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At least 433 records · Page 24Linked to original sources

PubMed1976

[Experiments to study paper for its suitability as sterile wrapping (author's transl)].

A description is given of experiments for the testing of germ density of paper intended for use as sterile wrapping. The generally used storage tests are unsatisfactory. The following procedure is proposed for the testing: The paper specimen is cut into pieces of about 7 X 7 cm and steam-sterilized at 134 degrees C. A number of samples is placed on the bottom of Petri dishes and each paper sample is sprinkled with 5 drops of a 0.1 ml suspension of Staph. aureus in distilled water. After drying, the paper samples are placed underside down on the surface of a blood agar plate so as to ensure complete contact. After about 5 seconds the paper samples are removed and the plates are incubated for 16 hours at 37 degrees C.

Paper↗

PubMed2003

[Ecological industry chain designing of making paper industry: turning pollution industry into ecological industry].

This paper gave a definition of ecological industry chain of renewal resources, and according to this definition designed the ecological industry chain of paper making industry of China; presented a basic principle of designing and ecological industry chain of renewal resources and five necessary conditions to establish an ecological industry chain of renewal resources, i.e. imitating the ecological closed-circuit system, increasing stock of renewal resources, getting benefits from resource productivity, developing long-run social demand and engaging in systematic innovation. It was found that the ecological industry chain of paper making industry was a representative example of ecological industry chain of renewal resources. The ecological industry chain of paper making industry solved three difficult constrain problems and offered an effective way to change the paper making industry of China from pollution industry into ecological industry.

Conservation of Natural Resources↗

PubMed2004

[Using paper as the carbon source for groundwater nitrate removal].

The nitrate removal from groundwater was studied in laboratory columns packed with unprocessed paper as the sole substrate for microbial population. The results showed that the reactor with paper as carbon source started up fast, and temperature and hydraulic retention time (HRT) markedly affected the denitrification process. The denitrification rate at 25 degrees C was approximately 1.7 times higher than that at 14 degrees C. When the initial concentration was 45.2 mg x L(-1), 99.6% of nitrate (nitrite was not detected) could be removed after 8.6 h at 25 +/- 1 degrees C. The nitrogen removal rate was only 50% when HRT was 7.2 h. pH and dissolved oxygen (DO) had little effect on denitrification, and the nitrogen removal rate did not changed when pH value ranged between 6.0-9.0 and DO ranged between 0-6 mg x L(-1). Biofilm was formed on the paper and consumed the paper during the whole process. Using the combined paper reactor and activated carbon adsorption at 25 +/- 1 degrees C and HRT 9.0 h, the nitrate could be completely removed if its initial concentration was not higher than 33.9 mgN x L(-1) and the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the effluent was less than 11 mg x L(-1).

Biodegradation, Environmental↗

PubMed1979

Carbon and carbonless copy paper.

Proven allergic contact dermatitis from carbon paper is an exceptional rarity; the reported causes are dyes and plasticisers. But carbon paper is gradually being replaced by pressure-sensitive or carbonless copy paper, particularly for business forms. The method depends on mechanical pressure or chemical transfer. For the latter, colour formers are held in microcapsules, which rupture under pressure, and released when they produce the colour. Some office workers have claimed that the handling of used carbonless papers are responsible for symptoms affecting the skin, eyes, and upper respiratory tract, as well as systemic symptoms including headaches, drowsiness and fatigue. Patch tests are negative. If the symptoms are attributable to carbonless paper it is suggested that the colour former solvents are most likely to be responsible.

Carbon↗

PubMed1992

[Risk of neoplasms among workers in the paper-cellulose industry].

The results of various epidemiological research indicate that workers in the pulp and paper industry have an increased risk of developing and dying of malignant cancer with a specific location. The paper discusses recent studies in the area. The findings point to an increased risk of stomach cancer in workers occupationally exposed to pulp produced in the sulfite process. Workers making paper and cardboard are especially at risk for lung cancer. Some researchers signal a higher risk of lymphatic system cancer and stoma cancer. On the basis of existing data on exposure in the pulp and paper industry, it is impossible to determine the exact effects of exposure to a given compound or chemical. Assessment of exposure at particular work areas and analysis of data using the job exposure matrix is necessary. This should provide more information about cancerogenic compounds in the pulp and paper industry.

