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At least 433 records · Page 24Linked to original sources

PubMed1993

Levels of five mycotoxins in grains harvested in Atlantic Canada as measured by high performance liquid chromatography.

An analytical protocol using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to analyze samples of spring wheat, winter wheat, 2-row barley, and 6-row barley over a period of three years for the presence of five mycotoxins. These included deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, and diacetoxyscirpenol. The protocol employed a single extraction step using acetonitrile-water and two cleanup procedures. One utilized a solid-phase extraction column and the other a charcoal-alumina column. Detection limits ranged from 0.02 to 0.15 micrograms of mycotoxin g-1 grain. Little T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, or diacetoxyscirpenol was found in the samples. Deoxynivalenol was detected in 53 to 62% of the samples tested and zearalenone in 25-29% of the samples. Several enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were used for comparison purposes with deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, and T-2 toxin. These kits provided reliable qualitative, but not quantitative, data.

Canada↗

PubMed1978

[Introduction in mycotoxin problems (author's transl)].

In Part I the occurrence of mycotoxins is discussed in general terms with emphasis on how they originate in the food, taking full account of presence as secondary contaminants. Further discussions emphasize the occurrence of aflatoxin in foods with a detailed table containing 106 references. Finally, the discussion goes into the factors which influence the formation of mycotoxins and the consequences for the consumer. Part II is concerned with problems in sampling foods with aflatoxin. Difficulties in sampling arise from the different levels of aflatoxins present and from their instability in foods. Based on proposals of different investigators, sample quantities of more than 1 kg are recommended. Regulatory agencies expect concrete plans for statistical evaluation similar to those used for determination of salmonellae. It is particularly important that a solution should be found for the sampling of packaged foods so that a fair and reliable control is possible.

Aflatoxins↗

PubMed1985

Alternariol, a dibenzopyrone mycotoxin of Alternaria spp., is a new photosensitizing and DNA cross-linking agent.

The mycotoxin alternariol (3,4',5-trihydroxy-6'-methyldibenzo [a] pyrone) but not alternariol monomethyl ether (3,4'-dihydroxy-5-methoxy-6'-methyldibenzo [a] pyrone) is phototoxic to Escherichia coli in the presence of near UV light (320-400 nm). The phototoxicity bioassays with a DNA repair-deficient mutant of E. coli suggested that DNA may be the molecular target for photo-induced toxicity of alternariol. Interactions between alternariol and double-stranded, supercoiled DNA suggest that alternariol interacts with DNA by intercalation. No DNA breakage was detected in this system; however, alternariol forms a complex and cross-links double-stranded DNA in near UV light. These results suggest that alternariol is a new phototoxic, DNA-intercalating agent and is a DNA cross-linking mycotoxin in near UV light.

Chemical Phenomena↗

PubMed2001

The prevalence of mycotoxins in Kashin-Beck disease.

Mycotoxins are naturally occurring toxic chemical compounds produced by fungi infesting agricultural crops both during their growth and storage. Such secondary metabolites, when ingested, can produce toxic syndromes in humans. As it has been suggested that mycotoxins might be involved in the development of Kashin-Beck disease (KBD), we undertook a survey of barley grains of KBD-affected families and non-affected families in that country. We found, by thin layer chromatography, a hitherto unknown metabolite of Alternaria sp. This was especially common on the barley grains of KBD-affected families.

Alternaria↗

PubMed2006

Host-specific variation in infection by toxigenic fungi and contamination by mycotoxins in pearl millet and corn.

Pearl millet is widely consumed in regions of Africa and Asia, and is increasingly being grown as an alternative grain in drought-prone regions of the United States. Pearl millet and corn were grown in dryland conditions at Tifton, Georgia, USA and grains were compared for pre-harvest infection by potentially toxigenic fungi and contamination by mycotoxins. Corn hybrids Agripro 9909 and Pioneer 3146, and pearl millet Tifgrain 102 were grown in 2000 and 2001; pearl millet HGM 100 was included in the test in 2001. Hybrids were sown on multiple planting dates in each year to induce variation in flowering time. Host species differed in the frequency of isolation of potentially toxigenic fungal species in both years. Across years, corn hybrids were more prone to infection by Aspergillus flavus Link (maximum isolation frequency = 8.8%) and Fusarium moniliforme Sheldon sensu lato (maximum isolation frequency = 72.8%), with corresponding greater concentrations of aflatoxins (maximum concentration = 204.9 microg kg(-1)) and fumonisins (maximum concentration = 34,039 microg kg(-1)). Pearl millet was more prone to infection by F. semitectum Berk. & Ravenel (maximum isolation = 74.2%) and F. chlamydosporum Wollenweb & Reinking (maximum isolation = 33.0%), and contamination by moniliformin (maximum contamination = 92.1 microg kg(-1)). Beauvericin (maximum concentration = 414.6 microg kg(-1)) was present in both hosts. Planting date of corn affected aflatoxin and beauvericin contamination in 2000, and fumonisin concentration in 2001. The observed differences in mycotoxin contamination of the grains, which are likely due to host-specific differences in susceptibility to pre-harvest mycoflora, may affect food safety when the crops are grown under stress conditions.

