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PubMed2000

Drug labeling and risk perceptions of teratogenicity: a survey of pregnant Canadian women and their health professionals.

There is a general perception that medicinal drugs are not safe in pregnancy despite the fact that fewer than 30 drugs have been shown to cause major malformations in humans. A large number of women need medications in pregnancy to treat pregnancy-induced conditions, acute illnesses, and chronic diseases. The objectives of this study were the following: (1) to characterize the perception of teratogenic risk by pregnant women and their partners and by health professionals and (2) to examine the most reassuring way to present data on a drug for nausea and vomiting of pregnancy that has been proven to be safe to the fetus. A convenience sample of pregnant Canadian women and their partners, pharmacists, nurses, physicians, and hospital workers were asked to choose the "safest" among four drugs by statements describing their safety. Although the text of all four was similar, the title and narrative were modified to be more or less "reassuring" by the use of more or less terms such as malformations and abnormalities. Health professionals rated the teratogenic risk significantly lower than the parents, but even they rated the drugs as not safe, despite a scientifically reassuring text. Sixty percent of the 240 participants, regardless of their perception of teratogenic risk, believed the four drugs were of similar risks. However, in the other 40%, the less "reassuring" text led to higher teratogenic perception, and the more reassuring options tended to decrease the false perception of teratogenic risk. It was concluded that in general, four different versions of reassuring text describing a scientifically proven safe drug in pregnancy did not lead expecting parents to believe they were safe. Among those who did not rank the four drugs as having equal safety/risk, the less "reassuring" text led to a higher perception of teratogenic risk. Even health professionals reading the labels describing safe drugs rated them as unsafe. Presently, the perception of teratogenic risk is strong even for safe drugs and is difficult to change even with evidence-based facts.

Drug Labeling↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Perception of 2-dimensional space coordinates during prolonged experimental hypokinesia].

The effect of a 30-day hypokinesia on the perception of the subjective optic vertical (SOV) was studied. The test subjects who were in the antiorthostatic position (at an angle of 96 degrees to the vertical) showed the greatest changes in the SOV perception and illusive perception of the spatial position of the body. During the first two days of the experiment and ten days after it they displayed a 1.5-fold increase in the error of the SOV perception. In addition, they exhibited an asymmetrical perception of the SOV on the right and left side. In all cases the direction of the SOV displacement from the true line coincided with the body position. The test subjects who were kept at an angle of 84 degrees to the vertical (orthostatic hypokinesia) demonstrated only illusions of the body position during the first hypokinetic day and a unilateral increase in the error of the SOV perception after the experiment. The test subjects who underwent preventive treatment following antiorthostatic hypokinesia (at an angle of 94 degrees to the vertical) exhibited no asymmetry and an insignificant error in the SOV perception. These findings are discussed with regards to the changes in the function of pressuretension receptors and disorders in the skeletal tone during hypokinesia.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Assessing appetite in Dutch elderly with the Appetite, Hunger and Sensory Perception (AHSP) questionnaire.

BACKGROUND: In investigating anorexia of ageing, attention is often given to physical and psychological determinants of appetite in the elderly but little has been done to provide information on self-assessment of appetite and sensory perceptions in the elderly. OBJECTIVES: to provide data and detect possible differences in self-assessment of appetite, hunger feelings and sensory perception in different health group of elderly using the Appetite, Hunger feelings and Sensory Perception (AHSP) questionnaire. METHODS: three health categories of elderly subjects were used for the present study: free-living with no help, free-living with help and nursing home elderly. For each group, collected data were general characteristics, anthropometry and answers to the AHSP. The AHSP questionnaire includes 29-items focusing on feelings of hunger and appetite as well as taste and smell perception addressing both the present situation and the period before retirement. RESULTS: Significant differences were observed between the 3 health groups for appetite, hunger feelings, present taste perception and present smell perception (P<0.05). Appetite and hunger were found to be related to body weight in the healthiest but not in the others. CONCLUSION: A decline in health status is paired with a decrease in appetite, hunger feelings and sensory perceptions of elderly subjects.

Aged↗

PubMed2001

[Psychosocial aspects of perception of technology-related risk].

