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At least 433 records · Page 24Linked to original sources

PubMed2003

Randomized clinical trial of multimodal optimization and standard perioperative surgical care.

BACKGROUND: Multimodal optimization of surgical care has been associated with reduced hospital stay and improved physical function. The aim of this randomized trial was to compare multimodal optimization with standard care in patients undergoing colonic resection. METHODS: Twenty-five patients requiring elective right or left hemicolectomy were randomized to receive a ten-point optimization programme (14 patients) or conventional care (11). The groups were similar in terms of age (64 versus 68 years), male : female sex ratio (6 : 8 versus 5 : 6) and Physiological and Operative Severity Score for the enUmeration of Mortality and morbidity (POSSUM) score (both 26). Outcome measures were recorded before operation and on postoperative days 1, 7 and 30. They included hand grip strength, lung spirometry, and pain and fatigue scores. Further outcome measures included time to achieve a predetermined mobilization target, time to resumption of normal diet, and length of stay. RESULTS: Optimization was associated with maintained grip strength, earlier mobilization (46 versus 69 h; P = 0.043), and significantly lower pain and fatigue scores. Patients in the optimization group tolerated a regular hospital diet significantly earlier than controls (48 versus 76 h; P < 0.001). Optimization significantly reduced the median length of hospital stay (3 versus 7 days; P = 0.002). CONCLUSION: Optimization of surgical care significantly improved patients' physical and psychological function in the early postoperative period and facilitated early hospital discharge.

Aged↗

PubMed2005

Motor cortex excitability after thalamic infarction.

OBJECTIVE: We examined 8 patients with hemihypesthesia due to an ischemic thalamic lesion to explore the effects of a central sensory dysfunction on motor cortex excitability. METHODS: Motor excitability was assessed using transcranial magnetic stimulation techniques and electrical peripheral nerve stimulation. Motor function was evaluated by the Nine-Hole-Peg Test and measurement of hand grip strength. The affected side was compared with the non-lesioned side and with an age-matched control group. RESULTS: Patients had a loss of inhibition and an increase of facilitation in the motor cortex of the affected side. The silent period was prolonged and motor function was impaired on the affected side. CONCLUSIONS: A thalamic lesion can modulate motor cortical excitability. SIGNIFICANCE: This study suggests that, under normal conditions, somatosensory afferents influence inhibitory and excitatory properties in the motor cortex.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Metabolic response during sport rock climbing and the effects of active versus passive recovery.

The objectives of this study were to 1) continuously assess oxygen uptake during and after difficult sport rock climbing and 2) to evaluate the effects of active versus passive recovery on post-climbing blood lactate and hand grip strength. Fifteen expert rock climbers attempted to climb (i.e., red point lead) a 20 m difficult route (5.12 b, YDS scale) set on an indoor climbing wall. Subjects were assigned to either active recovery (AR; n = 8), consisting of recumbent cycling at 25 Watts, or passive recovery (PR; n = 7). Expired air was analyzed during climbing and through a 10-minute recovery period by a lightweight battery-powered open circuit system. Oxygen uptake (VO2) and heart rate (HR) were measured continuously and averaged over 20-second intervals. These data were expressed as averages over the entire climb (VO2avg and HRavg) and as peak values. An estimated resting VO2 of 250 ml x min(-1) was subtracted from the interval VO2 values to provide net VO2 data which were subsequently converted to absolute VO2 values in liters for climbing (C - VO2net) and recovery (R - VO2net). Total net VO2 was calculated as the sum of C - VO2net plus R - VO2net. Blood samples were obtained via fingerprick at pre-climb and at 1-, 10-, 20-, and 30-minutes post-climb and analyzed for whole blood lactate. Handgrip strength was measured via dynamometry at pre-climb and at 1-, 10-, 20-, and 30-minutes post-climb. Mean climbing time was 2.57 +/- 0.41 min. During climbing, VO2avg and HRavg means were 1660 +/- 340 ml x min(-1) and 148 +/- 16 b x min(-1) respectively with mean peaks of 2147 +/- 413 ml x min(-1) and 162 +/- 17 b x min(-1). Relative VO2avg was 24.7 +/- 4.3 ml x kg(-1) x min(-1) with a mean peak value of 31.9 +/- 5.3 ml x kg(-1) x min(-1). Mean values for C - VO2net and R - VO2net were 4.009 +/- 0.929 L and 2.809 +/- 0.518 L respectively for the PR group with mean total net VO2 at 6.818 +/- 1.291 L. For the AR group mean values for C - VO2net and R - VO2net were 4.216 +/- 1.174 L and 7.691 +/- 3.154 L respectively with a mean total net VO2 of 11.906 +/- 4.172 L. There was no difference between the groups for C - VO2net, however R - VO2net and total net VO2 were significantly different (p < 0.05) between PR and AR. Blood lactate increased significantly with climbing in both AR and PR groups. Lactate remained elevated in the PR group until 30 minutes post-climb, but had returned to pre-climb level by 20 minutes in the AR group. Handgrip strength was significantly decreased at 1-minute post-climb for the AR group, but was not significantly changed for the PR group. Although climbers may be able to attain a plateau in VO2, the observed accumulation of lactate in the blood combined with the elevated recovery VO2 indicate a higher overall energy demand than indicated via the recorded VO2 during climbing. Low intensity active recovery appears to significantly reduce accumulated blood lactate within 20 minutes following difficult climbing, however further research is required to establish whether this strategy is advantageous for subsequent climbing performance.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Influence of cold shivering on fine motor control in the upper limb.

