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A survey is made of a number of experiments conducted in our laboratory over the last six years. Our working hypothesis assumes that positive energy balance, which should not be prematurely defined as the cause of obesity, is itself caused by disturbances in appetite and satiation control which, given certain environmental conditions, can favour the occurrence of obesity. Three points are considered: (1) The hyperphagic reaction as a response to stress. The experimental findings suggest that the hyperphagic reaction is not primarily a biologically determined phenomenon but rather a learned response. The hyperphagic reaction is found more frequently in female and overweight persons. Most children react to stress with a decrease in food consumption. (2) Disturbances of satiation control. The food intake of obese Ss has a linear time function, whilst children and normal weight adults reveal a biological, negatively accelerated satiation curve. (3) Increased responsiveness to external cues. The concept of externality is extended to include the aspect of an internal-external stimulus discrepancy. The findings show that not only manifest obese Ss but also latent obese Ss are characterized by an increased responsiveness to external cues. In three different experiments with the same Ss it could be demonstrated that externality is to a greater or lesser extent independent of the experimental procedure. Finally, methodological aspects are discussed, because in studies on human appetite the possibility exists that experimental procedure, sample composition and laboratory conditions can exert a direct influence on the results.
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Understanding the gains and losses experienced by the patient and his family aids in assessing the psychologic sequela of peripheral vascular surgery. Placing the patients' individual responses into the categories of: function, self-directiveness, self-definition, and future orientation offers a way to conceptualize the meaning of the illness to the patient. Factors such as physical mobility and integrity, self-concept and body image greatly influence the adaption process. Conceptually, these elements provide a framework upon which to base nursing intervention. Careful observation, skillful interviewing, and interpersonal support are appropriate nursing considerations when caring for the patient with peripheral vascular disease. The goal of adaption is a successful reintegration of the whole person,which comes from an acceptance of both gains and losses experienced in surviving peripheral vascular surgery.
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Occupational therapy is founded on the principle of "actively engaging" the patient in tasks of therapeutic benefit. This method of treatment necessitates matching a patient's needs with interests and abilities in an attempt to motivate the individual to perform. A lack of motivation is often the most difficult and most unsuccessfully overcome obstacle in the occupational therapy clinic. Classical drive-reduction theories of motivation prove inadequate for therapists to arrest and reverse the behavior of an unmotivated individual. This article offers the concept of personal causation as an alternative means of understanding human motivation. This notion is examined in two modes of behavior, namely pawm and origin, in an attempt to further the understanding of the complex process of self-initiated and self-guided behavior. Four perspectives are proposed for therapeutic intervention that will promote motivated behavior in patients. They include a consideration of the following factors: expectancies of success or failure, internal versus external orientation, belief in skill, and sense of efficacy.
Patients recovering from myocardial infarction (MI) or other heart diseases at St. Francis Hospital, Hartford, Ct, were educated by videotape or by staff lectures on alternating weeks. Both programs included the following: risk factors for MI, medications, diet, MI symptoms and life style changes. Patients were interviewed before and after the educational program. The MI patients under the age of 60 scored equally well on an informational test irrespective of the type of education program experienced. Older MI patients were significantly more likely to complete the educational program when it was given by videotape; those discontinuing attendance at lectures were less psychologically motivated to participate but were not necessarily more ill. Overall, higher education was the single most significant predictor of superior scores following patient education. Implications for the coronary care ward of the success of videotape in educating MI patients are discussed.
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Internally oriented patients' scores on Rotter's Internal-External Locus of Control Scale remained the same over treatment but those of externally oriented patients shifted toward greater internal control.
To investigate how coping behaviors may be preconditioned by assertiveness and locus of control, a questionnaire was given to 133 undergraduates of whom 87% reported recent tension attributed mainly to academic pressures. From a list of 22 common coping reactions, the students were asked to check those they use to deal with their tensions. The coping responses were also correlated with scores on an assertiveness inventory (AES) and Rotter's Internal-External Locus of Control (I-E) Scale. Reliance on one's own initiatives and turning to significant others were the responses most frequently reported as reactions to tension while seeking professional help was ranked last. Male students more frequently reported using marijuana or seeking sexual comfort than females, while females more frequently reported dysfunctional reactions such as spending endless hours thinking about the problem. The AES correlated significantly with problem-solving approaches. The IE Scale showed internals more inclined to meditate; externals indicated a greater likelihood to seek professional help, fantasize, or drink alcohol.
The Intellectual Achievement Responsibility Questionnaire was used to classify 248 fourth- and fifth-graders as internals, mediums, and externals on the internal-external locus of control personality dimension. Subjects were assigned to four treatment groups resulting from the manipulation of intrinsic (purpose vs. non purpose) and extrinsic (reward vs. no reward) motivational conditions and administered a coding task with number of figures coded as the dependent variable. An analysis of variance with IE, reward, purpose, sex, and grade as factors yielded significant purpose, sex, grade, and IE X Reward X Purpose effects. The performance of internals was found to be unaffected by motivational manipulations; purpose together with reward improved the performance of mediums: reward and purpose (individually and together) improved the performance of externals. Implications for future investigation of the IE construct and the social psychology of psychological research were discussed.
The effects of combining personality and situation differences in locus of control on cheating behavior were tested. Eighty college students (36 male and 44 female) were classified as having relatively high internal or external locus of control beliefs using Rotter's Internal-External Scale. In subsequent individually conducted sessions, subjects were given the opportunity to falsely report success (i.e., to cheat) when success was objectively impossible and when the outcome was described as due to either skill or chance. A significant (p less than .001) Personality X Situation locus of control interaction found cheating more prevalent in congruent personality-situation combinations (internal-skill and external-chance) than in incongruent combinations (internal-chance and external-skill). Additional significant effects involving task persistence and postoperformance effort ratings suggested accounting for the results in an achievement motivational framework. As the Personality X Situation Locus of control interaction accounted for a large proportion of the variance, the results were considered to be supportive of an interactionist position regarding behavior prediction.
Alcoholics electing to take disulfiram were significantly more externally oriented, as measured by Rotter's Internal-External Locus of Control Scale, than were alcoholics not electing to take disulfiram.