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PubMed1988

Development of a novel in vitro equine anthelmintic assay.

An in vitro assay involving the use of a horse strongyle (Strongylus edentatus) and the micromotility meter has been developed to test for equine anthelmintic activity. Three commercially available equine anthelmintics (dichlorvos, ivermectin, and pyrantel pamoate) and an investigational drug (p-toluoyl chloride phenylhydrazone) were evaluated in this assay at four concentrations. After a 24-h incubation, greater than or equal to 10 micrograms/ml of all four drug treatments significantly (P less than or equal to 0.05) reduced the motility of ensheathed L-3 S. edentatus larvae, thereby indicating anthelmintic activity. Pyrantel pamoate also reduced motility at 1 microgram/ml, while the hydrazone significantly increased movement at this level. At 0.1 microgram/ml, none of the treatments significantly reduced motility; one treatment (dichlorvos) significantly increased larval motility. Incubation for 48 h resulted in significant activity (reduction in motility) at greater than or equal to 1 microgram/ml with two drugs (ivermectin, pyrantel pamoate); dichlorvos and the hydrazone reduced motility at greater than or equal to 10 micrograms/ml. None of the treatments significantly reduced motility at the lowest concentration (0.1 microgram/ml); however, at 48 h, two treatments (dichlorvos, hydrazone) significantly increased motility at the lowest concentration (0.1 microgram/ml). The in vitro S. edentatus motility assay proved to be sensitive, accurate and rapid. This assay system should be a valuable addition to tests used to identify potential equine anthelmintics, monitor helminth resistance to drugs, and perhaps define the kinetics and mode of action for drugs.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Diagnosis of Aelurostrongylus abstrusus and Dirofilaria immitis infections in cats from a human shelter.

During a 6-month period, 108 sexually mature stray cats were euthanatized at a humane shelter in Alabama. Aelurostrongylus abstrusus was identified in 20 of the cats (18.5%) by Baermann fecal examination, necropsy, or histologic examination. The Baermann fecal examination was a more sensitive test for aelurostrongylosis than was necropsy or histologic examination. Thoracic radiography was useful in identifying infected cats, but was a less sensitive and more nonspecific method of detection than was the fecal examination. Changes in CBC and serum protein concentrations were not helpful identifying cats with aelurostrongylosis. Six of 17 (35%) heartworm-free, lungworm-infected cats had antibodies to Dirofilaria immitis, as determined by an ELISA method, but none had circulating D immitis antigen, as determined by an ELISA method. Three (2.8%) cats had D immitis. Two of the heartworm-infected cats had no detectable antemortem radiographic or clinicopathologic evidence of the infection. Results of ELISA were positive for antibodies to adult heartworms in 2 cats and for circulating heartworm antigen in 2 cats. One cat that had only one heartworm had no detectable circulating heartworm antigen.

Alabama↗
PubMed1988

Piperazine resistance in population-B equine strongyles: a study of selection in Thoroughbreds in Kentucky from 1966 through 1983.

Observations were completed over an 18-year period (1966 through 1983) in Thoroughbred mares (15/year) and yearlings (11 to 24/year) on a farm where benzimidazole-resistant small strongyles had emerged previously (1962 to 1965). This farm was operated as a closed, nonboarding type, which included a racing stable for its home-bred foals. At 2-week intervals, counts of worm eggs per gram of feces (EPG) and larvae per gram of feces were done to monitor strongyle infections and efficacies of bimonthly (every 8 weeks) antiparasitic treatments that were administered by stomach tube or were fed (dichlorvos pellets) to 1 group of yearlings during a 7-year period (1970 through 1976). The study included several drugs or mixtures, including thiabendazole (TBZ), phenothiazine (PTZ) + piperazine (PPZ)-carbon disulfide (CS2) complex, PTZ + PPZ + trichlorfon (TCF), dichlorvos, and pyrantel pamoate. These were used selectively in treated subgroups (usually 3/year) of mares and yearlings. The horses in drug treatment subgroups grazed together on common pastures; thus, efficacy comparisons between drugs were limited or nullified. However, annual mean EPG and larvae per gram of feces counts of mares and yearlings tended to increase over time, and for the yearlings treated with TBZ + PPZ and PTZ + PPZ-CS2, the buildup of these mean counts was statistically significant (P less than 0.05 for regression coefficients).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Possible resistance of small strongyles from female ponies in The Netherlands against albendazole.

