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At least 433 records · Page 24Linked to original sources

PubMed2006

Supplementing Bacillus sp. RS1 with Dechloromonas sp. HZ for enhancing selenate reduction in agricultural drainage water.

Cost and efficiency are two important factors considered in the remediation of Se-contaminated agricultural drainage water through bacterial reduction of soluble Se(VI) to insoluble Se(0). Bacillus sp. RS1 isolated from rice straw was assessed for its ability to use inexpensive molasses to reduce Se(VI) in agricultural drainage water containing NO3- levels of 0, 50, 100, 250, and 500 mg/L. The results showed that Se(VI) (1000 microg/L) was almost entirely reduced to Se(IV) (62.7%) and Se(0) (36.4%) by Bacillus sp. RS1 in synthetic agricultural drainage (SAD) water without the presence of NO3-. The reduction Se(VI) to Se(0) was limited in the SAD water with NO3- levels of 100, 250, and 500 mg/L. The addition of Dechloromonas sp., a NO3- reducer, to the SAD water not only increased NO3- removal, but also enhanced Se(VI) reduction by Bacillus sp. RS1. During an 8-day experiment, 98-99% of the added Se(VI) was reduced to Se(0) with small amounts of Se(IV) and Se(-II) in the SAD water containing 100 and 250 mg/L NO3-. The addition of Dechloromonas sp. HZ to the natural agricultural drainage water also significantly increased the reduction of Se(VI) (748 microg/L) by Bacillus sp. RS1, with a production of Se(0) (65%) and Se(-II) (32%). These results suggest that a combination of Bacillus sp. RS1 with Dechloromonas sp. HZ has great potential with the use of inexpensive molasses to remediate Se-contaminated agricultural drainage water containing relatively high NO3- levels.

Agriculture↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Nutritional enhancement of parasite control in small ruminant production systems in developing countries of South-East Asia and the Pacific.

Nutritional insufficiency and gastrointestinal nematode parasitism are major constraints to small ruminant production in south-east Asia and the Pacific Islands. Research on the effects of low cost supplements which supply nitrogen and essential minerals on the ability of small ruminants to resist infection is summarised. In controlled pen studies in young Merino sheep offered a low quality roughage diet of oaten chaff and essential minerals, supplementation with urea reduced the effects of parasitic infection by increasing weight gain and wool production and reducing faecal egg output and parasite burden. In Fiji, field studies have shown that supplementation with urea-molasses blocks can result in increased live-weights of lambs at weaning, increased reproduction rates in maiden ewes and reduction in faecal egg output in grazing sheep. Additional benefits were derived from the inclusion of anthelmintic in the blocks in similar groups of sheep particularly during periods of greater susceptibility to parasites. Pen studies with young goats have shown that urea supplements alone gave no production benefits, but when accompanied by 100 g/d of cotton seed meal beneficial responses were observed. It is expected that parasite control in the small ruminant production systems of developing countries in south-east Asia and the Pacific Islands will benefit from the introduction of low cost nitrogen supplements along with anthelmintic therapy delivered strategically by molasses blocks.

Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗

PubMed1998

The use of single cell gel electrophoresis and flow cytometry to identify antimutagens from commercial soybean by-products.

Single cell gel electrophoresis (alkaline Comet assay) and flow cytometric methods were combined into an assay that enables the analysis of direct DNA damage and longer-term whole cell clastogenicity in mammalian cells. We employed these techniques to analyze the antimutagenic activity of by-products of commercial soybean processing. At a concentration of 1 mg/ml, the soybean molasses by-product was found to repress 66% of the mutagenic capacity of the direct-acting mutagen 2-acetoxyacetylaminofluorene (2AAAF) in Chinese hamster lung (CHL) cells. At a concentration of 50 microg/ml, fraction PCC (an ethanol extract of soybean molasses) repressed 70% of the genotoxic potency of 500 nM 2AAAF as measured by the Comet assay. Fraction PCC was also effective in protecting CHL cells from 2AAAF-induced clastogenic damage. Using a forward mutation assay in Chinese hamster ovary cells (line AS52), PCC protected the cells against 2AAAF-induced cytotoxicity and point mutation at a specific gene target. These data indicate that agronomic crops such as soybean may yield a wealth of commercially available antimutagenic agents that may be suitable as chemoprotective food supplements.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Evaluation of TCDD biodegradability under different redox conditions.

