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PubMed1992

Isolation and characterisation of Newcastle disease virus strain in a feral dove (Stigmatopelia senegalensis) in Nigeria.

An isolate of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) was obtained from a feral dove, (Stigmatopelia senegalensis). The isolate was shown to have a mean-death-time of 96 h and an intracerebral pathogenicity index of 0.10. It was immunogenic but not pathogenic for 6-week old chicks on experimental infection. Based on these observations the isolate was classified as a lentogenic strain. The role of such isolates of NDV from wild birds on the Nigerian poultry industry is discussed.

Animals↗

PubMed1983

Freedom of coccidial oocysts from Newcastle disease virus.

Oocysts were recovered from chickens experimentally infected with the Mukteswar strain of Newcastle disease virus and Eimeria acervulina or E tenella. Oocysts sterilised by sodium hypochlorite solution were washed, ruptured and inoculated into embryonating eggs which were examined after five days by the haemagglutination test for virus. All these tests were negative. Virus, initially detected with oocysts separated from faeces, was no longer present after sporulation in 2 per cent potassium bichromate. The B1 strain of virus survived for up to 30 hours in 2 per cent sodium hydroxide and 2 per cent potassium bichromate but was quickly destroyed by sodium hypochlorite (specific gravity 1.075).

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Pathogenesis of chicken-passaged Newcastle disease viruses isolated from chickens and wild and exotic birds.

The pathogenesis of six Newcastle disease virus (NDV) isolates recovered from chickens (Ckn-LBM and Ckn-Australia) and wild (Anhinga) and exotic (YN parrot, pheasant, and dove) birds was examined after the isolates had been passaged four times in domestic chickens. Groups of 10 4-wk-old specific-pathogen-free white leghorn chickens were inoculated intraconjunctivally with each one of the isolates. The infected birds were observed for clinical disease and were euthanatized and sampled at selected times from 12 hr to 14 days postinoculation or at death. Tissues were examined by histopathology, by immunohistochemistry (IHC) to detect viral nucleoprotein (IHC/NP), and by in situ hybridization to detect viral mRNA and were double labeled for apoptosis (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling ([TUNEL] or IHC/caspase-3) and viral nucleoprorein (IHC/NP). Birds infected with the three low virulence viruses (Ckn-LBM, YN parrot, and Ckn-Australia) did not develop clinical disease. Microscopic lesions were observed only at the inoculation site and in organs of the respiratory system. The detection of viral nucleoprotein (N) was restricted to the inoculation site. The pheasant and dove isolates were highly virulent for chickens with marked tropism for lymphoid tissues, confirmed by the presence of large numbers of cells positive for viral N protein and viral mRNA. Viral N protein was detected early in the cytoplasm of cells in the center of the splenic ellipsoids. The apoptosis assays (TUNEL and IHC/caspase-3) showed increased apoptosis in the splenic ellipsoids as well. Apparently, apoptosis is an important mechanism in lymphoid depletion during NDV infection.

Air Sacs↗

PubMed1989

Persistence of the V4 strain of Newcastle disease virus in an open-range flock of chickens.

The V4 strain of Newcastle disease virus was introduced into a small open range flock of bantam chickens, by dosing half the birds directly into the crop. As indicated by rises in titres of haemagglutination inhibition antibody, the virus spread to the uninoculated birds and persisted in the flock for two years, infecting chickens that were introduced by natural brooding and rearing. All new clutches of chicks seroconverted by 80 days of age, and the titres of adult birds showed a concurrent rise, suggesting that the chicks were amplifying the virus. The modes of spread and of persistence of the virus were not determined; although cloacal swabs were taken regularly, only one yielded virus. Antibody titres of the inoculated birds remained above the presumptive protective level of 3 (log2) for over a year, whereas the titres of birds infected by contact were generally less than 3.

Animal Husbandry↗

PubMed1986

Inhibition of lymphocyte mitogenesis in mice infected with Newcastle disease virus: viral interference with the interleukin system.

Spleen cells from mice infected with Newcastle disease virus (NDV) fail to proliferate when cultured with allogeneic cells or with concanavalin A (Con A). This failure is not due to impairment of interleukin-1 (IL-1) production or to a lack of accessory cell function as stimulator cells from NDV-infected mice induce DNA synthesis in the mixed lymphocyte reaction. However, spleen cells from NDV-infected mice fail to produce detectable amounts of interleukin-2 (IL-2) when stimulated with mitogenic doses of Con A and do not respond to exogenous IL-2-containing preparations. Furthermore, absorption experiments suggest that cells from NDV-infected mice fail to bind appreciable amounts of exogenous IL-2. All these events seem to be infection-dependent, as cells from mice injected with ultraviolet-inactivated NDV (UV-NDV) behave normally.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

Protection of broilers against Newcastle disease by hyperimmunisation of the dams.