In addition to the somatic effects, physical and chemical factors may also have sociopsychological impacts and distort perception of technogenic risks. Risk management is an important component in the analysis of human-environment interaction. Individuum per se with her/his system of values plays a key role in risk perception and transformation of this perception. Reviewed are the sociopsychological constituents of risk perception that often give birth to phobias, as well as national-ethnic peculiarities and the role of mass media in provoking phobias. Emphasized is the necessity to continue studies of phobias evoked by technogenic risks in the next areas: somatic and mental health and risk perception, genetic mechanisms of resistance to physical and toxic factors, ethnic and national factors in risk perception, sociopsychological aspects of interaction of novel technologies, society, public health and ecological movements; ideology, religion, mysticism, mass-media: formation of distorted perception of risk; risk management.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2003

Comparison between two perception tests in patients with severe and profoundly severe prelingual sensori-neural deafness.

Patients with severe and profoundly severe bilateral sensorineural prelingual deafness constitute a group of particular interest in the organization of the National Health Service; every patient must, in fact, follow a prosthetic-rehabilitative-educational programme lasting many years and organized under different areas to compensate for his/her communicative difficulties, especially with regard to the speech canal. No reliable data providing details of the efficacy and efficiency of any of these points is available. A critical point in the rehabilitation process is that of auditory perception training. Of the few auditory perception tests presently available in Italian, the following were examined: namely, EARS (Evaluation of Auditory Responses to Speech) battery, on the one hand, and the Italian version of the ESP (Early Speech Perception), GASP (Glendonald Auditory Screening Procedure). NU-CHIPS (Northwestern University Children's Perception of Speech) and WIPI (Word Intelligibility by Picture Identification) tests on the other. A group of 10 patients presenting severe and profoundly severe bilateral sensori-neural prelingual deafness received the two tests at the beginning and after six months of auditory perception rehabilitation. The findings emerging from the two different test sessions were analysed and compared. The EARS battery was seen to have enabled even very early and highly developed stages of auditory perception to be detected in comparison with the other battery, which, however, was more accurate in evaluating the ability to discriminate and identify words on the basis of their spectral characteristics. The Authors propose the combined use of the two test batteries to evaluate the efficacy and efficiency of auditory perception training in patients with severe and profoundly severe bilateral sensori-neural prelingual deafness.

Auditory Threshold↗

PubMed2006

A functional MRI study: cerebral laterality for lexical-semantic processing and human voice perception.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Language dominance research using functional neuroimaging has made important contributions to clinical applications. Nevertheless, although recent neuroimaging studies demonstrated right-lateralized activation by human voice perception, the influence of voice perception in terms of language dominance has not been adequately studied. We aimed to accurately clarify language dominance for lexical-semantic processing in the temporal cortices by focusing on human voice perception. METHODS: Thirty normal right-handed subjects were scanned by functional MR imaging while listening to sentences (SEN), reverse sentences (rSEN), and identifiable nonvocal sounds (SND). We investigated cerebral activation and the distribution of individual Laterality Index under 3 contrasts: rSEN-SND, SEN-SND, and SEN-rSEN. RESULTS: The rSEN-SND contrast, including human voice perception, revealed right-lateralized activation in the anterior temporal cortices. Both SEN-SND and SEN-rSEN contrasts, including lexical-semantic processing, showed left-lateralized activation in the inferior and middle frontal gyrus and middle temporal gyrus. The SEN-rSEN contrast, without the influence of human voice perception, showed no temporal activation in the right hemisphere. Symmetrical or right-lateralized activation was observed in 22 of 27 subjects (81.4%) under the rSEN-SND contrast in the temporal cortices. Although 9 of 27 subjects (33.3%) showed symmetrical or right-lateralized activation under the SEN-SND contrast in the temporal cortices, all subjects showed left-lateralized activation under the SEN-rSEN contrast. CONCLUSION: Our results demonstrated that right-lateralized activation by human voice perception could mask left-lateralized activation by lexical-semantic processing. This finding suggests that the influence of human voice perception should be adequately taken into account when language dominance is determined.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

[Sex and drug: correlation of risk perception and behavioral patterns among intravenous drug users].