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins have been generated as unwanted by-products in many industrial processes. Although their widespread distribution in different environmental compartments has been recognized, little is known about their fate in the ultimate environment sinks. The highly stable dioxin isomer 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) has been called the most toxic compound known to man. In this laboratory microcosm study, TCDD bioavailability was evaluated under five reduction/oxidation (redox) conditions including aerobic biodegradation, aerobic cometabolism, methanogenesis, iron reduction, and reductive dechlorination. Activated sludge and aquifer sediments from a TCDD and a pentachlorophenol (PCP) contaminated site were used as the inocula. Acetate, sludge cake, and cane molasses were used as the primary substrates (carbon sources) in cometabolism and reductive dechlorination microcosms. After a 90-day incubation period, microcosms constructed under reductive dechlorination conditions were the only treatment showing promising remediation results. The highest TCDD degradation rate [up to 86% of TCDD removal (with an initial concentration of 96 microg/kg of soil)] was observed in the microcosms with anaerobic activated sludge as the microbial inocula and sludge cakes as the primary substrates. Except for reductive dechlorination microcosms, no significant TCDD removal was observed in the microcosms prepared under other conditions. Thus, application of an effective primary substrate to enhance the reductive dechlorination process is a feasible method for TCDD bioremediation. Bioremediation expense can be significantly reduced by the supplement of some less expensive alternative substrates (e.g., sludge cakes, cane molasses). Results would be useful in designing a scale-up in situ or on-site bioremediation system such as bioslurry reactor for field application.

Bacteria, Aerobic↗

PubMed2002

Postpartum anoestrus is reduced by increasing the within-day milking to suckling interval in dual purpose cows.

