41%), and gamma-muurolene (11.82%). It is proposed that the excellent antifungal activities of Japanese cedar heartwood essential oils might correlate with the presence of these compounds.

Cryptomeria↗

PubMed2004

Biologically active compounds from Aphyllophorales (polypore) fungi.

This review describes biologically active natural products isolated from Aphyllophorales, many of which are known as polypores. Polypores are a large group of terrestrial fungi of the phylum Basdiomycota (basidiomycetes), and they along with certain Ascomycota are a major source of pharmacologically active substances. There are about 25 000 species of basidiomycetes, of which about 500 are members of the Aphyllophorales, a polyphyletic group that contains the polypores. Many of these fungi have circumboreal distributions in North America, Europe, and Asia and broad distributions on all inhabited continents and Africa; only a small number of the most common species with the most obvious fruiting bodies (basidiocarps) have been evaluated for biological activity. An estimated 75% of polypore fungi that have been tested show strong antimicrobial activity, and these may constitute a good source for developing new antibiotics. Numerous compounds from these fungi also display antiviral, cytotoxic, and/or antineoplastic activities. Additional important components of this vast arsenal of compounds are polysaccharides derived from the fungal cell walls. These compounds have attracted significant attention in recent years because of their immunomodulatory activities, resulting in antitumor effects. These high molecular weight compounds, often called biological response modifiers (BRM), or immunopotentiators, prevent carcinogenesis, show direct anticancer effects, and prevent tumor metastasis. Some of the protein-bound polysaccharides from polypores and other basidiomycetes have found their way to the market in Japan as anticancer drugs. Finally, numerous compounds with cardiovascular, phytotoxic, immunomodulatory, analgesic, antidiabetic, antioxidant, insecticidal, and nematocidal activities, isolated from polypores, are also presented. In fact many of the fungi mentioned in this paper have long been used in herbal medicine, including polypores such as Ganoderma lucidum (Reishi or Ling Zhi), Laetiporus sulphureus (Chicken-of-the-Woods), Trametes versicolor (Yun Zhi), Grifola umbellata (Zhu Lin), Inonotus obliquus (Chaga), and Wolfiporia cocos (Hoelen).

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗

PubMed2005

Oxygenated lanostane-type triterpenoids from the fungus ganodermalucidum.

Two new triterpenoids, 20(21)-dehydrolucidenic acid A (1) and methyl 20(21)-dehydrolucidenate A (2), and five new 20-hydroxylucidenic acids, 20-hydroxylucidenic acid D(2) (3), 20-hydroxylucidenic acid F (4), 20-hydroxylucidenic acid E(2) (5), 20-hydroxylucidenic acid N (6), and 20-hydroxylucidenic acid P (7), were isolated from the fruiting body of the fungus Ganoderma ludicum, and their structures were established on the basis of spectroscopic methods.

Lanosterol↗

PubMed1996

Two fungal lanostane derivatives as phospholipase A2 inhibitors.

The hydroalcoholic extract of Poria cocos and two lanostane derivatives isolated from it, pachymic acid (1) and dehydrotumulosic acid (2), were active as inhibitors of phospholipase A2 from snake venom when a polarographic method was used. Dehydrotumulosic acid exhibited an IC50 of 0.845 mM. These two compounds are structurally related to certain triterpenoids from Ganoderma and Schinus that have previously been described as competitive inhibitors of phospholipase A2. These comprise a new group of natural potential antiinflammatory agents due to their interaction with that enzyme.

Enzyme Inhibitors↗

PubMed2001

Biology, life table and host specificity of the mushroom pest, Brennandania lambi (Acari: Pygmephoroidea).

Biology and life table parameters of Brennandania lambi (Krczal) were studied at different temperatures while feeding on white mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) mycelium cultured on mushroom compost. The duration of egg and larva development, preoviposition and oviposition period, female longevity, and the time to 50% mortality declined as temperature increased from 16 to 28 degrees C. The threshold temperature of development (female) was 9 degrees C and the thermal constant for completion of development (female) was 195 day-degrees. At 16, 20. 24 and 28 degrees C, the total fecundity (eggs/female) was 71, 67, 66 and 57, respectively and the daily fecundity rate (eggs/female/day) was 5.6, 8.7, 8.7 and 9.1, respectively. The sex ratio (female/male) ranged from 1.9 to 2.1 at 16-28 degrees C. At 16, 20, 24 and 28 degrees C, the intrinsic rate of natural increase (rm) was 0.11, 0.18, 0.22 and 0.27, respectively, and the population doubling time was 6.1. 3.9. 3.2 and 2.5 days, respectively. All life stages of the mite died when exposed to 35 degrees C constant temperature for 24h. or to 32 degrees C constant temperature for 12 days or to 31-35 degrees C (average 32.9 degrees C) ambient temperature for 4 days. Brennandania lambi completed development only when fed on Ag. bisporus mycelium growing on mushroom compost. It could not survive on mushroom mycelia of Auricularia auricula. Au. polytricha, Ganoderma lucidum, Hericium erinaceus, Lentinus edodes, Pleurotus ostreatus, P. sajor-caju and Tremella juciformis.

Agaricales↗

PubMed2003

A screening method for detecting iron reducing wood-rot fungi.

A plate assay using the Fe(II) selective dye, ferrozine, for detecting wood-rot fungi with Fe(III) reductive abilities, was developed. The assay is fast, simple and, in most cases, more sensitive than the corresponding liquid medium test. The brown rot fungi, Gloeophyllum trabeum and Laetiporeus sulphureus, displayed higher iron reductive capabilities than white rot fungi, Trametes versicolor, Ganoderma australe and Ceriporiopsis subvermispora.

Basidiomycota↗

PubMed2003

Microsomal transformation of organophosphorus pesticides by white rot fungi.

The enzymatic mechanism for the transformation of organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) by different white-rot fungi strains was studied. With the exception of Ganoderma applanatum 8168, all strains from a collection of 17 different fungi cultures were able to deplete parathion. Three strains showing the highest activities were selected for further studies: Bjerkandera adusta 8258, Pleurotus ostreatus 7989 and Phanerochaete chrysosporium 3641. These strains depleted 50 to 96% of terbufos, azinphos-methyl, phosmet and tribufos after four-days exposure to the pesticides. In order to identify the cellular localization of the transformation activity, the extracellular and microsomal fractions of Pleuronts ostreatus 7989 were evaluated in vitro. While the activities of ligninolytic enzymes (lignin peroxidase, manganese peroxidase and laccase) were detected in the extracellular fraction, no enzymatic modification of any of the five pesticides tested could be found, suggesting the intracellular origin of the transformation activity. In accordance with this observation the microsomal fraction was found able to transform three OPPs with the following rates: 10 micromol mg prot(-1) h(-1) for phosmet, 5.7 micromol mg prot(-1) h(-1) for terbufos, and 2.2 micromol mg prot(-1) h(-1) for azinphos-methyl. The products from these reactions and from the transformation of trichlorfon and malathion, were identified by mass-spectrometry. These results, supported by specific inhibition experiments and the stringent requirement for NADPH during the in vitro assays suggest the involvement of a cytochrome P450.

Biodegradation, Environmental↗