BACKGROUND: Hungary is a country which has low level of HIV infection and relatively low HCV and HBC prevalence among intravenous drug users (IDUs). Despite this favourable situation, due to the proximity of some Eastern European countries which have high prevalence and incidence of HIV, HCV and HBV infections, there is a potential danger of a rapid outbreak of AIDS and hepatitis epidemic. These infectious diseases can be transmitted through needle and equipment sharing as well as by sexual contact among IDUs, with the latter one receiving less emphasis in the research related to the use of injected drugs. Assessing the relationship between the perception of the risks involved in i.v. drug use and sexual acts and the subsequent behaviour is indispensable for predicting present and future trends among i.v. drug users. AIMS: To assess the correlation between 1. IDUs' risk perception and behaviour with respect to drug use and sex, 2. IDUs' risk perception concerning drug use and sex, 3. IDUs' behaviour concerning drug use and sex as well as 4. to categorize IDUs according to their risk perception and behaviour. METHOD: A total of 197 IDUs were interviewed in Budapest, using a questionnaire developed by National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), which is applied partly to assess the risks involved in drug use and in various forms of sexual behaviour. Correlation between risk perception and behaviour was assessed by bivariate (cross-tables) and multivariate quantitative analyses (factor, cluster analyses). RESULT: IDUs underestimate the dangers of having sex while under the effect of a drug (heroin) but perceive intravenous use as the most dangerous way of drug abuse. As regards the relationship between risk perception and subsequent behaviour, although IDUs seem to perceive the risks associated with sex and intravenous drug use, they do not act accordingly both in their sexual behaviour and drug use. It has also been shown that risk-takers in drug use will behave in a risky way in their sexual activity. CONCLUSIONS: When intervention strategies targeted at IDUs are worked out, users' perception of sexual risk and behaviour should be taken into consideration as well. Interventions should also be developed considering the heterogeneity of the population of intravenous drug users.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

[Perception independent of interest: a contribution to the relationship between people and animals].

In occidental cultures the relation of humans to animals is determined by the human perception of the outer world. Using motives from evolutionary epistemology it is argued that the evolutionary pressure to adapt increasingly obscures perception, where perception means relating to the outer world in a way that is independent of interests. Therefore, the pressure to adapt and to realise the interest to adapt obscures perception. This results in a reduced self-perception. Two phenomena exemplify this: persons ignoring their own bodies and a reductive perception relating to animals, such as reducing the value of animals to mere human resources. This reductive perception explains the very limited success of the animal rights-debate.

Animal Testing Alternatives↗

PubMed1990

[Disturbances of visual perception and the lesions on spastic diplegia].

In a study of 12 cerebral palsy with spastic diplegia, the relationship between their disturbances of visual perception and their lesions was discussed. All of them were performed Frostig Developmental Test of Visual perception and Tanaka-Binet Intelligence Test. Six of them showed disturbances of visual perception on Frostig Test. Subtest II, figure-ground, was the lowest of all subtests. The mean of perceptual quotient was under that of intelligence quotient significantly (p less than 0.05 t-test). MRI examination was performed to all and the lesions were detected at 10 of them. Six who showed disturbances of visual perception had the lesions and two who showed good visual perception had no lesions. The lesions were periventricular white matter and extended to semioval center and subcortical white matter at parietal and occipital lobes. Anatomically, their lesions correspond to superior longitudinal bundle and vertical occipital bundle and their bundles have important functions as the pass way of visual perception. Therefore, it was suggested that the disturbances of visual perception detected at spastic diplegia were based on the lesions and the mechanism was disconnection of higher visual pass way.

Brain↗

PubMed1993

Motion perception in glaucoma.

PURPOSE: This study was performed to investigate motion perception in patients with glaucoma. METHODS: A random dot motion test was used to measure three aspects of central motion perception: minimum displacement threshold (Dmin), maximum displacement threshold (Dmax), and coherence threshold (signal to noise). Motion perception was assessed in 15 patients with primary open-angle glaucoma, 23 low-risk patients in whom glaucoma was suspected, and 24 age-matched normal subjects. RESULTS: Central motion perception was significantly impaired in patients with glaucoma; in particular, the Dmin was nearly twice that for the normal subjects (glaucoma mean, -0.27 +/- 0.24 log minutes of arc; normal mean, -0.56 +/- 0.13 log minutes of arc; F = 21.79, P < 0.001). Furthermore, Dmin values fell outside the normal range in 10 of the 15 patients with glaucoma, despite normal visual acuity and normal foveal perimetric thresholds. Coherence thresholds and Dmax did not discriminate between patients with glaucoma and normal subjects. Dmin was not correlated with any indices of perimetric sensitivity, and none of the tests of motion perception showed any abnormalities in patients in whom glaucoma was suspected. CONCLUSIONS: Central motion perception can be affected in glaucoma and may reflect preferential damage to larger retinal ganglion cells. Future work will measure Dmin in a larger population of patients with suspected glaucoma and those with glaucoma, and investigate peripheral motion perception in glaucoma.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

Are spiral ganglion cell numbers important for speech perception with a cochlear implant?