In the dual purpose milk/beef production system practised in Mexico, the cows are milked once a day in the presence of the calf and then the calf suckles for the next 1-8 h. It was hypothesised that the imposition of milking and suckling in close succession contributes to the long postpartum anoestrous periods experienced by cows in this system. Therefore, separating these two inhibiting factors, by delaying the start of suckling after milking would lower the impact on the hypothalamus-hypophysial axis and allow it to recover more readily. This hypothesis was tested in two experiments using Bostaurus x Bosindicus cows which weighed 541.3 +/- 12.7 kg (mean +/- S.E.M.; experiment 1) and 537.8 +/- 10.6 kg (experiment 2) and had a body condition score of 5-6 (scale 1-9) at calving. The cows and calves were maintained on separate pastures and the cows were offered concentrate supplements. Experiment 1 was conducted in the dry season and cows were offered a daily supplement of 3 kg of 17% crude protein (CP) concentrates plus 1 kg molasses per cow. Experiment 2 was conducted during the wet season and the nutritional supplement consisted of only 1 kg of 17% CP plus 1 kg molasses per cow per day. Each experiment lasted for the first 100 days postpartum and the cows were not mated during this time. Cows were hand-milked once a day in the presence of the calf to stimulate milk let-down. In experiment 1, 30 multiparous cows were assigned at random by date of calving, to one of three treatments: controlled suckling (CS; n = 10), delayed suckling (DS; n = 10) and prolonged delayed suckling (PDS; n = 10). The suckling period on all treatments lasted for 2 h and started at 0 h (CS), 4 h (DS) or 8 h (PDS) after milking. In experiment, 34 multiparous cows were assigned at random to three treatments: CS (n = 11), PDS (n = 11) or prolonged delayed short suckling (PDSS; n = 12), in this last treatment the suckling period was reduced to only 30 min. In both experiments, one quarter of the udder of cows on treatment CS was not milked but all the udder was milked on the other treatments. Body weights of cows and calves and cow milk yields were recorded. Weekly blood samples were collected for plasma progesterone assay to detect the first postpartum corpus luteum. Data were analysed by ANOVA and chi-square test. Cows in experiment 1 had similar weight changes during the first 100 days postpartum. Milk production was higher for DS (8.0 +/- 0.7 kg per day) and PDS (7.0 +/- 0.5 kg per day) cows than for CS (5.2 +/- 0.7 kg per day) cows (P < 0.01). Calf daily gain was greater (P < 0.05) for PDS (827 +/- 35 g per day), than CS (702 +/- 26 g per day) or DS (715 +/- 29 g per day). The proportion of cows ovulating during the first 100 days postpartum were 50.0, 70.0 and 100.0%, for CS, DS and PDS, respectively (P < 0.05). The intervals from calving to first significant rise in progesterone were 70.4 +/- 1.6, 72.1 +/- 1.3 and 64.6 +/- 1.5 days for CS, DS and PDS (P > 0.05), respectively. In experiment 2, cow body weight during the first 100 days postpartum did not differ between treatments. Milk production was not significantly different between CS (7.3 +/- 1.0 kg per day) and PDSS (6.8 +/- 1.0 kg per day), but was higher (P < 0.05) for CS than PDS (5.2 +/- 1.0 kg per day). Calf daily gain was lower for CS (576 +/- 31 g per day; P < 0.05) than PDS (779 +/- 38 g per day) and PDSS (780 +/- 20 g per day). The proportion of cows ovulating was higher (P < 0.05) for treatments PDS (100%) and CS (81.8%) than PDSS (50%). Calving to first ovulation interval was shorter (P < 0.05) for PDS (57.3 +/- 4.5 days) and PDSS (49.7 +/- 3.0 days) cows than CS (72.1 +/- 3.5 days) cows. It is concluded that delaying suckling for 8 h after milking, increases the proportion of cows ovulating within 100 days of calving, shortened the calving to first ovulation interval and improved calf performance without adversely affecting cow milk yield or body weight change.

Anestrus↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of varying media, temperature, and growth rates on the intracellular concentrations of yeast amino acids.

Variations of the yeast free amino acid pool under different culture conditions were studied in two Saccharomyces strains, the laboratory haploid strain S288C and the industrial fermentative yeast IFI256. The internal amino acid pool of both strains was measured when grown in laboratory (minimal and complete) versus semiindustrial (molasses with or without added biotin and/or diammonium phosphate) media, in fermentable (glucose, fructose, sucrose) versus respirable (glycerol) carbon sources, in different temperatures (22, 30, and 37 degrees C), pHs (2.0-4.75), and growth rates (0.018-0.24 h-1) in continuous culture, and at different phases of the growth curve in batch culture (lag, exponential, early and late stationary). Results indicated that environmental conditions, particularly the presence of amino acids in the media, enormously influenced the intracellular amino acid concentration. Higher values were detected in molasses than in laboratory media and in fermentable carbon sources (glucose, fructose, sucrose) than in glycerol. Variations in the amino acid pool along the growth curve were greater at 37 degrees C than at other temperatures; in all cases, the highest values were measured at the beginning of the exponential phase. In continuous culture and at different growth rates, intracellular free amino acid concentrations increased by 3-10-fold when the growth rate was lower than 0.05 h-1, representing 20-35% of the total (free plus protein) amino acid content and indicating that amino acid yield was a partly growth-linked parameter.

Amino Acids↗

PubMed2004

In situ metal precipitation in a zinc-contaminated, aerobic sandy aquifer by means of biological sulfate reduction.