To determine resistance of small strongyles to albendazole, 3 female ponies (group 1) were grazed on a pasture from May to November 1985 and were treated with 7.5 mg of albendazole/kg of body weight, PO, 2 days before turnout in May and again in June and in July. Three other female ponies (group 2) grazed on a similar pasture from May to July, were treated with 7.5 mg of albendazole/kg, and were removed to another pasture until November. In December, ponies from both groups were treated with 7.5 mg of albendazole/kg, and 8 days later, they were euthanatized and necropsied for a critical test. Worm egg counts in the ponies' feces revealed that the May treatment of group 1 and the July treatment of group 2 were more effective than were later treatments. Numbers of small strongyles were higher in group 1 than in group 2. Efficacy of treatment against all developmental stages of small strongyles was higher in group 2 than in group 1. Efficacy was low in both groups against parasitic 3rd- and 4th-stage larvae. Fifteen species of small strongyles were identified at necropsy. Efficacy was limited against adult Cyathostomum coronatum, Cya labratum, Cylicostephanus calicatus, and Cyl poculatus in both groups; Cylicocyclus nassatus, Cyl minutus, and Cyl longibursatus in group 1; and Cya labiatum in group 2. Efficacy was 100% against Cya catinatum, Cyl goldi, and 5 other species that were found in low numbers.

Albendazole↗
PubMed1986

Effectiveness of oxfendazole against early and later 4th-stage Strongylus vulgaris in ponies.

Twenty pony foals (reared worm free), 6.5 to 10 weeks of age, were inoculated with Strongylus vulgaris and allocated to 5 groups, each with 4 foals. One week after inoculation, 1 group of 4 foals was given oxfendazole (OFZ) at a dosage rate of 10 mg/kg of body weight, another group was given 2 such treatments 48 hours apart, and a 3rd group was given a placebo. All treatments were administered by stomach tube. Three weeks later, foals were euthanatized and necropsied in a test for efficacy against early 4th-stage larvae. Oxfendazole was 80% and 94.9% effective against early 4th-stage S vulgaris with 1 and 2 doses, respectively. A 4th group of 4 foals was given 2 treatments of OFZ, 48 hours apart, about 8 weeks after inoculation, and a 5th group was given a placebo. These foals were euthanatized and necropsied 5 weeks after treatment in a test for efficacy against later 4th-stage larvae. Two doses of OFZ were 96.6% effective against later 4th-stage larvae.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Use of ivermectin in treatment of Aelurostrongylus abstrusus and Toxocara cati infection in a cat.

Ivermectin, administered at a rate of 200 micrograms/kg of body weight, SC, successfully removed Toxocara cati infection from a young cat. A second treatment at a higher rate (400 micrograms/kg) was necessary to eliminate infection with the lungworm Aelurostrongylus abstrusus. The drug apparently was tolerated well, and it appears to have several advantages over previously reported treatments for lungworm infections in cats.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Overwintering of non-migrating strongyles in donkeys in the highveld of Zimbabwe.

Three two-year-old male donkeys from a communal area in the highveld of Zimbabwe were necropsied in July, the middle of the dry season. The strongylid populations of the three animals were very similar. Approximately 80 per cent of these populations consisted of adult worms and only just over 10 per cent were early third stage larvae. The most common species were Cylicostephanus minutus, Cyathostomum montgomeryi, Cylicocyclus nassatus and Cylicocyclus auriculatus. Nine other species of non-migratory strongyles were present in low numbers in one or more of the donkeys. These results indicate that survival of non-migratory strongyles of donkeys throughout the dry season in the highveld of Zimbabwe primarily occurs in the adult stage and not as inhibited early third stage larvae.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Strongylus vulgaris in the tunica media of arteries of ponies and treatment with ivermectin.

A preliminary investigation was made into the effect of fourth-stage Strongylus vulgaris larvae sequestered in the tunica media of ileocolic arteries of pony foals treated with ivermectin. The foals had been reared parasite-free, inoculated with infective larvae and given orally a placebo or ivermectin paste. Two foals received subsequently one or two further inoculations with larvae and treatment with ivermectin. Arteriography was used to identify the lesions in the ileocolic artery following inoculation and their regression following treatment. At necropsy, foals were examined for lesions and larvae grossly and histologically. Ivermectin was highly effective against fourth-stage larvae and those present in the media appeared not to unduly affect the integrity of the ileocolic artery. Increased numbers of larvae were not found in the media of foals receiving repeat inoculations and repeat treatments. Larvae were not found in the media of foals treated with a placebo. The major pathological changes in the arterial wall of all foals were attributed to infection with S. vulgaris and there was no strong tendency for the damaged arteries to return to normal after the S. vulgaris were removed.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

The helminth parasites of various artiodactylids from some South African nature reserves.