Air Pollutants, Occupational↗

PubMed1998

Fat-plug and paper-patch myringoplasty in rats.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to investigate the recovery rate in paper-patch and fat-plug myringoplasty in rats. METHOD: Small and large perforations were inflicted on the tympanic membranes of 60 rats. Fat-plug and paper-patch myringoplasties were performed to different groups and another group was left for spontaneous healing. RESULTS: We found that for small perforations, the recovery rate was 94.7% in fat-plug myringoplasty, 94.4% in paper-patch myringoplasty, and 66.6% in control group. The recovery rates in large perforations were 52.9%, 56.2%, and 26.6%, respectively. On the other hand, in larger perforations, paper-patch or fat-plug myringoplasty have not been found effective. CONCLUSION: We believe that due to significant operational advantages, fat-plug or paper-patch myringoplasty can be suggested for the reconstruction of small and dry perforations of the tympanic membrane.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1994

Statistics in Medicine: citations of papers in the first ten years.

All papers from Volume 1 of Statistics in Medicine were followed up in the Science Citation Index. There were 6.7 citations per paper in medical journals as opposed to 1.5 citations per paper in statistical journals, and overall there were 8.7 citations per paper. The average citation rate was lower than that of the first issue of Biometrics, published in the same year, but this was partly because of a greater proportion of zero-cited papers. Citations from medical journals increased annually, until about 5 years after publication, after which they remained steady. Volumes 2-6 of Statistics in Medicine and Volumes 29-33 of Biometrics, for the years 1983-87, were followed up for statistical/medical source of the citations. Citations for Volumes 2-4 of Statistics in Medicine were relatively low, but picked up by Volume 5. Biometrics had more citations from statistical sources than from medical, by contrast to Statistics in Medicine which had far more citations from medical sources than from statistical.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗

PubMed2002

How to write an experimental research paper.

The art and practice of academic neurosurgery are mastered by defining and learning the pertinent basic principles and skills. This article aims to present general guidelines to one of the many roles of a neurosurgeon: Writing an experimental research paper. Every research report must use the "IMRAD formula: introduction, methods, results and discussion". After the IMRAD is finished, abstract should be written and the title should be "created". Your abstract should answer these questions: "Why did you start?, what did you do?, what answer did you get?, and what does it mean?". Title of the research paper should be short enough to catch glance and memory of the reader and be long enough to give the essential information of what the paper is about. Writing about the results of the experiment is no easier than the research itself. As surgery, writing a scientific paper is also an improvisation, but general principles should be learned and used in practice. The most effective style of learning basic skills to construct a research paper is the "trial and error" type.

Curriculum↗

PubMed1986

Direct assay of thymidine kinase bound to ion-exchange paper for dot spotting and enzyme blotting analysis.

The direct assay of thymidine kinase (Tk) bound to ion-exchange paper was investigated as a means to further simplify the analytical procedure. Thymidine kinase bound firmly and quantitatively to ion-exchange paper at near neutral pH. The enzymatic properties of Tk did not change while bound to the ion-exchange paper. The amount of phosphorylated 125IdU or 125IdC formed on ion-exchange paper was proportional to the amount of applied Tk. Enzymatic activity could be determined visually by autoradiography or by gamma counting. This method was relatively independent of the protein concentration or volume of the sample and which allows the assay from dilute solutions. A simplified dot spot method that can be used for the assay of thymidine kinase activity in cell extracts is described. Thymidine kinase could also be visualized after electrophoresis and blotting on ion-exchange paper.

Animals↗

PubMed1978

Reutilization of 125I-labelled anti-IgE antibody and paper discs in PRIST and RAST IgE determination.

In the paper radioimmunosorbent test (PRIST) anti-human IgE coupled paper discs are used for the estimation of total IgE in blood serum: in the radioallergosorbent test (RAST) allergen-coupled paper discs are used for the estimation of specific IgE in blood serum. The bound IgE or specific IgE is quantified by a 125I-labelled anti-human IgE. The non-bound 125I-labelled anti-human IgE can be collected and used in new assay. By a 4-h incubation of the used paper discs with 1 M glycine-HCl buffer (pH 2.7) the IgE-labelled anti-IgE complex can largely be removed. The paper discs treated in this manner can be used in a new assay.

Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic↗

PubMed1983

Detection of antibody secreting hybridomas with diazobenzyloxymethyl paper: an easy, sensitive and versatile assay.

A sensitive and universal assay for the detection of monoclonal antibodies is described. One microliter of each hybrid cell supernatant is transferred to activated diazobenzyloxymethyl paper and, after coating the uncovered activated sites by incubation with bovine serum albumin, the paper is dipped in a solution of 125I-labeled antigen. After incubation to allow for fixation of antigen to antibody present in the supernatants, the paper is rinsed and autoradiographed. As many as 96 wells can be tested on one paper and more than 20 papers can be treated in 1 day (approximately 2000 wells). The sensitivity and reliability of the method were tested with monoclonal antibodies against a subunit of scorpion (Androctonus australis) hemocyanin. Unlike other immunobinding assays the test depends only on antigen-antibody interaction and not on class or subclass of immunoglobulin. It is suitable for a variety of hybridomas.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Preferred viewing distance and screen angle of electronic paper displays.