A flock of broiler parents was hyperimmunised against Newcastle disease (ND) by subcutaneous injection of an experimental high-potency inactivated oil emulsion (IOE) vaccine in order to achieve high and long-lasting passive protection in broilers. During the egg production period mean log2 HI ND titre of the parents slowly decreased from 11.6 at 26 weeks of age to 10.0 at 53 weeks of age. Titres of day-old progeny paralleled those of their parents. Mean protection of broilers against mortality following challenge with Herts 33 virus at the ages of 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks was 86%, 73%, 54% and 44%, respectively. As compared with the current Dutch situation, application of the high-potency IOE vaccine will significantly increase antibody titres in parent flocks and the level and duration of passive protection in broilers. It is concluded that passive ND protection of broilers by hyperimmunisation of the dams is realisable from an economic point of view and is suitable for low-risk areas.

Animals↗

PubMed1982

Comparison of electrocardiograms of chickens infected with viscerotropic velogenic Newcastle disease virus and virulent avian influenza virus.

Electrocardiograms of chickens infected with viscerotropic velogenic Newcastle disease virus (NDV) or virulent avian influenza virus (AIV) were characterized and compared. The ECG were monitored by radiotelemetry and were recorded twice daily before virus infection and during the course of the infection. Thirteen lead II intervals, segments, and amplitudes were measured and analyzed. The ECG of NDV-infected chickens were characterized by lengthened (P less than or equal to 0.05) ST segments and increased (P less than or equal to 0.05) P amplitudes. The ECG of AIV-infected chickens were characterized by lengthened (P less than or equal to 0.05) RS intervals, ST segments, TP intervals, and PR segments and by increased (P less than or equal to 0.05) P amplitudes. The TP intervals and PR segments of ECG of AIV-infected chickens were significantly (P less than or equal to 0.05) longer than those of NDV-infected chickens. The pronounced conduction delays indicated in the ECG of AIV-infected chickens may have diagnostic importance.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

Vietnamese trials with a thermostable Newcastle disease vaccine (strain I2) in experimental and village chickens.

The Australian I2 strain of Newcastle disease virus was tested as a vaccine in the laboratory and in Vietnamese villages. The infectivity litre of lyophilised vaccine fell less than 1 log10 unit on storage for 6 days at 26-32 degrees C. Vaccine stored at similar temperatures induced high levels of immunity in laboratory chickens after storage for 17 days and in village chickens after storage for 21 days. I2 vaccine protected for at least 24 weeks after vaccination, and for 16 weeks after application in drinking water. Under laboratory conditions, I2 vaccine given by eye drop spread by contact to unvaccinated chickens, inducing in them both an antibody response and protective immunity. In villages, chickens vaccinated by eye drop, chickens receiving vaccine on food and chickens in contact with vaccinated chickens all resisted artificial challenge 6 weeks after vaccination. There were no adverse reactions to vaccination. Strain I2 was judged to be thermostable, avirulent and immunogenic, and suitable for use as a vaccine under village conditions.

Animals↗

PubMed1976

Comparative electrophoresis of the 18-22S RNAs of Newcastle disease virus.

Between 80 and 90% of the 18-22S Newcastle disease virus intracellular RNA molecules contain poly(A) sequences. Electrophoresis of the 18S RNA in formamide-polyacrylamide gels resolves five species resolved by electrophoresis in aqueous gels. Thus, these five RNA species are probably unique size classes of RNA and not different conformations of the same RNAs. They are of sufficient size to code for the five smaller Newcastle disease virus proteins, and their combined molecular weights represent 60% of the viral genome-a value identical to that obtained by annealing 18-22S RNA with genome RNA. Formamide or heat treatment of the 22S RNA converts most of it into species with migration rates similar to those of the 18S species. Thus, the 22S RNA may not contain unique RNA species.

Chromatography, Gel↗

PubMed1981

Comparative immune response from vaccinating chickens with lentogenic Newcastle disease virus strains.