Aflatoxins↗

PubMed2004

The effects of the Penicillium mycotoxins citrinin, cyclopiazonic acid, ochratoxin A, patulin, penicillic acid, and roquefortine C on in vitro proliferation of porcine lymphocytes.

The in vitro effect of each of the Penicillium mycotoxins citrinin (CIT), cyclopiazonic acid (CPA), ochratoxin A (OTA), patulin (PAT), penicillic acid (PIA) and roquefortine C (RQC) on mitogen induced lymphocyte proliferation was determined using purified lymphocytes from 6 piglets. Dose response curves for each mycotoxin were generated and the concentrations producing 50% inhibition of cell proliferation (IC(50)) were estimated. OTA and PAT were the most potent toxins with IC(50) of 1.3 and 1.2 micromol/l, respectively (0.52 and 0.18 mg/l, respectively). Based on molar concentrations, OTA was 15, 30, 40, and 65 times more potent as an inhibitor than PIA, CIT, CPA and RQC, respectively.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Natural occurrence of mycotoxins in staple cereals from Ethiopia.

The occurrence of mycotoxins in barley, sorghum, teff (Eragrostis tef) and wheat from Ethiopia has been studied. Samples were analyzed for aflatoxin B(1) (AFB1), ochratoxin A (OTA), deoxynivalenol (DON), nivalenol (NIV) and zearalenone (ZEN) using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and for fumonisins (FUM) using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). AFB1 and OTA were detected in samples of all the four crops. AFB1 was detected in 8.8% of the 352 samples analyzed at concentrations ranging from trace to 26 microg kg(-1). OTA occurred in 24.3% of 321 samples at a mean concentration of 54.1 microg kg(-1) and a maximum of 2106 microg kg(-1). DON occurred in barley, sorghum and wheat at 40-2340 microg kg(-1) with an overall incidence of 48.8% among the 84 mainly 'suspect' samples analyzed; NIV was co-analyzed with DON and was detected at 40 microg kg(-1) in a wheat sample and at 50, 380, and 490 microg kg(-1) in three sorghum samples. FUM and ZEN occurred only in sorghum samples with low frequencies at concentrations reaching 2117 and 32 microg kg(-1), respectively. The analytical results indicate higher mycotoxin contamination in sorghum, which could be related to the widespread storage of sorghum grain in underground pits leading to elevated seed moisture contents. This is the first report on the occurrence of OTA in teff.

Aflatoxin B1↗

PubMed2006

A review of rapid methods for the analysis of mycotoxins.

An overview is presented of the analysis of mycotoxins by rapid methods such as: enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA); flow through membrane based immunoassay; immunochromatographic assay; fluorometric assay with immunoaffinity clean-up column or with a solid phase extraction clean-up column; and fluorescence polarization method. These methods are currently commercially available and are reliable, rapid methods. This review focuses on the basic principle of each rapid method as well as advantages and limitations of each method. Additionally, we address other emerging technologies of potential application in the analysis of mycotoxins.

Chromatography, Affinity↗

PubMed1981

Effects of the mycotoxin botryodiplodin on mammalian cells in culture.

The effects of botryodiplodia, a mycotoxin synthesized by Botryodiplodia theobromae and by some strains of Penicillium roqueforti. The toxin inhibited cell multiplication in growing cultures at concentrations which were without toxic effect on cultures nearing or at confluence. In growing cultures the toxin affected DNA, RNA and protein synthesis, the effect on DNA synthesis being the greatest. The removal of mycotoxin from the culture medium brought about partial recovery of the synthetic activities of the cells. The implications of the results with respect of the recovery of DNA synthesis are discussed.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

Supercritical fluid chromatography of Fusarium mycotoxins.

Capillary- and packed-column supercritical fluid chromatography has been used for the separation of Fusarium mycotoxins of various structure types such as the trichothecenes including deoxynivalenol and its acetylated derivatives and T-2 toxin, as well as butenolide, culmorin, sambucinol and zearalenone. The effect of modifier concentration and column temperature and pressure was also studied. Retention indices based on alkylphenones were determined for these mycotoxins on two of the capillary columns employed.

Capillary Action↗

PubMed1994

Analysis of Fusarium mycotoxins by gas chromatography--Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.

The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra of selected Fusarium mycotoxins of various structure types were determined. Absorptions were observed for the following functionalities: hydroxyl at 3625-65 cm-1 and 3482 cm-1, the latter being associated with a 7 alpha-hydroxyl adjacent to an 8-carbonyl in keto trichothecenes; carbonyl at 1760-6 cm-1 for 5-membered rings and at 1695-8 cm-1 for those conjugated to a single C = C in a six-membered ring; acetate carbonyl at 1765 cm-1 and acetate C-O at 1220-9 cm-1; and C = C at 1680 cm-1. Gas chromatography combined with FTIR and mass spectrometry was applied to the identification of some mycotoxins in a F. roseum liquid culture extract.

Chromatography, Gas↗

PubMed1996

Determination of the Fusarium mycotoxin beauvericin at micrograms/kg levels in corn by high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection.