The aim of the investigation was to determine the effects of cold shivering on the accuracy of force output in distal, middle and proximal muscles of the upper limb. Test of hand grip strength, elbow flexion and shoulder flexion (each done at 10% maximal voluntary contraction for 15 s) were done under three conditions: (1) thermoneutral air (27 degrees C), a condition of thermal comfort; (2) cold air (10 degrees C), a condition eliciting an increase in tonic muscle activity; (3) and cold air (10 degrees C) with a cold drink (8 degrees C), a condition that causes visible shivering. The averaged (root mean square) electromyogram (AEMG) and mean power frequency (MPF) were measured from proximal, middle and distal arm muscles during the tests and compared. The control of force output was highly effective at thermoneutral condition for all motor tasks. During the cold air condition, all muscles were tonically active but there was no effect on accuracy of test performance. However, AEMG increased approximately 20% (P < 0.05) with respect to test performance in thermoneutral condition. During the cold air/cold drink condition, all muscles were shivering to a different extend. AEMG during test performance increased 30-150% in comparison to thermoneutral condition (P < 0.05). In this case, hand grip and elbow flexion were not adversely affected (these tests require middle and distal muscles) by cold shivering. However, the accuracy of performance of shoulder flexion was adversely affected. This is consistent with the fact that proximal muscles are more active during cold shivering.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Influence of the age on self regulation of static grip forces from perceived exertion values.

The investigation of self-regulation of grip force provides indirect cues about the developmental neurobiology of the subject. The aim of this study was to examine the ability of subjects of different ages to produce different forces based on their perceived exertion during a grip force task by using a test and a randomised re-test procedure. Eighteen young children (aged 6.5 years), 18 adolescents (13.5 years) and 18 adults (28.5 years) performed a graded hand grip strength test (GST) at four intensities. Perceived exertion (RPE-C) was recorded at the end of each load level. Then, subjects were scheduled for a randomised grip strength test performed in the same experimental conditions than GST. Statistical analysis revealed no significant effect in grip strength for test in the three groups. However, a significant main effect for intensities was obtained in the three groups (P < 0.0001). Significant correlations were observed between GST and RPE-C (r(2) = 0.62, P < 0.0001; r(2) = 0.53, P < 0.0001; r(2) = 0.51, P < 0.0001), in the children, adolescent and adult groups, respectively. However at low grip force intensities, it appears that children have some difficulties to rate their perceived exertion. The results of this study suggest that the neurodevelopmental level of 6-year-old children do not affect the ability to produce reliably moderate to intense forces from perceived exertion during a grip force task.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1997

Two phase randomised controlled clinical trial of postoperative oral dietary supplements in surgical patients.