The helminth species composition and helminth burdens of 4 grey duikers, 12 bushbuck, 2 nyala, 2 giraffe, a steenbok, an oribi, a waterbuck and a tsessebe from the Kruger National Park (KNP); of a steenbok and a greater kudu from the farm Riekerts Laager, Transvaal; of a single blue duiker from the Tsitsikama Forest National Park, and of a blue wildebeest, a red hartebeest, a gemsbok and 2 springbok from the Kalahari Gemsbok National Park (KGNP) were collected, counted and identified. New parasite records are: Agriostomum equidentatum from the gemsbok, Cooperia neitzi from the bushbuck, Cooperia sp. from the gemsbok and the red hartebeest, Cooperia yoshidai from the waterbuck and the tsessebe, Dictyocaulus viviparus from the bushbuck, Haemonchus bedfordi from the waterbuck, Haemonchus contortus from the gemsbok, Haemonchus krugeri from the steenbok from the KNP, Impalaia nudicollis from the gemsbok and the red hartebeest, Impalaia tuberculata from the oribi and the waterbuck, Impalaia spp. from the kudu, Longistrongylus meyeri from the steenbok from Riekerts Laager and the gemsbok, Longistrongylus sabie from the steenbok from the KNP, Longistrongylus schrenki from the tsessebe, Parabronema sp. from the tsessebe and the red hartebeest, Paracooperia serrata from the gemsbok and the steenbok from the KGNP, Pneumostrongylus calcaratus from the bushbuck, Strongyloides sp. from the gemsbok, Trichostrongylus sp. from the gemsbok, the red hartebeest and the steenbok from the KGNP, Trichostrongylus axei from the blue duiker, Trichostrongylus falculatus from the bushbuck and the oribi, Trichostrongylus instabilis from the bushbuck, the steenbok from the KNP and the oribi and Trichostrongylus thomasi from the grey duikers and tsessebe. Host specificity of the parasites was not marked and crossinfestation was common. This was not true for the giraffe, since none of the helminths of these animals were found in the antelope and vice versa.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Conformational control of ovoperoxidase catalysis in the sea urchin fertilization membrane.

The ovoperoxidase-catalyzed oxidation of iodide has been investigated as a function of pH for the homogeneous enzyme and for ovoperoxidase incorporated into several forms of the egg fertilization membrane. The pH dependent hysteresis previously observed in purified ovoperoxidase (Deits, T. L., Shapiro, B. M. (1985) J. Biol. Chem. 260, 7882-7888) is entirely absent in ovoperoxidase incorporated into the mature fertilization membrane, where the enzyme is bound noncovalently in vivo. The pH activity profile of ovoperoxidase incorporated into the mature fertilization membrane closely resembles the profile observed only transiently in purified ovoperoxidase subjected to a rapid downward pH shift. These observations can be accounted for by our previously presented mechanism for ovoperoxidase hysteresis (ibid.). We hypothesize that ovoperoxidase, upon incorporation into the fertilization membrane, is restricted to a limited subset of the conformational states available to the purified enzyme. This matrix-dependent conformational restriction is a novel control mechanism that serves to enhance the catalytic activity of ovoperoxidase upon its assembly into the fertilization membrane and thereby modulates ovoperoxidase catalysis in the vicinity of the developing egg.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

A comparative study of the ultrastructure of intestine in Protostrongylus commutatus and Protostrongylus rufescens (Protostrongylidae: Nematoda).

A comparison of the ultrastructure of intestinal cells of two taxonomically very close nematode species, Protostrongylus commutatus and Protostrongylus rufescens, revealed many interesting facts. The concentration of mitochondria in the basal part of intestinal cells, which is conspicuous particularly in P. rufescens, indicates that the nutrients penetrate also through the cuticle. An enormous occurrence of granular endoplasmic reticulum in the intestinal cells of P. commutatus shows an excessive protein synthesis. It may be supposed that the proteins will be used mainly for the construction of sex products, which are extremely abundant in P. commutatus. This phenomenon will be related with the conditions of egg development and localization of the worm in the vicinity of trachea bifurcation in the lungs of hare.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Fenbendazole in equids: further controlled tests with emphasis on activity of multiple doses against naturally occurring infections of migratory large strongyles.

Two controlled tests (experiments D and E) were done to evaluate a fenbendazole (FBZ) paste dosage regimen (10 mg/kg once a day for 5 days) for activity against naturally occurring infections of migrating Strongylus vulgaris and S edentatus in the mesenteric arteries and ventral abdominal wall, respectively. Data were also obtained on other internal parasites of the gastrointestinal tract and eyes in experiment E. Eight pony yearlings were used in experiment D (4 treated and 4 nontreated) and 6 horse weanlings were used in experiment E (3 treated and 3 nontreated). Intervals, expressed as days between treatment and necropsy of animals, were 42 (n = 1) or 52 (n = 7) for experiment D and 52 or 53 for experiment E. Animals were on pasture during all or a portion of post-treatment intervals of both experiments. Efficacious killing of retroperitoneal forms of S edentatus in the ventral abdominal wall was observed in both experiments. The average numbers of live 4th-stage forms in equids were 0.0 (treated) and 2.25 (nontreated) for experiment D and 2.0 (treated) and 1.7 (nontreated) for experiment E. The average numbers of 5th-stage S edentatus were 0.5 (treated) and 4.0 (nontreated) for experiment D and 1.3 (treated) and 23.3 (nontreated) for experiment E. Fragments of dead specimens of S edentatus were also found in nodules in treated animals in both experiments, but not in nontreated animals. Consistency of the retroperitoneal lesions provided additional evidence of the killing action of the FBZ treatment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