The applicability of in situ metal precipitation (ISMP) based on bacterial sulfate reduction (BSR) with molasses as carbon source was tested for the immobilization of a zinc plume in an aquifer with highly unsuitable initial conditions (high Eh, low pH, low organic matter content, and low sulfate concentrations), using deep wells for substrate injection. Batch experiments revealed an optimal molasses concentration range of 1-5 g/L and demonstrated the necessity of adding a specific growth medium to the groundwater. Without this growth medium, even sulfate, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium addition combined with pH optimization could not trigger biological sulfate reduction. In column experiments, precipitation of ZnS(s) was induced biologically as well as chemically (by adding Na2S). In both systems, zinc concentrations dropped from about 30 mg/L to below 0.02 mg/L. After termination of substrate addition the biological system showed continuation of BSR for at least 2 months, suggesting the insensitivity of the sulfate reducing system for short stagnations of nutrient supply, whereas in the chemical system an immediate increase of Zn concentrations was observed. A pilot experiment conducted in situ at the zinc-contaminated site showed a reduction of zinc concentrations from around 40 mg/L to below 0.01 mg/L. Termination of substrate supply did not result in an immediate stagnation of the BSR process, but continuation of BSR was observed for at least 5 weeks.

Aerobiosis↗

PubMed2006

Removal of selenate in river and drainage waters by Citrobacter braakii enhanced with zero-valent iron.

A cost-effective remediation method is needed to remove selenium (Se) from Se-contaminated water. In this study, a selenate [Se(VI)]-reducing bacterium, Citrobacter braakii, that is capable of using molasses as a carbon source to reduce Se(VI) from natural river and drainage waters was isolated. During an 8-day experiment, 87-97% of the added Se(VI) in New River water and White River water, California, was reduced to elemental Se [Se(0)] or transformed to organic Se. In highly saline drainage water, removal of Se(VI) by C. braakii was limited, with 20% Se(VI) removal in a 7-day experiment. Addition of zero-valent iron (ZVI) into these waters along with C. braakii inoculation significantly enhanced the removal of Se(VI) and reduced the formation of organic Se. This study suggests that the combination of a bacterial treatment using inexpensive molasses and ZVI can effectively remove Se from natural river water and agricultural drainage waters.

Citrobacter↗

PubMed2006

Comparison of the concentrations of phenolic constituents in cane sugar manufacturing products with their antioxidant activities.

Polyphenol content and free radical scavenging capacity of seven kinds of sugar manufacturing products (A sugars, clear juices, syrups, massecuite, and A, B, and C molasses) were studied. Seventy-two samples were collected at different stages of the process during two sugar harvests from a local sugar factory (Bois-Rouge, La Réunion). The total phenolic content of sugar products was determined according to the Folin-Ciocalteu assay. Polyphenols of sugar products were extracted with ethyl acetate and quantified by LC-UV-ESI-MS during all of the process. ABTS and DPPH assays were applied to aqueous solution of sugar products, which exhibited interesting free radical scavenging activity. Comparatively, ethyl acetate extracts exhibited higher antioxidant activity. Multivariate analyses (principal component analysis and canonical discriminant analysis) demonstrated a significant correlation between polyphenols and antioxidant activity. Moreover, it was observed that the sugar process results in an increase of the phenolic content and the free radical scavenging capacity of the different products. These products and especially molasses proved to be a rich source of natural antioxidants and may represent an interesting alternative to synthetic food antioxidants.

Antioxidants↗

PubMed2006

Processing of soybean products by semipurified plant and microbial alpha-galactosidases.

Galactooligosaccharides (GO) are responsible for intestinal disturbances following ingestion of legume-derived products. Enzymatic reduction of GO level in these products is highly desirable to improve their acceptance. For this purpose, plant and microbial semipurified alpha-galactosidases were used for GO hydrolysis in soybean flour and soy molasses. alpha-Galactosidases from soybean germinating seeds, Aspergillus terreus, and Penicillium griseoroseum presented maximal activities at pH 4.0-5.0 and 45-65 degrees C. The KM,app values determined for raffinose by the soybean, A. terreus, and P. griseoroseum alpha-galactosidases were 3.44, 19.39, and 20.67 mM, respectively. The enzymes were completely inhibited by Ag+ and Hg2+, whereas only soybean enzyme was inhibited by galactose. A. terreus alpha-galactosidase was more thermostable than the enzymes from the other two sources. This enzyme maintained about 100% of its original activity after 3 h at 60 C. The microbial alpha-galactosidases were more efficient for reducing GO in soybean flour and soy molasses than soybean enzyme.

