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At least 433 records · Page 24Linked to original sources
PubMed1997

DNA enzymes.

Biological catalysis is dominated by enzymes that are made of protein, but several distinct classes of catalytic RNAs are known to promote chemical transformations that are fundamental to cellular metabolism. Is biological catalysis limited only to these two biopolymers, or is DNA also capable of functioning as an enzyme in nature? To date, no DNA enzymes of natural origin have been found. However, an increasing number of catalytic DNAs, with characteristics that are similar to those of ribozymes, are being produced outside the confines of the cell. An assessment of the potential for structure formation by DNA leads to the conclusion that DNA might have considerable latent potential for enzymatic function.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed2006

New antibiotics from bacterial natural products.

For the past five decades, the need for new antibiotics has been met largely by semisynthetic tailoring of natural product scaffolds discovered in the middle of the 20(th) century. More recently, however, advances in technology have sparked a resurgence in the discovery of natural product antibiotics from bacterial sources. In particular, efforts have refocused on finding new antibiotics from old sources (for example, streptomycetes) and new sources (for example, other actinomycetes, cyanobacteria and uncultured bacteria). This has resulted in several newly discovered antibiotics with unique scaffolds and/or novel mechanisms of action, with the potential to form a basis for new antibiotic classes addressing bacterial targets that are currently underexploited.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2003

Modelling brain diseases in mice: the challenges of design and analysis.

Genetically engineered mice have been generated to model a variety of neurological disorders. Several of these models have provided valuable insights into the pathogenesis of the relevant diseases; however, they have rarely reproduced all, or even most, of the features observed in the corresponding human conditions. Here, we review the challenges that must be faced when attempting to accurately reproduce human brain disorders in mice, and discuss some of the ways to overcome them. Building on the knowledge gathered from the study of existing mutants, and on recent progress in phenotyping mutant mice, we anticipate better methods for preclinical interventional trials and significant advances in the understanding and treatment of neurological diseases.

Angelman Syndrome↗
PubMed2005

Synthetic biology.

Synthetic biologists come in two broad classes. One uses unnatural molecules to reproduce emergent behaviours from natural biology, with the goal of creating artificial life. The other seeks interchangeable parts from natural biology to assemble into systems that function unnaturally. Either way, a synthetic goal forces scientists to cross uncharted ground to encounter and solve problems that are not easily encountered through analysis. This drives the emergence of new paradigms in ways that analysis cannot easily do. Synthetic biology has generated diagnostic tools that improve the care of patients with infectious diseases, as well as devices that oscillate, creep and play tic-tac-toe.

Biology↗
PubMed2000

A plant virus vector for systemic expression of foreign genes in cereals.

Inserts bearing the coding sequences of NPT II and beta-glucuronidase (GUS) were placed between the nuclear inclusion b (NIb) and coat protein (CP) domains of the wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV) polyprotein ORF. The WSMV NIb-CP junction containing the nuclear inclusion a (NIa) protease cleavage site was duplicated, permitting excision of foreign protein domains from the viral polyprotein. Wheat, barley, oat and maize seedlings supported systemic infection of WSMV bearing NPT II. The NPT II insert was stable for at least 18-30 days post-inoculation and had little effect on WSMV CP accumulation. Histochemical assays indicated the presence of functional GUS protein in systemically infected wheat and barley plants inoculated with WSMV bearing GUS. The GUS constructs had greatly reduced virulence on both oat and maize. RT-PCR indicated that the GUS insert was subject to deletion, particularly when expressed as a GUS-NIb protein fusion. Both reporter genes were expressed in wheat roots at levels comparable to those observed in leaves. These results clearly demonstrate the utility of WSMV as a transient gene expression vector for grass species, including two important grain crops, wheat and maize. The results further indicate that both host species and the nature of inserted sequences affect the stability and expression of foreign genes delivered by engineered virus genomes.

Carrier Proteins↗
PubMed2005

Derivation characteristics and perspectives for mammalian pluripotential stem cells.

Pluripotential stem cells have been derived in mice and primates from preimplantation embryos, postimplantation embryos and bone marrow stroma. Embryonic stem cells established from the inner cell mass of the mouse and human blastocyst can be maintained in an undifferentiated state for a long time by continuous passage on embryonic fibroblasts or in the presence of specific inhibitors of differentiation. Pluripotential stem cells can be induced to differentiate into all the tissues of the body and are able to colonise tissues of interest after transplantation. In mouse models of disease, there are numerous examples of improved tissue function and correction of pathological phenotype. Embryonic stem cells can be derived by nuclear transfer to establish genome-specific cell lines and, in mice, it has been shown that embryonic stem cells are more successfully reprogrammed for development by nuclear transfer than somatic cells. Pluripotential stem cells are a very valuable research resource for the analysis of differentiation pathways, functional genomics, tissue engineering and drug screening. Clinical applications may include both cell therapy and gene therapy for a wide range of tissue injury and degeneration. There is considerable interest in the development of pluripotential stem cell lines in many mammalian species for similar research interests and applications.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Genexp--a genetic network simulation environment.

UNLABELLED: An environment for simulation of dynamics of genetic regulatory networks is presented. The model is based on the recurrent neural network principle and allows to interactively simulate various genetic regulatory interactions under different features of the system. The results are displayed graphically. AVAILABILITY: http://proteom.biomed.cas.cz/genexp

Computer Simulation↗
PubMed1996

Multiplex Cre/lox recombination permits selective site-specific DNA targeting to both a natural and an engineered site in the yeast genome.

Variant lox sites having an altered spacer region (heterospecific lox sites) are not proficient for Cre-mediated recombination with the canonical 34 bp loxP site, but can recombine with each other. By placing different heterospecific lox sites at different genomic locations, Cre can catalyze independent DNA recombination events at multiple loci in the same cell without concern that unwanted inter-locus recombination events will be generated. Such heterospecific lox sites also allow Cre to specifically target efficient integration of exogenous DNA to endogenous lox-like sequences that naturally occur in the genome. Specific targeting occurs only with a DNA vector carrying a heterospecific lox site in which the spacer region has been redesigned to match the 'spacer' region of the targeted chromosomal element. Moreover, in cells expressing a catalytically active Cre recombinase, naturally occurring lox-like sequences can exhibit almost 20% mitotic recombination. Thus, in the same cell, heterospecific lox sites can be used independently at multiple loci for integration, for deletion and for enhanced mitotic recombination, thereby increasing the repertoire of genomic manipulations catalyzed by the Cre recombinase.

Base Sequence↗