The immune response of chickens to 11 isolates of LaSota strain Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and to 7 isolates of B1 strain NDV was studied in specific-pathogen-free chickens. Most of the vaccine strains were from commercial vaccine producers. Comparison of immunogenicity were made of these vaccines; five other lentogenic NDV strains, not used commercially, were also evaluated. From the criteria of hemagglutination inhibition (HI) and virus serum (VN) neutralizing titers, differences were observed with certain isolates within the LaSota and B1 vaccine groups. Whereas the majority of vaccine strains fell within a predictable range, some proved considerably less in their ability to engender expected titers. Two-to threefold differences in titers were observed with some of the strains compared. Two cloned LaSota NDV strains did not compare favorably, or with expected higher titers, with uncloned or conventional LaSota strain virus isolates. Similarly, certain B1 and LaSota strains passaged in chickens did not demonstrate a greater immunogenic potential over conventional, commercial vaccines of similar strain designation but not passaged in chickens. Whereas none of the NDV strains demonstrated evidence of neurotropism or lethality, postvaccination respiratory reactions were difficult, if not impossible, to evaluate in laboratory isolation units. The complexity of selecting ND vaccines for field use is discussed briefly.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Biological and molecular characterization of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) field isolates with comparisons to reference NDV strains.

Fifty-seven Newcastle disease virus (NDV) isolates from chickens, turkeys, a rhea, a parrot, and an anhinga were pathotyped and characterized by monoclonal antibody (mAb) inhibition profile, elution rate, and hemagglutinin thermostability. Nucleotide sequence analysis of portions of the fusion protein and matrix protein genes of the parrot isolate was done for comparison with prior sequence analysis of the anhinga isolate and NDV reference strains. Seven of the 43 chicken isolates were recovered from flocks in Canada. The remaining isolates, including 11 from turkeys, were isolated in the United States. All isolates except that of the anhinga were of low virulence by mean death time in embryos, intracerebral pathogenicity index, and/or intravenous pathogenicity index procedures and were classified as lentogens. The anhinga isolate was more virulent than the other strains and was pathotyped as a mesogen. However, nucleotide sequence analysis of the anhinga isolate had revealed a homology with the virulent cormorant isolates of 1992 rather than the classical U.S. mesogens characterized by the Roakin strain. Variability was evident among the lentogenic isolates. Two isolates from turkeys had mAb profiles that differed from B1 and La Sota reference and vaccine strains, and 38% (21/56) of the isolates had more thermostable hemagglutinins than those reference strains. There was no evidence that any of the isolates from poultry were more virulent than the lentogenic pathotype.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Pathogenesis of six pigeon-origin isolates of Newcastle disease virus for domestic chickens.

The pathogenesis of six pigeon-origin isolates of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) was investigated in chickens. Four isolates were previously defined as the variant pigeon paramyxovirus 1 (PPMV-1), and two isolates were classified as avian paramyxovirus 1 (APMV-1). Birds inoculated with PPMV-1 isolates were euthanatized, and tissue samples were collected at 2, 5, and 10 days postinoculation (DPI). Birds inoculated with APMV-1 isolates died or were euthanatized, and tissue samples were collected at 2, 4, and 5 DPI. Tissues were examined by histopathology, immunohistochemistry (IHC) for the presence of NDV nucleoprotein, and in situ hybridization (ISH) for the presence of viral mRNA for the matrix gene. Spleen sections were stained by the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling (TUNEL) assay and by IHC using an anti-active caspase-3 antibody (IHC-Casp) to detect apoptotic cells. Brain sections of PPMV-1-infected birds were examined by IHC to detect T and B lymphocytes and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Histologically, birds inoculated with PPMV-1 isolates had marked lesions in the heart and brain. Presence of viral nucleoprotein and viral mRNA in the affected tissues was confirmed by IHC and ISH, respectively. Numerous reactive astrocytes were observed in brain sections stained for GFAP Among all the isolates, the IHC-Casp demonstrated that apoptosis was very prominent in the ellipsoid-associated cells of the spleen at 2 DPI. Results of the TUNEL assay indicated that apoptotic cells were prominent at 5 DPI and were more randomly distributed. The clinical signs and gross and histopathologic changes observed in the APMV-1-infected birds were characteristic of an extensive infection with highly virulent NDV evident by IHC.

Animals↗

PubMed1977

Reactivation of Newcastle Disease Virus Neutralized by Antibody.

In an effort to improve current technology for detection of Newcastle disease virus in convalescent birds, a procedure has been developed for efficient reactivation of virus that has been neutralized by antibody. The reactivation capabilities of fluorocarbon treatment, ultrasonic treatment, pH extremes, and proteolytic digestion were evaluated using the LaSota strain of virus. Reactivation was maximum after proteolytic digestion with either trypsin or papain, and reactivation effciency was up to 100%, depending on the enzyme used for digestion and the amount of antibody in the neutralization mixture. Reactivation at pH extremes was considerably less efficient than reactiviation by proteolytic digestion, and neither fluorocarbon nor ultrasonic treatments effectively recovered antibody-neutralized Newcastle disease virus.

