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PubMed1997

Goal setting and feedback for the development of instructional strategies.

This study was done to evaluate the effectiveness of three practice methods, (a) feedback as knowledge of performance (KP), (b) feedback as knowledge of results combined with the goal-setting method, and (c) a combination of knowledge of performance and results with the goal-setting method on the performance and learning of basketball skills of different complexity. Three groups (n = 26) of children followed the practice methods and the performance (result), and technique of simple and complex basketball skills (dribble, pass, shoot, and lay-up) were assessed for their effectiveness. Subjects practiced using four exercises for each skill, three times a week, for eight weeks. A performance and a retention test (two weeks later) were conducted. A multivariate analysis of variance with repeated measures on the last factor indicated that knowledge of performance with results of goal-setting significantly improved the techniques of the more complex skills but it was significantly better than the knowledge of results and goal-setting method for passing. Giving knowledge of results and setting goals improved performance and proved to be better than the knowledge of performance method. Finally, the combined method was as good as the knowledge of performance and as good as the knowledge of results plus goal setting in performance but improvement was delayed mostly for the more complex skills. Attentional needs for the analysis of information given determined the success in skills execution and the effectiveness of the methods. The different content of the information given to the athletes may improve different aspects of motion or execution of the skills.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1998

Aggression and goal orientations in handball: influence of institutional sport context.

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship of goal orientations with aggression in male adolescent handball across three institutional sport context, Physical Education, Interscholastic, and League (clubs). 30 handball games were videotaped (10 per context) and observed on monitor by means of a grid allowing the distinction between Instrumental (nonemotional and task-oriented) and Hostile (an emotional response which is an end in itself (aggression. 240 players also completed the "Questionnaire de Perception du Succès en Sport." A main effect of context emerged from 2 separate one-way multivariate analyses of variance for goal orientations and aggression. Univariate F tests and Newman-Keuls post hoc analyses indicated that Ego-goal orientation and Instrumental aggression were significantly higher in the League context than in the other two. Statistically significant positive correlations. between measures of Ego-goal orientation and aggression were observed. Discriminant function analysis indicated that strongly Ego-goal classified players displayed more Instrumental aggression than lower Ego-goal classified players.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

Perceptions of competence, implicit theory of ability, perception of motivational climate, and achievement goals: a test of the trichotomous conceptualization of endorsement of achievement motivation in the physical education setting.

To test and extend the conceptualization of the endorsement of achievement goals in the physical education setting Mastery, Performance-approach, and Performance-approach goals, Perception of the physical education competence, Implicit theory about sport ability, and Perception of the motivational climate were assessed among 682 boys attending five French schools. Analysis indicated that (1) Performance-approach goals were positively associated with perception of physical education Competence, Entity beliefs about sport ability, the Performance dimension of the motivational climate, and negatively associated with Incremental beliefs about sport ability. (2) Mastery goals were positively associated with perception of physical education Competence, Incremental beliefs about sport ability, the Mastery dimension of the motivational climate, and negatively associated with the Performance dimension of the motivational climate. Also, (3) Performance-avoidance goals were positively associated with Entity beliefs about sport ability and the Performance dimension of the motivational climate; these goals were negatively associated with Incremental beliefs about sport ability and perception of physical education Competence. These results clearly attested to the validity of the trichotomous model in the physical education setting.

Achievement↗

PubMed2004

Moderation of automatic achievement goals by conscious monitoring.

The aim of this study was to test the assumption that nonconscious goal pursuit guides behavior more efficiently and produces better performance, only when the conscious monitoring of the task is low. Some studies have documented that goals can be activated and guide behaviors outside of awareness. 66 students, 22 men and 44 women with a mean age of 18.3 yr. (SD=0.9) years, were randomly assigned to Achievement Goal Priming or Neutral Priming conditions. In the Achievement Goal Priming condition, concepts associated with high performance were activated outside of their awareness via a scrambled sentence task. All participants were then given a calculation task to complete. To manipulate conscious monitoring, half of the participants were presented the task as a fun filler task, and the rest were presented the task as a measure of ability and were encouraged to monitor their performance on the task consciously. Analysis showed, among participants who were presented the task as a fun filler task, the Achievement Goal Priming group completed more tasks relative to the Neutral Priming group. Those who were encouraged to monitor their performance consciously did not benefit from Achievement Goal priming. The results implied that consciously monitored behavior might be counterproductive.

Achievement↗

PubMed2006

Achievement goals and engagement in individual and collective learning activities.