Aspergillus↗

PubMed1999

Enhanced organically bound selenium yeast production by fed-batch fermentation.

This study describes a fed-batch fermentation protocol for enhanced production of Saccharomyces cerevisiae containing organically bound selenium. Two levels of sodium selenate concentrations were applied as either a single dose or continuous addition. Fermentations with high sodium selenate (63.2 g/L in cane molasses feeding medium) demonstrated 24 g/L of biomass with 1382 microg of selenium/g of dry biomass for single-dose addition and 40 g/L of biomass with 1491 microg of selenium/g of dry biomass for continuous addition. Low selenium concentration (31.6 g/L in cane molasses feeding medium) demonstrated higher biomass concentration with higher selenium level; 37 g/L of biomass with 2846 microg of selenium/g of dry biomass and 45 g/L of biomass with 2495 microg of selenium/g of dry biomass for single-dose and continuous addition, respectively. Also, two adapted S. cerevisiae strains were evaluated in fed-batch fermentation. A single dose of low concentration demonstrated >3000 microg of selenium/g of dry biomass, but biomass concentration was lower (< or =32 g/L) for these adapted strains.

Arsenicals↗

PubMed2003

Bioremediation of metal contamination.

A study was initiated to evaluate the use of the fungus Aspergillus niger for bioleaching and then to determine the effect of process steps, the tailings concentration and type of substrate. An oxidized mining tailing containing mainly copper (7240 mg kg(-1) tailings) was studied. A sucrose and mineral salts medium was initially used to produce citric and gluconic acids by A. niger at various concentrations of tailings ( 1, 5, 7, 10 and 15% w/v). Maximal removal of up to 60% of the copper was obtained for the 5% tailings when the organic acid supernatant was added to the tailings. In a single step process, A. niger was then grown in the presence of mining tailings at various concentrations. Maximum copper solubilization (63%) occurred with 10% mining tailings using sucrose as the substrate. Other substrates were then evaluated including molasses, corn cobs and brewery waste (10% mining tailings). Sucrose gave the best results for copper removal, followed by molasses, corn cobs and brewery waste. Other experiments using ultrasound as a pretreatment showed that 80% removal of the copper could be obtained for a 5% tailings concentration. In conclusion, leaching of copper from mining tailings is technically feasible using A. niger but further research will be required to increase the economic feasibility of the process.

Aspergillus niger↗

PubMed2001

Investigation of mechanisms for the reductive dechlorination of chlorinated ethylenes using electroanalytical techniques.

Chlorinated ethenes in the environment can dechlorinate by accepting electrons from electron donors fortuitously found in nature under a wide range of conditions in the sub-surface by both abiotic and biotic pathways. A source of electron donors is a range of dehalorespiratory bacteria, in which Co(I) in vitamin B12, in the presence of strong reductants such as Ti(III) citrate, aids dehalogenation. In this work we investigated a range of reducing conditions using electron donors of varying strengths and proposed mechanisms for dechlorination. Initially, the reducing abilities of one of the strongest electron donors known, tetrakis(dimethylamino)ethylene (TDAE), was studied. Subsequently, the reducing ability of a cobalt salt under reducing conditions was examined. Molasses was used as a source of hydrogen. The reactions were followed using electrochemistry, UV-Vis spectroscopy and ion chromatography. TDAE was found to form adducts with tetrachloroethylene and trans-dichloroethylene and to reduce trichloroethylene and cis-dichloroethylene very rapidly. On application of a negative potential, cobalt, in the presence of molasses, was also found to dechlorinate trichloroethylene rapidly. Dechlorination of PCE was considerably slower.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2003

Optimization of growth conditions of the postharvest biocontrol agent Candida sake CPA-1 in a lab-scale fermenter.