Antibodies, Viral↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Vaccination against Newcastle disease with a recombinant baculovirus hemagglutinin-neuraminidase subunit vaccine.

Vaccination of chickens with an oil-emulsion vaccine containing a recombinant baculovirus that expressed the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) of Newcastle disease virus (NDV)-induced hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) and virus-neutralizing antibodies against NDV. HI antibody titers obtained in response to vaccination with the live recombinant virus were higher than those obtained when the recombinant was inactivated with beta-propiolactone, and the titers were lower than those obtained in response to the same HN concentrations in live or beta-propiolactone-inactivated NDV strain B1. The serological response to the recombinant baculovirus was differentiated from the response to NDV by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in which purified NDV nucleoprotein was used as antigen. Chickens vaccinated with the live recombinant or with inactivated NDV resisted an oculonasal challenge with the neurotropic velogenic Texas GB strain of NDV, which was lethal in unvaccinated controls. It was concluded that the HN protein of NDV expressed as a subunit by a recombinant baculovirus was protective against Newcastle disease.

Animals↗

PubMed1976

[Study of the effect of some of the vaccination plans applied in Bulgaria against Newcastle disease].

Comparative studies were carried out on the effect of the vaccination of broilers against Newcastle disease with La Sota strain through the single application in the drinking water on the 21st day and the newly introduced vaccination at the age of four days, using the spray method, as well as the combined method--spray vaccination on the fourth day and giving the vaccine twice on the 21st day. It was found that the last method confers better immunity and higher immunity against the disease as compared to offering the vaccine only once on the 21st day.

Aerosols↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Exotic Newcastle disease in a game chicken flock.

A sudden increase in mortality, preceded by a short history of respiratory signs and diarrhea, occurred in a backyard flock of 48 game chickens in the Central Valley of California. Necropsy findings included severe generalized linear hemorrhages and/or ulcers in the digestive tract, larynx, and trachea. Histology revealed severe multifocal hemorrhages and necrosis in the mucosa of the respiratory and digestive tracts, vasculitis, and necrosis of lymphoid tissue. The birds were serologically negative to Newcastle disease virus; this was consistent with an acute infection. The avian paramyxovirus type 1 isolated was characterized as velogenic viscerotropic Newcastle disease virus. A thorough epidemiologic investigation was carried out, and no other premises were found to have birds with clinical signs or evidence of exposure. The entire outbreak was limited to the original backyard flock and resolved within 14 days of the onset of clinical signs.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

Effect of subclinical lead toxicity on the immune response of chickens to Newcastle disease virus vaccine.

The effect of lead acetate (20 and 40 mg kg-1 bodyweight daily) administered via the crop from day old to 56 days of age on the immune response to Newcastle disease virus vaccine (NDVV, La Sota strain) was studied in 354 Lohman chickens. Lead decreased the mitogenic response of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) to phytohaemagglutinin-P (PHA-P) in birds vaccinated with NDVV. It also decreased the weights of the bursa of Fabricius, the thymus glands and the spleen relative to bodyweight. Lead administration decreased the antibody titre to NDVV in the vaccinated groups. The percentage mortality due to a challenge with a virulent velogenic Newcastle disease virus was higher in the lead intoxicated birds.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Wintering of neurotropic velogenic Newcastle disease virus and West Nile virus in double-crested cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus) from the Florida Keys.

During November 2002, six double-crested cormorants (DCCs; Phalacrocorax auritus) were found moribund in Big Pine Key, FL, exhibiting clinical signs indicative of neurologic disease. Postmortem diagnostic evaluations were performed on two adult birds. Virulent Newcastle disease virus (NDV) was isolated from a cloacal swab from cormorant 1. West Nile virus (WNV) was isolated from the brain and lung of cormorant 2. Nucleotide sequence analysis of a portion of the fusion (F) protein gene of the NDV cormorant isolate revealed it shared a 100% deduced amino acid identity with only two viruses: the 1992 epizootic cormorant isolate from Minnesota and the 1992 turkey isolate from North Dakota. The epidemiologic significance of the recognition of virulent NDV on cormorant wintering grounds during a nonepizootic period, in addition to the potential implications of the concurrent isolation of NDV and WNV from cormorants, is discussed.

Amino Acid Sequence↗