Methods of measurement of rheumatoid factor.
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Adult↗
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Results for “LATEX FIXATION TESTS”
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Comparison of three serological tests in adult rheumatoid arthritis and Still's disease (juvenile rheumatoid arthritis).
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Adult↗
A longitudinal study of rheumatoid factors in a New England town.
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Adolescent↗
Syphilis fast latex agglutination test, a rapid confirmatory test.
Using 255 serum samples with various reactivities, we evaluated the Syphilis Fast latex agglutination test (Syphilis Fast) against the Treponema pallidum particle agglutination test (TP-PA) for confirming a diagnosis of syphilis. We found 98.8% agreement between the Syphilis Fast and the TP-PA. The Syphilis Fast, however, had a couple of advantages over the TP-PA: the test takes only 8 min to perform and produces results that are easy to read. It appears to be a good confirmatory test for syphilis, especially for point-of-care clinics such as prenatal or sexually transmitted disease clinics.
Agglutination Tests↗
Serological activity of staphylococcal polysaccharide.
The polysaccharide from cell walls of coagulase-positive staphylococci coated both latex particles and tanned red cells for agglutination by human sera and by specific staphylococcal antisera. Treatment with trypsin or autoclaving destroyed the capacity of polysaccharide to coat particles but did not affect precipitation of antibody. Periodic acid destroyed both properties. The teichoic acid portion of the staphylococcal polysaccharide displayed precipitin activity similar to polysaccharide, but it did not coat either latex particles or tanned red cells. Teichoic acid did, however, inhibit specific agglutination of polysaccharide-coated particles or cells.
Acids↗
Comparison of the latex agglutination test with the hemagglutination inhibition test, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and neutralization test for detection of antibodies to rubella virus.
The ability of a rapid, latex agglutination test to diagnose rubella infection and to measure immune status was evaluated by comparison with the hemagglutination-inhibition (HAI) test, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and the neutralization (NT) test. The latex agglutination test accurately detected serological conversions in 74 pairs of sera representing 21 natural infections and 53 immunizations. The antibody levels of 276 sera from the general population were determined by latex agglutination, HAI, and ELISA. The correlation coefficients between the titers obtained by HAI and latex agglutination and by ELISA and latex agglutination were statistically significant. Results on 12 sera did not agree when measured by the three tests. These sera were included among the 196 specimens tested by NT. The correlation coefficient between NT and latex agglutination titers was statistically significant. There was one serum positive by latex agglutination but negative by NT, and five sera were negative by latex agglutination but had titers of 4 to 8 in the NT. The relative sensitivity of detecting antibody was greater by latex agglutination than by HAI. An additional 49 sera containing residual nonspecific hemagglutinin inhibitors were evaluated by latex agglutination and NT. The untreated sera showed no false positive reactions, and 36 of 39 NT positive sera were positive in the latex agglutination test.
Antibodies, Viral↗
New latex agglutination test for rapid determination of rubella immune status.
A prototype rubella latex agglutination card assay (Hynson, Westcott and Dunning, Baltimore, Md.) was compared with a standard hemagglutination inhibition test for the detection of rubella antibodies in 500 sera. The sensitivity and specificity of the latex agglutination assay were 100% and 94%, respectively. This assay did not require pretreatment of serum, and the entire assay could be performed in 10 min.
Antibodies, Viral↗
Fluorescence immunoassay and passive latex agglutination as alternatives to hemagglutination inhibition for determining rubella immune status.
Three different assays for detection of rubella antibodies, hemagglutination inhibition (HAI), fluorescence immunoassay (FIA), and passive latex agglutination (PLA) were used to test 297 human serum samples. Overall agreements for immune status were as follows: HAI versus FIA, 95.3% (283 of 297); HAI versus PLA (1:10 dilution), 96.3% (286 of 297); HAI versus PLA (undiluted), 93.9% (279 of 297); PLA (1:10 dilution) versus FIA, 94.9% (282 of 297); and PLA (undiluted) versus FIA, 97.9% (291 of 297). The HAI test is the most time consuming, subjective, and technically difficult to perform. The FIA and PLA tests are very rapid and less labor intensive. In addition, the FIA offers an objective determination of the patient's rubella antibody level.
Antibody Specificity↗
Evaluation of a latex agglutination test for detection of antibodies to rubella virus in selected sera.
