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Results for “SOCIAL ISOLATION”

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At least 433 records · Page 24Linked to original sources
PubMed1987

Neuronal transmitter sensitivity after social isolation in rats.

After 3 and 12 months of isolation rearing of rats, sensitivity of single neurons to microiontophoretically applied transmitters as well as neuronal spontaneous activity are analysed in striatum, cortex, hippocampus, locus coeruleus and nucleus raphis medialis. It is demonstrated that regulation of transmitter sensitivity, as well as spontaneous activity, depend on isolation duration, therefore showing time dynamics. Sensitivity changes of single neurons to distinct transmitters are not uniform and simultaneous in all areas but are structure specific. After 3 months of isolation an enhanced dopamine sensitivity is observed only in the striatum, whereas in the cortex the dopamine sensitivity is increased after 12 months isolation. A diminished response of single neuron activity to serotonin is demonstrable after 3 months of isolation in striatum and nucleus raphis. The observed changes are discussed in connection with biochemically and pharmacologically demonstrated changes in isolation. The complex patterns of neurobiological changes characterizing the isolation syndrome are emphasized.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Altered behavioral responses to intense foot shock in socially-isolated rats.

Male Wistar rats were isolated immediately after weaning for 12 weeks and exposed to electric foot shock of various intensities. The shock-elicited jumping behavior was measured every ten minutes for one hr. The frequency of jumping in isolated rats was lower than that in grouped and the difference between two groups was the greatest with the most intense shock. In these experimental situations, there was no significant difference in monoamine turnover rate between the two groups while noradrenaline turnover markedly increased in both groups. Chlorpromazine suppressed the jumping in a dose-dependent manner in both groups with stronger suppression in isolated rats. Methamphetamine facilitated the jumping in grouped rats dose-dependently while the drug rather depressed it in the isolated. From these results and the behavioral similarity between the isolated and 6-hydroxydopamine treated rats under foot shock situation, it was suggested that the receptor supersensitivity of central catecholaminergic neurons was involved in the behavioral change in isolated rats.

Aggression↗
PubMed2006

The influence of sex and social isolation housing on pre- and postsynaptic 5-HT1A receptors.

Serotonergic (5-HT) receptors are crucial for different brain functions and play an important role in several pathological conditions. We analysed [3H]8-OH-DPAT-specific binding to 5-HT1A receptors in male and female mice after group or isolation housing by in vitro autoradiography (n = 6 per group). Females displayed higher postsynaptic 5-HT1A receptor binding compared to males, especially in the cortex. In contrast, lower [3H]8-OH-DPAT-specific binding was found in the female hippocampus. No sex difference was seen for the somatodendritic 5-HT1A autoreceptor. Sex differences in postsynaptic 5-HT1A receptor binding should be relevant to behavioural sex differences, especially in locomotor activity and hippocampus-dependent behaviours. Six weeks isolation housing caused an increase in 5-HT1A receptor binding in most of the brain regions analysed and was more pronounced in males. In isolated males, the increases were detected in the CA1 field of the hippocampus (+16.8%), in the septum (+76.8%), in the cortical amygdala (+24.6%), in the periaqueductal gray (+67.2%) and in the different cortical regions analysed (+61.8-81.4%). [3H]8-OH-DPAT-specific binding increased significantly in the dentate gyrus (+47.1%), the supramammillary nucleus (+31.2%) and in the ventromedial hypothalamus (+34.4%) of isolated females. Sex-dependent isolation-induced alterations in [3H]8-OH-DPAT-specific binding were also found in the raphe nuclei. Isolation-induced increases in 5-HT1A receptor binding could be relevant to the behavioural disinhibition with heightened arousal, impulsivity and activity often observed in isolates. The male-specific alterations in the corticolimbic system as well as in the midbrain could be crucial for isolation-induced aggression.

8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Effect of various periods of social isolation of juvenile rats on the level of their intraspecies aggression at a sexually mature age].

Isolation of male outbred white rats from the same age rats at 12-30 and 15-30 days of postnatal life increases their aggressiveness in pubertal age and causes a change of aggressive reactions spectrum towards the decrease of attacks and increase of threats in relation to intruders. These changes in the ontogenetic formation of rats aggressive behaviour are not compensated by the experience of rats social intercourse in the period 30-70th days. A hypothesis is made about the existence of sensitive period of rats aggressive behaviour formation with the approximate limits 15th-30th days of postnatal life during which under the influence of contacts with rats of the same age prerequisites are created for consolidation of various agonistic reactions in resultant act of mature aggression.

Aggression↗
PubMed2004

The ecological relationship between deprivation, social isolation and rates of hospital admission for acute psychiatric care: a comparison of London and New York City.