BACKGROUND: Previous work has shown that the administration of oral dietary supplements to patients who have undergone gastrointestinal surgery results in clinically significant short term benefits. AIMS: This study aimed firstly to re-evaluate these short term effects, and secondly to establish whether there are any long term benefits. SUBJECTS: One hundred patients admitted for elective moderate or major gastrointestinal surgery. METHODS: In the inpatient phase, patients were randomised to receive a normal ward diet postoperatively, or the same diet supplemented with an oral dietary supplement. In the outpatient phase, patients were further randomised to receive their home diet, or their home diet supplemented with the oral dietary supplement for four months. RESULTS: During the inpatient phase, patients treated with oral supplements had a significantly improved nutritional intake and lost less weight (2.2, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.9 kg) compared with control patients (4.2 (0.78) kg, p < 0.001). Supplemented patients maintained their hand grip strength whereas control patients showed a significant reduction in grip strength (p < 0.01). Subjective levels of fatigue increased significantly above preoperative levels in control patients (p < 0.01) but not in the supplemented group. Twelve patients in the control group developed complications compared with four in the supplemented group (p < 0.05). In the outpatient phase, supplemented patients had improved nutrient intakes but there were no significant differences in indices of nutritional status or wellbeing between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: The prescription of oral dietary supplements to patients who have undergone gastrointestinal surgery results in clinically significant benefits. These benefits, however, are restricted to the inpatient phase.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Nutritional status after short-term dietary supplementation in hospitalized malnourished geriatric patients.

AIM: To examine the evolution of different parameters of the nutritional status after short-term oral protein-energy supplementation in moderately malnourished geriatric patients. METHODS: Seventeen hospitalized malnourished elderly patients and 12 healthy adults received dietary supplements for 10 days. A group of six malnourished elderly subjects served as controls. Spontaneous oral intakes, biological and biophysical markers of the nutritional status were measured. Fat-free mass (FFM) was assessed using Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), bio-impedance analysis (BIA) and anthropometry. RESULTS: In elderly subjects, the supplementation significantly increased both dietary intake (energy +32%, protein +65%) and FFM (+1.3 kg, P<0.001) as assessed using DXA. BIA and anthropometric data correlated with DXA measurements in the elderly (BIA: r=0.68--0.80, anthropometry: r=0.80--0.89), but failed to reflect accurately the changes measured in FFM. Supplementation had no notable effect on biological markers in any of the groups. IGF-I and hand-grip strength were not significantly influenced by the supplementation despite trends towards an improvement. CONCLUSIONS: Monitoring short-term changes in nutritional status in malnourished elderly individuals is a problem in routine clinical management. Our data put in the limelight the changes in IGF-I values related to dietary supplementation, and, chiefly, suggest a prime role for the assessment of dietary intake and FFM, as assessed by DXA, as indicators of short-term efficacy of refeeding. Nevertheless larger studies are necessary to confirm the clinical and prognostic significance of the changes.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗

PubMed2006

A cluster analysis to define human aging phenotypes.

The definition of a precise and consistent aging phenotype that allows to measure the physical and cognitive decline, as well as the increase of mortality hazard late in life, is a major problem for studies aimed at finding the genetic factors modulating rate and quality of human aging. In this frame, it seems promising the concept of frailty which tends to figure out the subjects who are more vulnerable and more prone to negative outcomes, such as death or hospitalization. Cognitive, functional and psychological measures turned out to be the most effective measures to define frailty, as they condense most of the frailty cycle that occurs in the elderly and is probably responsible of the aging related physical decline. We used MMSE, Hand Grip strength, and GDS as variable parameters in a hierarchical Cluster Analysis (CA) in order to recognise aging phenotypes. By using a sample of 65-85 years old subjects we identified three frailty phenotypes that were consistent from both geriatric and genetic perspectives. Therefore, the method we propose may provide unbiased phenotypes suitable for the identification of genetic variants affecting the quality of aging in this age range. The CA method was less effective in ultranonagenarians, probably due to the high prevalence of frail subjects in this age group that makes difficult to distinguish discrete phenotypes.

Aged↗

PubMed2003

Growth and anabolic hormones, leptin, and neuromuscular performance in moderately trained prepubescent athletes and untrained boys.