AIM: To maximize the growth (expressed as number of viable cells per millilitre) of the postharvest biocontrol agent Candida sake CPA(-1) at laboratory scale conditions. METHODS AND RESULTS: Growth conditons (aeration, agitation speed and inoculum size) were studied in batch conditions in a 5 l fermenter using molasses and urea as growth medium. Consumption of sugars and urea were analysed. Fed-batch studies were also carried out. Glucose and fructose were consumed during the exponential growth phase and were depleted after 18 h of growth. On the contrary, C. sake cells assimilated sucrose during the stationary phase. There was not growth improvement when fed-batch technology was used. Addition of an extra amount of glucose or molasses after 18 h of growth did not contribute to increase final population. CONCLUSIONS: Maximum growth (about 8 x 10(8 )CFU ml(-1)) was obtained at batch fermentation after 30 h growth at 400 rev min(-1), 150 l h(-1) of air and initial concentration of 106 CFU ml(-1). SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The results obtained in this study are an approach for further upscaling of C. sake production.

Air↗

PubMed2005

Fragmentation channels of large multicharged clusters.

We address unifying features of fragmentation channels driven by long-range Coulomb or pseudo-Coulomb forces in clusters, nuclei, droplets, and optical molasses. We studied the energetics, fragmentation patterns, and dynamics of multicharged (A+)n (n=55, 135, 321) clusters. In Morse clusters the variation of the range of the pair-potential induced changes in the cluster surface energy and in the fissibility parameter X=E(Coulomb)2E(surface). X was varied in the range of X=1-8 for short-range interactions and of X=0.1-1.0 for long-range interactions. Metastable cluster configurations were prepared by vertical ionization of the neutral clusters and by subsequent structural equilibration. The energetics of these metastable ionic clusters was described in terms of the liquid drop model, with the coefficients of the volume and surface energies depending linearly on the Morse band dissociation energy. Molecular-dynamics simulations established two distinct fragmentation patterns of multicharged clusters that involve cluster fission into a small number of large, multicharged clusters for X<1 and Coulomb explosion into a large number of individual ions and small ionic fragments for X>1. The Rayleigh instability limit X=1 separates between spatially anisotropic fission and spatially isotropic Coulomb explosion. Distinct features of the fragmentation energetics and dynamics were unveiled. For fission of n=55 clusters, large kinetic and internal energies of the large fragments are exhibited and the characteristic fragmentation time is approximately 700 fs, while for Coulomb explosion the major energy content of the small fragments involves kinetic energy and the characteristic fragmentation time of approximately 300 fs is shorter. The Rayleigh (X=1) limit, leading to isotropic Coulomb explosion, is transcended by a marked enhancement of the Coulomb energy, which is realized for extremely ionized clusters in ultraintense laser fields, or by a dramatic reduction of the surface energy as is the case for the expansion of optical molasses.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1984

Determination of trace elements of Egyptian cane sugar (Naga Hammady factories) by neutron activation, atomic absorption spectrophotometric and inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometric analyses.