OBJECTIVE: Studies of factors affecting the survival of ganglion cells in adults with profound hearing loss and speech perception in cochlear implant users are reviewed in order to assess the hypothesis that ganglion cell numbers have a strong influence on the level of speech perception achieved by adult implant users. DATA SOURCES: All histopathologic data have been published as tables or figures in refereed papers. Speech perception data were collected from published papers and directly from clinics and from Cochlear Corporation's database. STUDY SELECTION: Histopathologic studies with reasonably large groups of patients were selected. The speech perception data were from the largest study available. DATA EXTRACTION: All data used have been published in refereed journals of high repute. No other assessment of quality or validity was available to the author. DATA SYNTHESIS: Trends in the speech perception data were compared qualitatively and quantitatively with trends in the histopathologic ganglion cell data. CONCLUSIONS: The analysis found no strong evidence that spiral ganglion cell numbers have a strong influence on the level of speech perception achieved with a cochlear implant. A possible explanation for this surprising result may be that the minimum number of cells required for good speech perception is quite low, and the majority of implant users exceed this minimum requirement.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1995

Effects of extraneous stimuli on social cue perception in schizophrenia.

Competing hypotheses that explain the effects of emotionally arousing, extraneous auditory stimuli on the social cue perception of schizophrenic patients were examined in this study: (1) extraneous arousing stimuli enhance patients' cue perception; (2) extraneous stimuli distract patients, and cue perception is diminished. Twenty-five patients with DSM-III-R diagnoses of schizophrenia completed a cue-perception task in which half of the videotaped vignettes included in the task were presented with simultaneous extraneous stimuli and half were not. Item difficulty and consistency across extraneous stimuli conditions were matched on standardization and cross-validation samples. Results showed that schizophrenic subjects were significantly more sensitive to cues when exposed to extraneous stimuli, thereby supporting the first hypothesis. This effect was also observed in a subgroup of schizophrenic subjects who demonstrated a distraction decrement on another test of short-term recall. The presence of extraneous stimuli interacted with perception of abstract cues; that is, schizophrenic subjects were particularly better at perceiving abstract cues when extraneous stimuli were presented simultaneously. Future research needs to determine characteristics of extraneous stimuli that enhance cue perception.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

A case of impaired auditory and visual speech prosody perception after right hemisphere damage.

It is well established that vision plays a role in segmental speech perception, but the role of vision in prosodic speech perception is less clear. We report on the difficulties in prosodic speech perception encountered by KB after a right hemisphere stroke. In addition to musical deficits, KB was suspected of having impaired auditory prosody perception. As expected, KB was impaired on two prosody perception tasks in an auditory-only condition. We also examined whether the addition of visual prosody cues would facilitate his performance on these tasks. Unexpectedly, KB was also impaired on both tasks under visual-only and audio-visual conditions. Thus, there was no evidence that KB could integrate auditory and visual prosody information or that he could use visual cues to compensate for his deficit in the auditory domain. In contrast, KB was able to identify segmental speech information using visual cues and to use these visual cues to improve his performance when auditory segmental cues were impoverished. KB was also able to integrate audio-visual segmental information in the McGurk effect. Thus, KB's visual deficit was specific to prosodic speech perception and, to our knowledge, this is the first reported case of such a deficit.

Aged↗

PubMed1983

Comparative studies of color fields, visual acuity fields, and movement perception limits among varsity athletes and non-varsity groups.

This paper examined effects of sports practice on patterns of color fields, limits of peripheral movement perception, and visual acuity field by comparing varsity ball players and non-varsity control groups. The first study measured extent of color fields and limits of horizontal and vertical meridians for peripheral movement perception of 139 college students. The second study tested visual acuity fields of female and male basketball players and female and male controls. The first study indicated that athletes had wider limits for horizontal movement perception, while the non-athletes had better vertical movement perception limits. Basketball players demonstrated color fields and limits for peripheral movement perception superior to those of soccer players. In the second study, athletes did not have any wider visual acuity fields than non-athletes, but their movement-perception limits were significantly wider than those of non-athletes.

Color Perception↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Symptom severity and perceptions in subjects with panic attacks.

OBJECTIVES: To (1) identify aspects that defined the self-perceived worst panic attack, (2) determine how subjects with panic attacks perceive symptoms compared with control subjects, and (3) determine the role of symptom perceptions in seeking care for the worst panic attack. DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey. SETTING: Community-based. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS: Ninety-seven subjects with panic attacks as defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Revised Third Edition (with or without panic disorder), and 97 demographically matched controls. INTERVENTION: None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Subjects and controls completed the Symptom Perception Scales, and subjects with panic attacks completed the Acute Panic Inventory and a questionnaire concerning care-seeking behavior for their self-perceived worst attack. RESULTS: Compared with controls, subjects with panic attacks perceived many symptoms as more embarrassing but differed little in their perceptions of need for treatment, threat to life, and disruption of functioning. Particular symptoms (ie, dyspnea, fear, dizziness, and faintness) tended to differ in most perceptions. However, symptom perceptions did not play a significant role in care-seeking behavior for the worst attack. CONCLUSIONS: Subjects with panic attacks perceive symptoms as more embarrassing than controls, and have different perceptions about particular symptoms. Cognitive approaches addressing negative patient perceptions may reduce anxiety, inappropriate use of health care services, and adverse outcomes. Arch Fam Med. 2000;9:1028-1035

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Risk perception of participants in a family-based genetic screening program on familial hypercholesterolemia.