We report on comparative analyses of small area variation in rates of acute hospital admissions for psychiatric conditions in Greater London around the year 1998 and in New York City (NYC) in 2000. Based on a theoretical model of the factors likely to influence psychiatric admission rates, and using data from the most recent population censuses and other sources, we examine the association with area indicators designed to measure access to hospital beds, socio-economic deprivation, social fragmentation and ethnic/racial composition. We report results on admissions for men and women aged 15-64 for all psychiatric conditions (excluding self-harm), drug-related substance abuse/addiction, schizophrenia and affective disorders. The units of analysis in NYC were 165 five-digit Zip Code Areas and, in London, 760 electoral wards as defined in 1998. The analysis controls for age and sex composition and, as a proxy for access to care, spatial proximity to hospitals with psychiatric beds. Poisson regression modeling incorporating random effects was used to control for both overdispersion in the counts of admissions and for the effects of spatial autocorrelation. The results for NYC and London showed that local admission rates for all types of condition were positively and significantly associated with deprivation and the association is independent of demographic composition or 'access' to beds. In NYC, social fragmentation showed a significant association with admissions due to affective disorders and schizophrenia, and for drug dependency among females. Racial minority concentration was significantly and positively associated with admissions for schizophrenia. In London, social fragmentation was associated positively with admissions for men and women due to schizophrenia and affective disorders. The variable measuring racial/ethnic minority concentration for London wards showed a negative association with admission rates for drug dependency and for affective disorders. We discuss the interpretation of these results and the issues they raise in terms of the potential and limitations of international comparison.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Effect of social isolation on ethanol consumption and substance P/neurokinin expression in Wistar rats.

Environmental factors, such as adverse life experiences and family/peer influences have a substantial influence on the development of disorders related to alcohol use. In animals, maternal or peer separation/isolation has been used as an environmental intervention that has been shown to alter neurodevelopment and influence drinking behaviors in rodents and primates. In this study, the effects of adult peer isolation on subsequent ethanol intake were investigated in Wistar rats. Because central tachykinin levels have been reported to differ between rats selected for enhanced ethanol preference, neuropeptide [neurokinin A (NKA), substance P (SP)] concentrations were also estimated. Lower levels of ethanol intake, in a two-bottle free-choice model, were observed on the first day of forced ethanol drinking in the single-housed animals. However, overall ethanol consumption was unaffected by peer isolation. Peer isolation significantly lowered SP and NKA levels in the hypothalamus, but this effect was not related to ethanol consumption or body weight. These data indicate that endogenous SP and neurokinin levels are reduced by isolation housing, but this was not associated with alterations in drinking levels using a two-bottle choice procedure.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1998

Effects of methylenechloride-soluble fraction of Japanese angelica root extract, ligustilide and butylidenephthalide, on pentobarbital sleep in group-housed and socially isolated mice.

We previously showed that the extract of Japanese angelica root (JAR-E) reversed the decrease in pentobarbital (PB) sleep induced by isolation stress and yohimbine and methoxamine, stimulants of central noradrenergic systems, in mice. Here, we tested the effects of several fractions from JAR-E and ligustilide and butylidenephthalide, phthalide components of JAR-E, on PB sleep in isolated mice to elucidate the mechanism of the action of JAR-E. Methanol-soluble (Met-S) and -insoluble (Met-IS) fractions were obtained from JAR-E. Methylenechloride-soluble (MC-S) and -insoluble fractions (MC-IS) were prepared from Met-S. MC-S (11.4-76 mg/kg, p.o.) reversed the isolation stress-induced decrease in PB sleep, but neither Met-IS (0.8-2.4 g/kg, p.o.) nor MC-IS (0.7-2 g/kg, p.o.) had the same effect. The i.p. administration of MC-S exhibited a similar activity to that observed after the p.o. administration of the same fraction. Ligustilide (5-20 mg/kg, i.p.) and butylidenephthalide (10-30 mg/kg, i.p.) reversed PB sleep decrease in isolated mice. Both components (20 mg/kg, i.p.) attenuated the suppressive effects of yohimbine (30 nmol, i.c.v.), methoxamine (200 nmol, i.c.v.) and a benzodiazepine inverse agonist FG7142 (10 mg/kg, i.p.) on PB sleep in group-housed mice. These results suggest the contribution of ligustilide and butylidenephthalide to the effect of JAR-E on PB sleep in isolated mice, and implicate central noradrenergic and/or GABA(A) systems in the effects of these components.

4-Butyrolactone↗
PubMed1977

The effects of a modeling film on social isolation in preschool children: a methodological investigation.

Children in Headstart program (N=113) were assessed on two occasions using a naturalistic observation system and peer sociometric measures. Thirty-two children were selected by O'Connor's (1969, 1972) convergent criteria of teacher rankings and being below 15% peer interaction frequency. Half of the children saw an experimental modeling film designed to teach children how to initiate entry into peer groups and half of the children saw a control film. The present investigation included methodological elements left uncontrolled in previous investigations. Results indicated no significant multivariate F ratios for treatment main effects, sociometric main effects, or treatment by sociometric interactions. This failure to replicate previous results with the O'Connor film raises serious methodological criticisms of previous work with socially withdrawn children.

Behavior Therapy↗
PubMed1986

Social isolation inhibits male-like sexual behavior in female hamsters.

In the female golden hamster, Mesocricetus auratus, group housing permits the expression of male-like behavioral patterns including mounting and pelvic thrusting toward an estrous stimulus female. Sixty percent of females housed in groups of five showed these behaviors, while singly housed females were rarely observed to show mounting or thrusting. Females weaned at 19 or 35 days of age did not differ in their tendencies to show male-like behavioral patterns. Virtually all observations of mounting and pelvic thrusting behaviors were made on days when the females being tested were in behavioral estrus. These findings differ from previous studies which have reported that masculine behavioral patterns are rare in normal female hamsters. In previous studies females that were evaluated were typically not in behavioral estrus and were not housed for long periods of time with other intact females. Social factors interact with hormonal state to contribute to the expression of male-like behaviors in female hamsters.

Animals↗