We investigated hormonal regulators of growth and development, leptin levels, body composition, neuromuscular performance, and the associations among them in trained prepubertal athletes (experimental group [EG]) and an untrained control group (CG). Informed consent was obtained from the children and their parents. Their maturation stage was evaluated according to Tanner's criteria. There were no differences between EG and CG in physical characteristics, body mass index (BMI), lean body mass, testosterone (T), sex hormone-binding globulin, free androgen index, growth hormone (GH), hand grip strength, and jumping performance. Leptin levels and percent fat of the EG were significantly lower than those of the CG (p < 0.05-0.005). Leptin levels were significantly correlated to body fat and BMI for both the EG and the CG (r = 0.51-0.79). There is little evidence that leptin has a positive effect on growth and anabolic factors. Sex hormone-binding globulin and GH may explain the variation of leptin in athletes with low T (R(2) = 0.43) and in CG (R(2) = 0.35), respectively. Leptin seems to be a permissive factor for the onset of puberty, and the training background needs an optimal biological maturation to produce significant differences in muscle and power performance.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1997

A new nutritional assessment in patients with oral and maxillofacial malignancies.

Combined subjective and objective nutritional assessment was performed on admission in 127 patients with oral and maxillofacial malignancies. On the basis of the nutritional assessment result, three typical nutritional parameters-body weight (BW) (X1), mid-upper-arm circumference (MAC) (X2), and hand grip strength (HGS) (X3) were used to establish a new nutritional assessment method that was developed by a computer-based discriminant analysis. The established model was as follows: Y1 = -126 + 1.09X1 + 1.34X2 + 0.23X3; Y2 = -95.63 + 0.96X1 + 1.17X2 + 0.19X3. In the model Y1 was regarded as good nutrition and Y2 as malnutrition. The larger value of Y stood for the patient's nutritional status (i.e. Y1 > Y2, well nourished; Y1 < Y2 malnourished). The new nutritional assessment correlates well with the combined subjective and objective nutritional assessment with a total agreement rate of 88.2%. With its simplicity and accuracy, the new nutritional assessment deserves a wide application in clinical situation.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

Clinical equivalence between deflazacort oral drops and tablets in active rheumatoid arthritis.

In order to assess the clinical equivalence between deflazacort oral drops and tablets, 18 patients with active rheumatoid arthritis were enrolled in an open, controlled, randomised ('tablets --> drops' sequence, or vice versa), two-period (21 days each) crossover trial (from tablets to drops, or vice versa). Individual dose titration of deflazacort drops or tablets was made weekly on the basis of clinical need. Primary outcome measures of efficacy were changes in the joint swelling count (JSC), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), hand-grip strength (HGS), joint pain (JP), duration of morning stiffness (MS), physician's global evaluation and patient's self-assessment. Sixteen patients were available by the end of the study. The formulations were equivalent with respect to HGS and improvement in duration of MS, and close to equivalence with respect to JSC and ESR decrease; the drops seemed to be more effective than tablets with respect to JP reduction. No differences between the two formulations were observed with respect to physician's and patient's assessment. The minimum effective dose of each preparation and the relative potency ratio were also established. Drops and tablets were found to have the same potency.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed1978

Muscle strengths in relation to fat storage rate in young men.

Hand-grip strength, elbow flexion strength, trunk extension strength and knee extension strength, and body composition (measured by densitometry) were measured in 59 male students (mean 19.2 years) in order to compare the muscle strength of obese men, in relation to fat storage rate (% fat), with those of non-obese men. Their % fat ranged from 6.2-35.6%. Correlations of body weight and lean body mass were found to be significant with each muscle strength. Our findings presented that obese men had lower muscle strengths for body weight and lean body mass than non-obese men do. This might be the result of two characteristics, inactivity and weak willpower, of obese men. Besides, the 20% fat of threshold of obesity for men proposed by Behnke and Wilmore was reasonable from the viewpoint of the muscle strength because of the differences between group D (18.8% fat) and group E (23.8% fat).

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Protein energy malnutrition in severe alcoholic hepatitis: diagnosis and response to treatment. The VA Cooperative Study Group #275.