A new latex agglutination test for rubella virus was used to test sera with a hemagglutination inhibition titer of less than or equal to 8 (97 specimens) or greater than or equal to 256 (158 specimens). Maximum latex agglutination test sensitivity was achieved when low-titer sera were tested undiluted and high-titer sera were diluted (1:10). A modification of the protocol of the manufacturer resulted in a latex agglutination-hemagglutination inhibition agreement of 96.7%.
Antibodies, Viral↗
Rubella antibodies detected by several commercial immunoassays in hemagglutination inhibition-negative sera.
Although a very good correlation was found between the level of rubella antibodies measured by a standard hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test and by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) procedure (Cordia R), an appreciable proportion (31%) of ELISA-positive specimens were encountered among HI-negative sera. The reverse was rarely seen. Many of the HI-negative, ELISA-positive sera were also found to be positive for rubella antibodies by one or more other assay methods, including an immunofluorescence assay (IFA) procedure (FIAX), passive hemagglutination (PHA) (Rubacell and PHAST), latex agglutination (Rubascan), and a second ELISA procedure (Rubelisa). The specificity of all of the ELISA-positive HI-negative specimens was substantiated by absorption experiments. In these tests, the ELISA reactivities were blocked by rubella antigens, but not by a variety of tissue culture control antigens or by influenza virus grown on the same cell line. The findings indicate that many of the newer methods available for rubella antibody detection are more sensitive than HI for detecting low levels of rubella antibodies. Until more clinical information is available concerning the protective nature of these low levels of antibody, caution should be exercised in assessing the significance of these results.
Antibodies, Viral↗
Comparison of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, hemagglutination inhibition, and passive latex agglutination for determination of rubella immune status.
Hemagglutination inhibition, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and passive latex agglutination were used to test 495 human serum samples for determination of rubella immunity. Overall agreements for immune status were as follows: hemagglutination inhibition versus ELISA, 94.7% (469 of 495); hemagglutination inhibition versus passive latex agglutination (1:10 dilution), 99.2% (491 of 495); and passive latex agglutination (1:10 dilution) versus ELISA, 94.7% (469 of 495). Both ELISA and passive latex agglutination are satisfactory for rubella immunity screening, with the reservation that the ELISA method examined yielded a large number of false-negative results.
Adult↗
Failure of rapid agglutination methods to detect oxacillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.
Although a latex agglutination test (StaphAurex) and a hemagglutination test (Staphyloslide) correctly identified all strains of Staphylococcus aureus that were susceptible or had intermediate susceptibility to oxacillin, 17 of 73 (23%) and 18 of 73 (25%) strains of oxacillin-resistant S. aureus were not identified by StaphAurex and Staphyloslide, respectively. All strains not detected were resistant to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and rifampin.
Drug Combinations↗
Binding to galactose alpha 1----4galactose beta-containing receptors as potential diagnostic tool in urinary tract infection.
The diagnosis of urinary tract infection is based largely on quantitative urine cultures. The usefulness of qualitative information about the virulence of the infecting bacteria remains undefined. Ability to attach to human uroepithelial cells is one characteristic of the pyelonephritogenic clones, as well as a virulence factor per se. The identification of host cell receptors for attaching bacteria has permitted the construction of agglutination tests for simple detection of bacterial binding properties. In the present study, the reactivity with Gal alpha 1----4Gal beta-latex [galactose alpha (1----4)galactose beta-latex] and globotetraosylceramide-latex was analyzed for strains from patients with acute pyelonephritis (n = 135), acute cystitis (n = 121), and asymptomatic bacteriuria (n = 119) and from the fecal flora of healthy children (n = 120) and compared with agglutination of human blood group P1 and p, as well as guinea pig, erythrocytes. The reactivity by bioassay and the receptor-specific assays were significantly correlated. The frequency of positive reactions among the pyelonephritis isolates was 78.5% with the globotetraosylceramide-latex reagent, compared with 41% for the cystitis isolates, 25% for the asymptomatic bacteriuria isolates, and 13% for the fecal isolates. The combination of bioassays and receptor-specific assays increased the resolution of adhesins. Thus, adhesins reacting with human p erythrocytes frequently were coexpressed with Gal alpha 1----4Gal beta-specific adhesins. The receptor-specific assays provide a refined reagent to resolve bacterial binding specificities, as well as a potential tool for clinical diagnosis.
Adhesins, Escherichia coli↗
Comparison of Meritec-Strep with Streptex for direct colony grouping of beta-hemolytic streptococci from primary isolation and subculture plates.