The relationship between achievement goals and individual and collective learning activities was examined for 290 university students who completed two questionnaires. One assessed three achievement goals-a mastery goal and two performance goals, namely, approval seeking and advancing. The other questionnaire measured how actively students report engaging in individual and collective learning activities. Regression analyses showed that the adoption of mastery goals was associated with active engagement in both individual and collective learning, while adoption of a performance goal of approval seeking was associated with passive engagement in individual learning activities. These results are discussed in relation to their theoretical implications and in regard to the possible moderating effect of protecting self-worth.

Achievement↗

PubMed2002

Goal advancement among mental health self-help agency members.

OBJECTIVE: Goal advancement is critical to mental health clients' reintegration into the community. This research considers factors likely to contribute to goal advancement among members of four consumer-run mental health self-help agencies (SHAs) who responded to questions about their goals at baseline and six-month follow-up. METHOD: Type of goals, demographics, psychiatric disability, agency characteristics, and members' attitudes toward professionals were used to predict goal advancement. RESULTS/DISCUSSION: Surprisingly, faith in the psychiatrist as the source of responsibility for treatment decisions was associated with goal advancement. This is contrary to SHA ideology, which emphasizes peer-driven help. Other findings are also discussed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1989

Student career goal changes during doctoral education in nursing.

As a relatively new doctoral discipline, nursing appears to be following the research focus of other disciplines in its doctoral programs. One original intent of awarding doctoral degrees in nursing was to prepare faculty. This study sought to determine how many doctoral students in nursing identified the goal of a career as faculty in schools of nursing at the beginning of their doctoral program, and how many would choose faculty positions after being enrolled in a doctoral program for more than one year. The population included 785 doctoral students in nursing from 35 schools in the United States. A cross-sectional study design was used to compare newly enrolled doctoral students with students who had been enrolled for more than one year. Although first-year and more experienced students have similar career goals upon entering a doctoral program, the career goals of doctoral nursing students do change over time. More experienced students become less interested in faculty positions, especially in nondoctoral schools of nursing, and more interested in positions involving research and consultation. Within specific programs, students in EdD programs became more interested in faculty positions in doctoral universities. Students in DNS programs who changed their goals became more career goal oriented, thus compounding the shortage of doctoral faculty. These changes in career goals warrant examination.

Career Choice↗

PubMed1993

Discriminative versus evaluative assessment: some observations on goal attainment scaling.

Goal attainment scaling has been described in the rehabilitation literature as a method of evaluation designed to monitor client progress, structure team conferences, and provide information on overall program evaluation. The appropriate use of goal attainment scaling in clinical environments depends on a clear understanding of its strengths and weaknesses. The primary strength of goal attainment scaling is the ability to evaluate individualized longitudinal change. Goal attainment scaling is not a methodology designed to assess functional status. Confusion occurs when evaluation tools designed to discriminate between persons (determine status) are used to assess change in individual patients over time. This paper describes the strengths and weaknesses of goal attainment scaling as a methodology for evaluating clinical change. The process of evaluative assessment with goal attainment scaling is compared to discriminative assessment where the purpose is to distinguish between persons or to classify persons into predefined categories.

Documentation↗

PubMed2003

Thinking of you: nonconscious pursuit of interpersonal goals associated with relationship partners.

The mere psychological presence of relationship partners was hypothesized to trigger interpersonal goals that are then pursued nonconsciously. Qualitative data suggested that people tend to pursue different interpersonal goals within different types of relationships (e.g., mother, best friend, coworker). In several studies, priming participants' relationship representations produced goal-directed behavior (achievement, helping, understanding) in line with the previously assessed goal content of those representations. These findings support the hypothesis that interpersonal goals are component features of relationship representations and that mere activation of those representations, even in the partner's physical absence, causes the goals to become active and to guide behavior nonconsciously within the current situation.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

[Values and goals of medicine and health care].

Discussions about the goals of medicine and health care have significantly increased through the last decade of the past century. This was determined by the highly increased extent of health care, scarce health care resources, fundamental changes of health care technologies and well-established market relationships in health care. For a long time medicine attempted to achieve three main goals: to save and prolong life, fight and prevent diseases, reduce pain and sufferings. In the result of development of medicine the previous goals became rather problematic. Technological progress of medicine of the second half of the 20th century has implemented the believing, that medicine is able to prolong the life of human without restrictions. Ageing population has started expecting from medicine not only the saving of life and health enhancement, but also prolonging of life, since the mentioned is tended to be more socioeconomic, not medical, problem. Nowadays discussion about the goals of health care comes from the doubts, if the questions for medicine really have medical background. Often the society tries to escape from number of social problems medicalizing them. Spiritual and social problems of human are often supposed to be as medical ones, thus it is crucial to separate the main goals of medicine, which represent its values and targets, from the secondary ones, related to social or individual welfare, crime, dilemmas of poverty or morality. The aim of the article is to reveal the key values of medicine and health care, which determine the goals of medicine and health care.