BACKGROUND: Active nutrition therapy and the anabolic steroid oxandrolone (OX), in selected patients with severe alcoholic hepatitis, significantly improved liver status and survival. We report here on the changes in their nutritional parameters. METHODS: Protein energy malnutrition (PEM) was evaluated and expressed as percent of low normal in 271 patients initially, at 1 month and at 3 months. Active therapy consisted of OX plus a high caloric food supplement vs a matching placebo and a low calorie supplement. RESULTS: PEM was present in every patient; mean PEM score 60% of low normal. Most of the parameters improved significantly from baseline on standard care; the largest improvement seen in visceral proteins, the smallest in fat stores (skinfold thickness). Total PEM score significantly correlated with 6 month mortality (p = .0012). Using logistic regression analysis, creatinine height index, hand grip strength and total peripheral blood lymphocytes were the best risk factors for survival. When CD lymphocyte subsets replaced total lymphocyte counts in the equation, CD8 levels became a significant risk factor (p = .004). Active treatment produced significant risk factor (p = .004). Active treatment produced significant improvements in those parameters related to total body and muscle mass (ie, mid arm muscle area, p = .02; creatinine height index, p = .03; percent ideal body weight, p = .04). CONCLUSION: Deterioration in nutritional parameters is a significant risk factor for survival in severe patients with alcoholic hepatitis. This deterioration is reversible with standard hospital care. Active therapy further improves creatinine height index, mid arm muscle area and total lymphocyte counts. Hence, these later parameters appear to be the best indicators for follow-up assessments.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Do children of long-lived parents age more successfully?

BACKGROUND: Long-lived individuals are rare and may be selected in part for the genetic factors that promote successful aging. The children of long-lived parents may therefore age more successfully than the children of short-lived parents. METHODS: We used three major cross-sectional population-based surveys to study the association of parental longevity with successful aging in offspring. The measures of aging were hand-grip strength, cognitive performance (Mini Mental State Examination and a cognitive composite score), self-reported diseases, and self-rated health. RESULTS: For every additional 10 years the parents lived, their children's grip strength increased by 0.32 kg (95% CI = 0.00-0.63), Mini Mental State Examination score by 0.20 points (95% CI = 0.03-0.37), and cognitive composite score by 0.24 points (95% CI = 0.07-0.40). A 10-year increment of parental life was associated with a reduction by approximately 0.20 in the adjusted odds ratio for their children having each of the following conditions: diabetes; hypertension; ischemic heart disease; heart failure; stroke; or fair, poor, or very poor self-rated health. Almost all the effects were seen solely in the cohort of 70+-year-olds, but not among middle-aged or nonagenarian subjects. CONCLUSIONS: Parental life span is positively associated with the children's physical and cognitive functioning and avoidance of some of the common chronic diseases. However, the effects are small and are seen among offspring who are elderly, but not among the middle-aged or the oldest old.

Age Distribution↗

PubMed2002

Grip-strength, fatigue, and motor perseveration in anxious men without depression.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the influence of anxiety without depression on functional motor asymmetry in adult men. Thus, left-and right-hand grip strength, fatigue across trials, and motor perseveration was examined among 60 right-handed men, half of whom had been classified as anxious without depression (HI, n = 30) and the other half as nonanxious without depression (LO, n = 30). BACKGROUND: There is substantial empirical support for the notion that individuals with negative affect experience relative right anterior activity. Moreover, previous studies using other groups of interest (e.g., depression and hostility) have found evidence of functional motor asymmetry that is supportive of relative right anterior activation during negative affect. Less is known about functional motor asymmetry among individuals that report anxiety without depression. METHOD: To obtain indices of perseveration, strength, and fatigue, HI and LO anxious subjects were asked to successively squeeze a hand dynamometer. Dependent measures (in kg) were derived from performance with the left and right hands across trials. RESULTS: In contrast to LO anxious subjects, HI anxious subjects did not demonstrate right-hand superiority for grip-strength. Moreover, significant positive correlations existed between grip strength and trait anxiety scores for LO anxious subjects, but not for HI anxious subjects. CONCLUSIONS: The data are partially supportive of differences in functional motor asymmetry between HI and LO anxious individuals. The findings are interpreted as supportive of relative right anterior activity (and possibly decreased left anterior activity) among individuals that report elevated levels of anxiety. Implications for relative right-hemisphere activity and decreased left anterior activity are discussed, and alternative explanations are introduced.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Frailty syndrome and skeletal muscle: results from the Invecchiare in Chianti study.