Meritec-Strep (Meridian Diagnostics, Inc., Cincinnati, Ohio) a coagglutination method, was compared with Streptex (Wellcome Diagnostics, Research Triangle Park, N.C.), a latex agglutination method, for the identification of beta-hemolytic streptococcal groups A, B, C, F, and G by the direct colony method. A total of 124 beta-hemolytic streptococcal isolates were tested, which included 77 from group A, 15 from group B, 10 from group C, 1 from group F, and 21 from group G. All were tested from subculture, and 74 (60%) were also tested from primary isolation plates. For Meritec-Strep, usually one colony was directly applied to the reaction card for testing each grouping reagent, while for Streptex, five colonies were tested after a 1-h extraction process. Complete agreement was obtained for all isolates tested from subculture with the kits. From primary isolation plates, Meritec-Strep correctly identified 97.3% of the isolates compared with 94.6% correctly identified for Streptex. Meritec-Strep produced a false-negative for one group A isolate and positive reactions for group A and F reagents with another group A isolate. A diphtheroid contaminant caused the positive group F reaction. Streptex produced false-negative results for one group A and three group C isolates. Most positive reactions were strong and rapid (less than 30 s) for both kits. The negative test control provided in the individual group A and B kits was nonreactive for all isolates. Meritec-Strep accurately identified isolated colonies of beta-hemolytic streptococci on primary isolation and subculture plates. It provided faster results than Streptex by eliminating the time and manipulation of antigen extraction and needed fewer colonies when individual group A or B reagents were used.
Agglutination Tests↗
Comparison of three rapid methods for detection of antibodies to streptolysin O and DNase B.
Three commercial systems were compared for ability to detect antibodies to streptolysin O (ASO) and DNase B (ADB). Streptozyme (Wampole Laboratories, Cranbury, N.J.) exhibited high sensitivity (100%) for detecting ASO but low sensitivity for ADB (22.2%). The LeapStrep (Organon Teknika, Malvern, Pa.) and Check-Spectra (Diagnostic Technology, Hauppauge, N.Y.) tests had low sensitivities for detecting ASO (35.3 and 21.4%, respectively) and ADB (22.2 and 33.3%, respectively).
Antibodies, Bacterial↗
Evaluation of a new bicolored latex agglutination test for immunological diagnosis of hepatic amoebiasis.
A new bicolored latex agglutination amoeba test (BLA) for detection of antibodies against Entamoeba histolytica was evaluated for its practicability and diagnostic sensitivity and specificity. BLA is rapid (5 min) and simple to perform. It requires only 20 microliters of a 1/3-diluted serum, 17 microliters of reagent, and a glass slide. Reading of the test is easy because a positive result shows a green spot with a red surrounding edge. This bicolored pattern is easily distinguishable from the negative test result, which shows a homogeneous dark-brown spot. By using serum samples from 348 individuals, BLA was compared with immunofluorescence assay, indirect hemagglutination, and counterimmunoelectrophoresis. Sensitivity, specificity, efficiency, and positive and negative predictive values of the four methods were almost identical. The results of this study indicate that BLA could be very useful both as a screening method for the diagnosis of invasive amoebiasis and for epidemiological purposes.
Amebiasis↗
Evaluation of a rapid enzyme immunoassay for diagnosis of hepatic amoebiasis.
We compared the capability of rapid enzyme immunoassay (EIA) to detect antiamoebic antibodies during hepatic amoebiasis with those of indirect hemagglutination and latex agglutination. EIA is simple to perform and rapid (20 min) and does not require any special equipment (optical reading is sufficient). EIA of 143 sera (including 43 from patients with proven hepatic amoebic abscess, 33 from patients with other hepatic disorders and/or parasitic infections, and 67 from healthy individuals) yielded a specificity, a sensitivity, and positive and negative predictive values of 100, 93, 100, and 97.1, respectively. This test could thus be considered another valuable tool for the diagnosis of hepatic amoebiasis.
Animals↗
Latex agglutination tests for measurement of antiplague antibodies.
A latex agglutination test was evaluated as a method for detection and titration of antiplague antibodies. Slide and microtiter techniques using polystyrene latex particles coated with specific fraction-I-antigen of Yersinia pestis were found to be comparable in specificity and sensitivity to serological tests commonly used in laboratory practice. The latex agglutination titers correlated well with those measured by the World Health Organization standard method of indirect hemagglutination, although there was a tendency for the former to be a little lower than the latter. With further study, the latex agglutination test may have application in the seroinvestigation of plague infection in rodents.
Animals↗