Aged↗

PubMed1991

Generation and application of analytical goals in laboratory medicine.

Desirable standards of performance of laboratory tests, termed analytical goals, are required for use in quality assurance, evaluation of methods, reagent kit sets and instruments, discussions with clinicians and gaining additional laboratory resources. Traditionally, goals have been derived from fractions of the reference interval, opinions of clinicians, the state of the art, views of individuals and groups and data on biological variation. All have disadvantages, but the last is currently favoured by many as the best strategy to delineate general goals. Recent more novel approaches have been concerned with the definition of goals for particular clinical situations, but these have not been widely accepted as yet. Further work is required on the setting of goals for performance characteristics other than imprecision and inaccuracy and on the use of goals in the design of effective quality control procedures.

Blood Chemical Analysis↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[The relative effectiveness of setting goals as a chance for dealing with complex decision processes in medicine].

Beyond specialist aspects, decision making in medicine must also take ethical and economic considerations into account. Decisions according to the rational principle are orientated towards premisses with goals as a crucial part of them. Upon close examination, medical as well as ethical and economic premisses turn out to be uncertain, offering room for interpretation and procedural considerations. Simple algorithms of problem solution fail in complex decision situations especially if contradictory goals have to be considered and if a high potential of conflict exists. In complex problems, therefore, it is suggested to employ a three-step programme that consists of limiting the conflict by making the goals more precise and of handling the conflict by balancing different goals as first measures. As third step one could image a solution of the conflict by means of an evolution of different goals basing on the very uncertainty or relativity of goals.

Conflict, Psychological↗

PubMed1997

The Effect of Achievement Goals: Does Level of Perceived Academic Competence Make a Difference?

Researchers using a goal orientation framework have hypothesized that learning goals are associated with adaptive patterns of behavior, regardless of the level of perceived ability. In contrast, perceived ability is hypothesized to moderate the relation between performance goals and patterns of adaptive or maladaptive behavior. We examined this hypothesis in two samples of seventh grade middle school students, focusing on the math domain in one sample and on the English domain in the other. Using two different statistical methods, median split and multiple regression, we found only little support for the role of perceived competence as a moderator between performance goals and patterns of behavior. Contrary to what has been suggested, we found some evidence that perceived competence moderated the relation between learning goals and behavior. Implications of these findings for recent efforts to use goal theory to reform classrooms and schools are discussed. Copyright 1997Academic Press

Journal Article↗

PubMed2004

Timing of goal-directed hitting: impact requirements change the information-movement coupling.

In hitting, performers are found to adapt to the approach speed of the ball, i.e. they tend to initiate their movement at a shorter time before contact for faster approaching balls. A change in movement time is always accompanied by a change in movement velocity when the movement trajectory is kept constant. Hence, a fast-approaching ball might induce high impact velocity that is in conflict with low impact constraints, such as propelling the ball towards a near goal. In this study we investigated the capacities of participants to perform one-dimensional hitting movements in the frontal plane to balls approaching on a head-on collision course. The temporal precision (i.e. ball approach speed: 1, 1.5, and 2 m/s) and impact requirements (i.e. No-Goal, Near-Goal, and Far-Goal) were manipulated to examine the influence of task constraints on the temporal regulation of a stroke. The results showed that timing and speed were significantly affected by ball approach speed when the hit was not directed to a goal. In contrast, no speed-coupling and a constant time-to-impact strategy were found when impact velocity was constrained (i.e. aiming for a near goal). We were particularly interested in the nature and relation of information sources and timing patterns of movement initiation. Therefore, the relation between the time evolution of three optical sources related to the approach of the ball and the observed patterns of swing onset were evaluated quantitatively. The analyses revealed that a viable explanation for the two observed qualitatively different onset patterns of the swing is a regulation based on the absolute rate of expansion or a co-varying variable. The flexible adaptation of timing to impact constraints may be realized by an adjustment of the critical region of this optical variable.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Body-goal variability mapping in an aiming task.