BACKGROUND: Frailty is a common condition in elders and identifies a state of vulnerability for adverse health outcomes. OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to provide a biological face validity to the well-established definition of frailty proposed by Fried et al. DESIGN: Data are from the baseline evaluation of 923 participants aged > or =65 y enrolled in the Invecchiare in Chianti study. Frailty was defined by the presence of > or =3 of the following criteria: weight loss, exhaustion, low walking speed, low hand grip strength, and physical inactivity. Muscle density and the ratios of muscle area and fat area to total calf area were measured by using a peripheral quantitative computerized tomography (pQCT) scan. Analyses of covariance and logistic regressions were performed to evaluate the relations between frailty and pQCT measures. RESULTS: The mean age (+/-SD) of the study sample was 74.8 +/- 6.8 y, and 81 participants (8.8%) had > or =3 frailty criteria. Participants with no frailty criteria had significantly higher muscle density (71.1 mg/cm(3), SE = 0.2) and muscle area (71.2%, SE = 0.4) than did frail participants (69.8 mg/cm(3), SE = 0.4; and 68.7%, SE = 1.1, respectively). Fat area was significantly higher in frail participants (22.0%, SE = 0.9) than in participants with no frailty criteria (20.3%, SE = 0.4). Physical inactivity and low walking speed were the frailty criteria that showed the strongest associations with pQCT measures. CONCLUSION: Frail subjects, identified by an easy and inexpensive frailty score, have lower muscle density and muscle mass and higher fat mass than do nonfrail persons.

Aged↗

PubMed2003

Recording the nutrient intake of nursing home residents by food weighing method and measuring the physical activity.

The nutrient intake of 47 female nursing home residents, able to eat without help, and of 20 eating-dependent seniors was measured by weighing method. Hand grip strength was examined by a dynamometer. Furthermore the level of physical activity of the seniors able to eat without help was determined by means of a questionnaire. The results showed that the median energy intake of self-feeding elderly women was 1620 kcal (850-4450 kcal). More than one third of the seniors consumed less than 1700 kcal / d. The intake of vitamins and minerals remained below 40-90% of the recommended level. One important cause for the inadequate micronutrient intake was that 30% of the total energy intake is met by foods of a low nutrient density (cakes, cookies, spreadable fats, soups). The eating-dependent seniors were at high risk for protein-calorie malnutrition, consuming an average of 1130 kcal / d and 34 g protein / d. The level of physical activity was very low. Only 34% of the seniors were active for more than 2 hours per week (walking, gymnastics). 30% of the residents were largely inactive although they were able to walk. It is often ignored that immobility is a major risk factor for the development of malnutrition. Firstly inactivity accelerates the loss of muscle mass. This loss of metabolically active tissue decreases the energy requirements thus leading to a loss of appetite and reduced food intake.

Aged↗

PubMed2000

Protein-energy oral supplementation in malnourished nursing-home residents. A controlled trial.

OBJECTIVES: To validate a nutritional intervention programme for elderly people living in nursing homes. DESIGN: In a prospective, randomized, controlled study of 88 residents, we determined nutritional status at day 0 and day 60 using a record of dietary intake, anthropometry, hand-grip strength and mini-nutritional assessment. Dietary intake, grip strength and body weight were also recorded at day 30. We divided subjects into four groups according to their mini-nutritional assessment score. Those with a score 24 received no oral supplementation. Those at risk of malnutrition (with a score of 17-23.5) were randomized to oral supplementation. Those with a score <17 received oral supplementation. We recorded the amount of oral supplements consumed daily. RESULTS: Compliance with oral supplementation was good, and daily intake averaged about 400 kcal. The total energy intake on day 60 was significantly higher in both of the groups that received supplements. Following supplementation, most subjects at risk of malnutrition improved their mini-nutritional assessment score and increased their weight (by 1.4 +/- 0.5 kg). Neither the mini-nutritional assessment score nor weight improved in subjects at risk of malnutrition who did not receive supplements. Supplementation in the malnourished group resulted in a mean mini-nutritional assessment score increase (from 13.9 +/- 2.6 to 17.1 +/- 3.9) and a mean weight gain of 1.5 +/- 0.4 kg. CONCLUSION: Oral nutritional supplements are well accepted and result in increased daily protein and energy intake, body weight and nutritional status in most malnourished patients and in those at risk of malnutrition.

Aged↗