A method is described for the detection of the Fusarium mycotoxin beauvericin (BEA) in corn and corn meal. Spectral data obtained with a diode-array detector showed that the most sensitive wavelength for the detection of BEA is 192 nm. The detection limit for BEA was 50 micrograms/kg, which is an increase in sensitivity by a factor of at least twenty compared to previously published analytical methods for this mycotoxin.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗

PubMed1982

Ethylenediamine modified bovine serum albumin as protein carrier in the production of antibody against mycotoxins.

The efficiency of conjugation of mycotoxin derivatives containing a carboxylic group or other related functional groups to bovine serum albumin (BSA) by water soluble carbodiimide method, mixed anhydride method and reductive alkylation technique, improved considerably when a modified BSA was used in which the carboxylic groups in the protein were blocked by ethylenediamine (EDA). Due to the increased efficiency, smaller amounts of the haptens were satisfactory for conjugation to EDA-BSA as compared to amounts for the unmodified protein. The mycotoxin-EDA-BSA conjugates were shown to be highly immunogenic in rabbits.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

Comparison of in vitro and in vivo biological activity of mycotoxins.

In vitro assays developed to screen the cytotoxic activity of chemicals in murine (NIH/3T3) and bovine (BE 12-6) embryonic cells were used to determine the concentrations (microgram/ml) of mycotoxins which caused 50% lethality (LC50). Embryonic cells were seeded in 96 well plates, cultured for 72 hr with dilutions of each individual and combinations of mycotoxins, and stained and counted. Verrucarin A and roridin A had the strongest cytotoxic activity, and ergotamine tartrate was least toxic. Furthermore, results correlated with published values of in vivo activity, indicating this assay can be used for acute toxicity screening of compounds.

3T3 Cells↗

PubMed1978

Evaluation of the mutagenic potential of mycotoxins using Salmonella typhimurium and Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

The mutagenic effects of fiteen mycotoxins on Salmonella typhimurium strains TA1535, TA1537 and TA1538 and Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain D-3 were tested. Only aflatoxin B1 and sterigmatocystin were mutagenic. Both were active against S. typhimurium strain TA1538 and S. cerevisiae strain D-3; however, both required activation by the hepatic S-9 enzyme preparation. A positive correlation between the other mycotoxins reported to be carcinogenic and the two in vitro test systems employed was not demonstrated in our hands.

Aflatoxins↗

PubMed1980

Chromosomal analysis in bone-marrow cells of Chinese hamsters after treatment with mycotoxins.

Mycotoxins are ubiquitously occurring metabolites of moulds that grow on foodstuffs. They are able to cause toxic diseases in man and animals. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), aflatoxin G1 (AFG1) and platulin (PA) induce chromosomal damage in Chinese hamster bone-marrow cells. With respect to the number of induced aberrant mitoses the 3 mycotoxins can be ranked in the order PA greater than AFB1 greater than AFG1.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed1996

Mycotoxins in two Spanish cheese varieties.

Samples of cheeses naturally contaminated with moulds (12 samples of mouldy Manchego cheese and 10 of a naturally ripened blue cheese) were analysed for the presence of mycotoxins (aflatoxins BI and MI, sterigmatocystin, patulin, penicillic acid and mycophenolic acid in Manchego cheese, and mycophenolic acid and roquefortine in blue cheese). In addition, 24 Penicillium and Aspergillus strains isolated from the samples were assessed for their mycotoxigenicity. Four of Manchego cheese samples were positive to mycophenolic acid and one sample of blue cheese contained roquefortine. The rest of mycotoxins investigated were not found. One Aspergillus strain isolated from Manchego cheese showed the ability to produce aflatoxin MI. The rest of strains from these samples being no producers. In contrast, 7 out of 9 Penicillium (P. roqueforti) strains isolated from blue cheese were able to produce roquefortine, with one strain also producing mycophenolic acid.

Cheese↗

PubMed1994

Determination of the mycotoxin fumonisin B1 and identification of its partially hydrolysed metabolites in the faeces of non-human primates.

A method has been developed for the determination of fumonisin B1 (FB1) in the faeces of non-human primates (vervet monkeys). The animals were dosed with 14C-labelled FB1, and the radioactive compounds in faeces were recovered by repeated extractions with 0.1 M ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. The extracts were cleaned-up on a reversed-phase (C18) solid-phase extraction cartridge, and FB1 was determined by o-phthaldialdehyde derivatization and reversed-phase HPLC. The analytical method for the determination of FB1 in the faecal extracts was reproducible [2.6% relative standard deviation (RSD)] and accurate (recovery from spiked blank extracts of 93 +/- 2.9% RSD). Confirmation of the identification of FB1 in faeces was achieved using HPLC and thin-layer chromatography, which showed that the radioactivity extracted corresponded mainly to FB1 and a new metabolite with chromatographic properties similar to those of the mycotoxin. The new metabolite was identified by mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to be an equilibrium mixture of the two structural isomers of partially hydrolysed FB1, which are formed by hydrolysis of one of the ester groups of the mycotoxin.

Animals↗