Given the number of joints and muscles in the human body, there are typically an infinite number of ways to perform the same action, a feature of directed movements known as equifinality (Bernstein, The coordination and regulation of movements, Oxford, Pergamon, 1967). Here we present a new type of performance analysis based on the idea of a body-goal variability mapping. We show how this mapping arises naturally from the idea of a goal function that theoretically defines a task and, in the presence of equifinality, determines the set of all possible task solution strategies, the goal equivalent manifold (GEM). The approach also yields estimates of the sensitivity of goal-level errors to body-level perturbations, and we derive a general formula expressing the relationship between the two. We apply these ideas to the analysis of redundant kinematic data from subjects performing an aiming task carried out with and without a laser pointer. It is shown that in order to characterize performance one must consider two factors in addition to the body variability: first, the degree of alignment between body variability and the GEM; and second, the sensitivity parameters that control the degree to which goal-relevant body variability is amplified at the target. Both of these factors can be computed using the estimated body-goal mapping. We show that the performance for three conditions involving two different nominal postures and two different sensory conditions (laser/no laser) can be classified by examining the clustering of data in an orientation- sensitivity parameter plane associated with the map.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Empowerment: a goal or a means for health promotion?

Empowerment is a concept that has been much used and discussed for a number of years. However, it is not always explicitly clarified what its central meaning is. The present paper intends to clarify what empowerment means, and relate it to the goals of health promotion. The paper starts with the claim that health-related quality of life is the ultimate general goal for health promotion, and continues by briefly presenting definitions of some central concepts: "welfare", "health" and "quality of life". Several suggestions as to what empowerment is are then discussed: autonomy, freedom, knowledge, self-esteem, self-confidence, and control over health or life. One conclusion of this discussion is that empowerment can be seen as a complex goal which includes aspects of the three central concepts welfare, health and quality of life. To the extent that the empowerment goals aimed at are health-related, it is concluded that empowerment is a legitimate goal for health promotion. But empowerment is not only a goal, it can also be described as a process or as an approach. This process, or approach, in a fundamental way involves the participants in problem formulation, decision making and action, which means that the experts have to relinquish some of their control and power.

Attitude to Health↗

PubMed1985

Respiratory tract infections. Goals for 1995.

Goals to be identified for 1995, a decade hence, in the prevention, diagnosis, and management of respiratory tract infections may conveniently be divided into diagnostic goals and goals in therapy and prophylaxis. Major diagnostic goals for bacterial, viral, and mycoplasmal infections of the respiratory tract focus on the development of systems to identify microbial components, such as specific antigens or segments of DNA, using monoclonal antibody techniques or DNA probes for hybridization. Sputum cultures, in the traditional sense, should ultimately become obsolete. Management goals include the development of algorithms to identify patients who should be hospitalized, in contrast to those who can safely be treated on an outpatient basis. New antibiotic drug development should include drugs active against methicillin-resistant staphylococci, broad-spectrum beta-lactam drugs that are orally active against gram-negative bacilli, and drugs that can be used parenterally on a once-daily basis in settings other than the acute care hospital. There are certainly needs to enhance the present spectrum of antiviral drugs and to develop therapeutically useful immunomodulators. There are promising prospects for vaccine development, including live attenuated influenza virus vaccine, parainfluenza virus vaccine, respiratory syncytial virus vaccine, and a Mycoplasma pneumoniae vaccine. With major research support, such vaccines could possibly be fully developed by 1995. Finally, of greatest importance is the need to achieve greater utilization of existing vaccines, that is, inactivated influenza vaccine and the current 23-valent pneumococcal vaccine. A legitimate goal for 1995 would be to achieve 70 percent or greater utilization of these vaccines within the recommended target populations.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗

PubMed2006

Effects of temptations on the affective salience of weight control goals.

Despite the value of weight control goals, the maintenance of healthy eating habits represents a challenge for most. Self-regulatory efforts are often challenged by the presence of high-risk cues (e.g., tempting foods) which provide short-term positive outcomes at the expense of these long-term health objectives. The current study examined contextual influences on self-regulation failure by exploring the effect of cues on an indirect measure of goal value. Two experiments were conducted with undergraduate students which examined the effect of temptation cues on the evaluation of information related to the goal of weight control. Results of Study 1 provided preliminary evidence for the utility of this task as an indirect measure of goal value and showed that food-related primes slowed evaluation response times for weight control-related targets. Study 2 replicated and extended these findings by demonstrating that temptation cues may not only decrease the affective salience of weight control related information but increase the salience of information related to the goal of affect enhancement. These results suggest that self-regulation failure may be influenced by contextual changes in the value of health-related goals. Implications for prevention and intervention efforts are discussed.

Adolescent↗