This study explored the viewing distance and screen angle for electronic paper (E-Paper) displays under various light sources, ambient illuminations, and character sizes. Data analysis showed that the mean viewing distance and screen angle were 495 mm and 123.7 degrees. The mean viewing distances for Kolin Chlorestic Liquid Crystal display was 500 mm, significantly longer than Sony electronic ink display, 491 mm. Screen angle for Kolin was 127.4 degrees, significantly greater than that of Sony, 120.0 degrees. Various light sources revealed no significant effect on viewing distances; nevertheless, they showed significant effect on screen angles. The screen angle for sunlight lamp (D65) was similar to that of fluorescent lamp (TL84), but greater than that of tungsten lamp (F). Ambient illumination and E-paper type had significant effects on viewing distance and screen angle. The higher the ambient illumination was, the longer the viewing distance and the lesser the screen angle. Character size had significant effect on viewing distances: the larger the character size, the longer the viewing distance. The results of this study indicated that the viewing distance for E-Paper was similar to that of visual display terminal (VDT) at around 500 mm, but greater than normal paper at about 360 mm. The mean screen angle was around 123.7 degrees, which in terms of viewing angle is 29.5 degrees below horizontal eye level. This result is similar to the general suggested viewing angle between 20 degrees and 50 degrees below the horizontal line of sight.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

Altered social behavior and sexual characteristics in mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki) living downstream of a paper mill.

Several environmental contaminants have been found in paper mill effluent including substances with androgenic properties. The presence of androgenic substances in paper mill effluent was also indicated in the present study which demonstrated masculinized anal fins of female mosquitofish from the paper mill effluent contaminated Fenholloway River. In addition, when compared to the nearby Econfina River, which does not receive paper mill effluent, fewer females from the contaminated river were pregnant, they were smaller and their estradiol concentration exhibited greater variation. Males from the Fenholloway River and the Econfina River had similar sperm counts, but the testes were larger and greater variation in testosterone concentration was observed in male fish from the Fenholloway River. In males and females from the Fenholloway River, liver weights were increased and computer-aided behavior analysis demonstrated a reduction in their social behavior when compared to reference fish. We conclude that a number of sexual characteristics were affected in mosquitofish living in the paper mill contaminated Fenholloway River, with possible adverse effects on the reproduction of this population.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed2026

Comparison of summative assessments between simulated electronic health records versus traditional paper-based patient cases: A non-inferiority randomized controlled trial.

INTRODUCTION: Electronic health records are fundamental to contemporary pharmacy practice, yet evidence supporting their use in pharmacy education is lacking. This single-center, non-inferiority randomized controlled trial with blinded outcome assessment evaluated whether delivering patient cases via a simulated academic EHR (aEHR) was non-inferior to a traditional paper-based format in student exam performance. METHODS: 53 third-year PharmD students at the University of British Columbia were randomized 1:1 to complete a mock summative examination using either the aEHR or paper-based case delivery, stratified by self-reported EHR comfort level. The primary outcome was mean written exam score (%). Non-inferiority was pre-specified at a margin of 14%. Adjusted linear regression was used for the primary analysis, with a multiple imputation sensitivity analysis. Student perceptions were explored through post-exam focus groups analyzed using inductive thematic analysis. RESULTS: 42 students (21 per group) completed the exam and were included in the primary analysis. Mean scores were 66% (SD 11) in the aEHR group and 68% (SD 10) in the paper group. The adjusted mean difference (paper minus aEHR) was -2.2% (95% CI -9.2% to +4.8%), satisfying non-inferiority but not superiority. Sensitivity analysis (n = 53) yielded consistent results (-2.3%; 95% CI -7.1% to +4.1%). Focus groups revealed initial student anxiety with the aEHR but recognized its alignment with clinical practice. DISCUSSION: These findings support the feasibility of integrating simulated EHRs into summative pharmacy assessments without compromising performance. CONCLUSION: Simulated EHRs are a non-inferior assessment medium compared with paper-based formats and represent a viable step toward technology-driven pharmacy practice environments.

Humans↗

PubMed2005

Hypopituitary patients prefer a touch-screen to paper quality of life questionnaire.