The aim of this article is threefold. First, we describe the accuracy of people's risk perception who have been screened on familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) in a family-based screening program. Second, we identify factors that modify risk perception. Finally, we show the influence of risk perception on subsequent preventive behavior. The risk perception of 556 screenees (677 participants, overall response = 82%) was measured by postal questionnaires on three occasions: at screening and 3 days and 7 months after the test result was reported to the patient. Presentation of the risk was precategorized and given both as numerical (1 in x) and as verbal probability. In addition, medication use and attitudes toward gene therapy were determined 7 months after screening. On average, the screenees underestimated their numeric risk of having FH and getting a myocardial infarction (MI). Furthermore, FH-positive screenees perceived that they were at greater risk of MI than FH negatives, and screenees with the highest actual risk used medication more, perceived a greater risk, and opted more often for future gene therapy. Risk perception of having FH was influenced by cholesterol level, while MI risk perception was affected by age, education, cholesterol level, and cardiovascular disease (CVD) in the family. We conclude that FH-positive screenees correctly perceive a higher risk of getting a heart attack than do FH-negative screenees. Screenees did not believe that MI was inevitable, and risk perception was associated with both medication use and the intention to opt for gene therapy, but not with other preventive measures. Thus, genetic risk notification seems to be acceptable and does not lead to aversion to preventive behavior.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2003

Current perception threshold evaluation of the female urethra.

The purpose of this study was to determine the feasibility of the current perception threshold (CPT) evaluation in the female urethra. Women without LUT dysfunction underwent CPT testing using a Neurometer (Neurotron, Inc., Baltimore, MD) connected to a ring electrode in the urethra. Testing was done in a standardized fashion at three frequencies, 2000, 250 and 5 Hz, to determine when subjects first perceived the stimuli and when perceived stimuli became painful. Current perception threshold testing was accomplished in all 10 subjects studied. The level at which subjects first perceived stimuli was significantly lower than that at which the stimuli became painful ( P<0.002). Mean perception thresholds at 2000, 250 and 5 Hz were 70 microA (range 14-230), 25 microA (4-80) and 17 microA (2-78), respectively, and mean pain thresholds were 229 microA (54-424), 91 microA (24-162) and 110 microA (25-200), respectively. There was no difference in subjects' perception thresholds at 250 and 5 Hz ( P=0.206). Perception thresholds and pain thresholds were significantly different at all other frequencies. Women without LUT dysfunction have lower perception thresholds than pain thresholds and can distinguish between most stimuli at different frequencies. Current perception threshold testing of the female urethra is technically feasible and may be useful for assessing the functional integrity of different afferent pathways.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Odor/taste integration and the perception of flavor.

Perceptions of the flavors of foods or beverages reflect information derived from multiple sensory afferents, including gustatory, olfactory, and somatosensory fibers. Although flavor perception therefore arises from the central integration of multiple sensory inputs, it is possible to distinguish the different modalities contributing to flavor, especially when attention is drawn to particular sensory characteristics. Nevertheless, our experiences of the flavor of a food or beverage are also simultaneously of an overall unitary perception. Research aimed at understanding the mechanisms behind this integrated flavor perception is, for the most part, relatively recent. However, psychophysical, neuroimaging and neurophysiological studies on cross-modal sensory interactions involved in flavor perception have started to provide an understanding of the integrated activity of sensory systems that generate such unitary perceptions, and hence the mechanisms by which these signals are "functionally united when anatomically separated". Here we review this recent research on odor/taste integration, and propose a model of flavor processing that depends on prior experience with the particular combination of sensory inputs, temporal and spatial concurrence, and attentional allocation. We propose that flavor perception depends upon neural processes occurring in chemosensory regions of the brain, including the anterior insula, frontal operculum, orbitofrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex, as well as upon the interaction of this chemosensory "flavor network" with other heteromodal regions including the posterior parietal cortex and possibly the ventral lateral prefrontal cortex.

Animals↗