INAA, AAS and ICP-AES techniques are applied to the determination of trace amounts of Ag, Al, As, Au, Ba, Br, Ca, Cd, Ce, Cl, Co, Cr, Cs, Cu, Dy, Eu, Fe, Ga, Hf, K, La, Li, Lu, Mg, Mn, Na, Nb, Ni, Pb, Sb, Sc, Se, Sm, Sn, Sr, Ta, Th, Ti, U, V, W and Zn in the stalks of sugar cane plant after extracting juice, raw juice principal (mixed) juice, juice withdrawn from the successive stages of sugar industry, sirup, deposits from evaporators, molasse, A-? and B-sugar and in the soil samples (collected from the field supplying the factories by cane plants) taken from the immediate vicinity of the plant roots at surface, 30 and 60 cm depth. The results obtained are in a good agreement of the safety baselines of using juice as beverage, molasse derivatives (honey, sweets, ...) as diet for common people in the developed countries and in industry (methanol, ethanol, acetone & acetic acid, ...) and sugar sweeting for many purposes (in beverages, desserts, ...). Differences of trace elements concentrations in soil samples may be reasoned to geochemical and biogeochemical fractionation while those in juice may be due to the changes in the environmental conditions, chemical composition and botanic structures. Variations in trace element contents in the products formed during the successive stages of sugar industry may be a result of evaporation, filtration processes, chemical treatments or corrosion of vessels, containers or engines. Trace elements are very important where they are responsible for enzymatic and biochemical reactions, matabolism, health and diseases.

Carbohydrates↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Studies on in vitro degradation and in vivo digestion of a slow ammonia releasing urea product.

a slow ammonia releasing urea product (Uromalt) has been produced by autoclaving and drying of germinated barley and urea. In vitro degradability of nitrogen (IVDN, Raab et al., 1983) was in average 62 +/- 9% in 4 hours, compared to 76 +/- 8% with an autoclaved and dried mixture of urea and not-germinated barley. Mixtures of urea with Leucaena l. or Azadarichta indica (Neem cake) showed degradabilities of about 80 and 93%, respectively, when dried at 39 degrees C, but of 65% when dried at 100 degrees C. For comparison, degradabilities of proteins of ground nut, guar, sunflower, mustard, rape and sesame cake/meal have been determined. When growing lambs were fed a ration containing 15% Uromalt, faecal N-excretion was significantly higher on the expense of urinary N-excretion, compared with groups fed isonitrogenous rations containing soya bean meal with or without urea and molasses. N-retention was not significantly affected. It is concluded that this slow ammonia releasing urea product can be used in cases where molasses or other feedingstuffs rich in rapidly fermentable carbohydrates are not available.

Ammonia↗

PubMed1990

[Ergosterol as a measure for fungal growth in feed. 2. Ergosterol content of mixed feed components and mixed feed].

Ergosterol was determined as a chemical indicator of fungal biomass in commodities which were used for the production of mixed feeds. It was found in all samples of each of the following components (content in mg/kg DM): Wheat (2.6 +/- 1.0), low grade wheat flour (fibre less than or equal to 3.5%) (17.3 +/- 9.1), wheat semolina bran (fibre less than or equal to 10%) (29.4 +/- 16.8), wheat bran (35.2 +/- 9.4), grain corn (1.0 +/- 0.6), corn gluten feed (7.8 +/- 3.0), corn gluten (10.3 +/- 5.0), maize germ meal (8.0 +/- 2.0), barley (3.1 +/- 1.1), malt sprouts (40.6 +/- 15.9), broad beans (0.6 +/- 0.3), peas (summer varieties, white flowering) (2.2 +/- 1.0), soya flakes (2.2 +/- 0.9), soya meal (1.1 +/- 0.7), sunflower meal (5.0 +/- 2.4), copra meal/expeller (9.1 +/- 1.6), palm kernel meal (12.6 +/- 11.0), rapeseed meal (2.6 +/- 0.8), linseed meal (3.2 +/- 1.6), manioc meal (8.3 +/- 2.7), beet pulp, dried (1.6 +/- 0.3), beet pulp with molasses (2.2 +/- 0.9), alfalfa meal (37.8 +/- 10.4), grass meal (62.4 +/- 37.0). Ergosterol was not found in molasses, citrus pulp, carcass meal, meat-and-bone-meal, skim milk powder, whey powder, fish meal (2 of 3 samples), mineral components, vitamin mixtures and other additives. Differences in ergosterol contents are discussed. With four mixed feeds it was demonstrated that the ergosterol content determined chemically in the mixture is in good accordance with the value calculated from the ergosterol content of the components and their percentage in the mixture.

Animal Feed↗