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[The new problems in psychiatry (author's transl)].

Modern psychiatry, born of a movement created by Pinel in France and Tuke in England, has set aside the rejection of mental patients, and centred the study of mental diseases in France on the predominance of periodic psychoses, and therefore curability. Another movement, however, arising from the discovery of biological psychiatry has focused psychiatry on schizophrenia and incurability. This is a serious and damaging error. Furthermore, the discovery of toxic causes by Moreau de Tours, and more recently, of experimental catatonia, has enabled psychopharmacology to widen etiological and therapeutic fields. Even so, psychiatry is menaced by a return to the past, perhaps to the point of rejection of mental patients, and this has been accentuated by psychoanalysis, which rejects (psychotics) in favour of neurotics, and by the concept of blocking in incurability. This regression is beginning to affect legislation, with the threat of a return to the arbitrary, and to the social decline of patients, following the recent law on the legally incapacitated.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Diphenhydramine-induced toxic psychosis.

A 24-year-old man presented to the emergency department with acute anticholinergic symptoms, hallucinations, and bizarre behavior following a large ingestion of diphenhydramine (Benadryl). Because of the large number of nonprescription preparations containing this antihistamine, similar ingestions are becoming increasingly frequent. Minor anticholinergic side effects associated with diphenhydramine are general medical knowledge. The effects of overdosage are less well known. The clinical presentation of toxic psychosis, its differential diagnosis, and its subsequent treatment are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Quinacrine-induced psychiatric disturbances.

We have described three patients who illustrate the broad clinical spectrum of quinacrine-associated neuropsychiatric disturbances. The toxic manifestations range from subtle changes of restlessness, insomnia, hyperirritability to frank psychosis and seizures. These symptoms may follow only a few doses of the drug, or they may occur well after the drug has been discontinued. Our patients reemphasize the importance of recognizing the variability of quinacrine-induced toxic reactions.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

The clinical activity of oxazepam.

Over the years, oxazepam has distinguished itself clinically from other benzodiazepines by virtue of its excellent tolerance. Recent research suggests that this is due to metabolic and pharmacokinetic differences rather than an intrinsically more favourable toxic-to-therapeutic dosage ratio. Because of its excellent tolerance, dosage is very flexible, and it is, therefore, possible to utilize oxazepam in a wide spectrum of anxiety-related disorders including the psychoses. The use of oxazepam in anxiety neurosis, depressive neurosis, psychotic disorders, alcoholism, and insomnia is discussed.

Alcoholism↗
PubMed1983

Toxic exposures and psychiatric disease--lessons from the epidemiology of cancer.

Toxic chemicals such as lead, methyl mercury, organic solvents, manganese, kepone, and the organophosphates are recognized to cause psychiatric disease. Whether such associations are exceptional, or if in fact a high proportion of all psychiatric illnesses are of toxic environmental etiology, and therefore potentially avoidable, is not known. Epidemiologic studies of cancer, particularly analyses of geographic variations in mortality, of variations in incidence in migrant populations, of trends over time, and of induction by environmental agents suggest that extragenetic environmental factors (tobacco, alcohol, drugs, diet, radiation, air pollution, and industrial chemicals) may account for the majority of all human cancers. Similar application of epidemiologic techniques to the study of psychiatric illnesses might yield etiologic clues in relation to toxic environmental exposures and may also suggest approaches to disease prevention.

Cross-Cultural Comparison↗