UNLABELLED: Health Related Quality of Life questionnaires are frequently used for research, however only recently has their use been recommended in the routine clinical management of pituitary patients. Questionnaires frequently have complex scoring systems, and may be cumbersome, limiting widespread application. Touch-screen technology can overcome these limitations. We have developed a touch-screen 'Questions on Life Satisfaction-Hypopituitarism' QLS-H (Flash 5 Action script, program design by IG) questionnaire and compared its use and accuracy with a paper version questionnaire in 50 pituitary patients who were attending routine clinics. The HRQoL Z-score for the patient group was lower than the average for the normal UK population, as might be predicted for this patient group. There was no statistically significant difference between scores obtained by the touch-screen and paper questionnaires; mean (SD) Z score was -1.33 (1.4) for touch-screen and -1.26 (1.5) for paper. The touch-screen was preferred by 80% of patients, and quicker to complete (<5min). Additionally, there were significant errors in 14 (28%) of manually scored paper questionnaires. IN CONCLUSION: Touch-screen QLS-H questionnaires have advantages over the paper version for the routine clinical assessment of patients with hypopituitarism.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

From a paper-based transmission of discharge summaries to electronic communication in health care regions.

OBJECTIVES: In Austria, the general practitioner (GP) is the first point of contact for persons with health problems. Depending on the severity of the person's medical condition, a GP may refer her or him to a secondary care hospital consultant, who reports findings back to the GP in form of a paper-based discharge letter. Researchers report that paper-based communication of medical documents between different health care providers is insufficient in quality, error prone and too slow in many cases. Our aim was to develop and to realise a strategy for a stepwise replacement of the paper-based transmission of medical documents with a distributed, shared medical record. METHODS: In the first step of a three-steps strategy for development of a consistent, comprehensive and secure regional health care network, an electronic communication of discharge letters and diagnostic results between existing information systems of different health care providers in Tyrol, Austria, has been established: in the form of cryptographically signed S/MIME e-mail messages and, additionally, via a secure web portal system. In two further steps, an extension of the system by a bi-directional communication and by improvements of the web portal system is planned, leading to a comprehensive electronic patient record for shared care. RESULTS: After realisation of step 1, in October 2004, about 3500 electronic discharge letters were sent out from the Innsbruck University Hospital (IUH), which represents about 8% of the total number of discharge letters of the IUH. In addition, a lot of feedback was received and legal, organisational, financial and methodical difficulties were overcome. DISCUSSION: The stepwise approach to replace paper-based with electronic communication in the first step was helpful, since knowledge has been gained and cooperations were formed. For the realisation of a distributed, shared medical record (steps 2 and 3), it will not be sufficient only to replace paper-based transmission of medical documents with electronic communication technologies, but in the further steps, organisational changes will become necessary. As well, legal ambiguities must be resolved before a distributed medical record for cooperative care, used by several institutions as well as by patients, could be established.

Austria↗

PubMed2005

Comparability and reliability of paper- and computer-based measures of psychosocial constructs for adolescent fruit and vegetable and dietary fat intake.

BACKGROUND: This study investigated the comparability and reliability of computer- and paper-based measures of psychosocial constructs related to fruit and vegetable and dietary fat intake among adolescents. METHODS: An ethnically diverse sample of 76 adolescents was studied (mean age 13 years). Scales measured use of change strategies, self-efficacy, decisional balance, family influences, and peer influences separately for the two dietary outcomes. RESULTS: Comparability analyses indicated that responses for each of the 12 diet-related scales were not significantly different between the computer- and paper-based surveys. Internal consistencies were generally high (alpha from .61 to .97) with slightly better reliability on the computer- vs paper-based surveys. Test-retest reliabilities were adequate to good for most multiple-item scales (interclass correlation coefficients from .43 to .85 and .48 to .90 for paper and computer formats, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Computer- and paper-based measures of psychosocial constructs are appropriate and ready for use in either format for studies of dietary behaviors in young people.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2003

Applicability of a filter paper method to measure blood lead levels in large populations of Chinese children.

BACKGROUND: Capillary filter paper can be useful for screening blood lead concentrations in large populations of geographically dispersed Chinese children. METHODS: A total of 159 at 0-6 years of age were enrolled in the study when they came for routine pediatric care. Paired venous and capillary filter paper samples were collected from all subjects. Graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry was used to measure blood lead concentrations. Comparability of the lead assay methods was assessed. The concordance coefficient between these two methods was 0.87 (p < 0.01). The values of blood lead concentrations measured by the different methods were comparable statistically. The sensitivity of the filter paper method was 85%, 73% and 75%; specificity was 92%, 99% and 100%; the positive predictive value was 86%, 89% and 100%, and negative predictive value was 91%, 98% and 99% at cut-offs of 10, 15 and 20 microg/dl, respectively. The Youden's index was 77, 71 and 75 at those cut-offs. Values obtained via the filter paper method appeared to be relatively stable up to 4 weeks post-collection. CONCLUSIONS: The filter paper method for lead determinations has a sufficiently high sensitivity and specificity and correlates well with venous sampling. The ease with which this technique can be performed and screened samples can be sent to a centralized laboratory by regular mail indicates that it is a promising and attractive reference method, particularly in large populations of widely dispersed young children in China and other countries.

Child↗