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Results for “Smoking Reduction”

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At least 433 records · Page 24Linked to original sources

PubMed2001

[Smoking time evolution among medical students, 1986, 1991, 1996].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate trends in smoking habits among medical students in the last ten years. METHODS: In 1996, a cross-sectional survey of smoking habits was carried out among students in the first to the fifth year of medical school. Four hundred and nine students answered the questionnaire. A regular smoker was defined as someone who smokes one or more cigarettes a day at least for one month; former smokers were the ones who used to smoke in the past but not at the moment. Similar research was conducted in 1986 and 1991. RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS: Smoking prevalence was 11% compared with 14% in 1991 and 21% in 1986. Although there was a significant reduction of smoking in the last three years, the actual decrease from 1991 to 1996 was less than that observed from 1986 to 1991. In 1961, the prevalence of smoking increased in the last years of medical school. There were no significant differences regarding gender. Most of the students were in favor of not allowing smoking in both the school areas and hospital wards. They also mentioned in their questionnaire that smoking was poorly approached during medical school.

Adult↗

PubMed1977

Health beliefs and smoking patterns in heart patients and their wives: a longitudinal study.

Smoking patterns of 205 male patients were examined over a period of eight years after a primary myocardial infarction. Smoking data from their wives at one year after the heart attack were also examined. A marked, persistent reduction in smoking was found among the men. Smoking patterns of wives remained essentially unchanged. Smoking patterns before the heart attack were not related to demographic variables, except for the associated between smoker-nonsmoker status and social measures. Conceptions of susceptibility, threat, and power of prevention drawn from theoretical models on preventive health behavior were employed for analysis. High proportions of husbands and wives reported belief in smoking as important in the etiology of the heart attack, and in possibilities of prevention. Specific beliefs concerning threat, susceptibility, and prevention were not found to be related to the massive drop in smoking behavior among the men nor to stability in pattern among the wives. Alternative explanations are reviewed.

Adult↗

PubMed1994

Relationship between risk factor trends and disease trends.

To what extent can trends in risk factor levels in populations explain trends in disease rates? Some methodological difficulties in answering this question include weaknesses of ecological studies, small sample size, time lags and multiple sources of variability. Two possible approaches are to apply predictive equations derived from longitudinal studies of individuals to average data for populations, or to use results from overviews of randomized, controlled trials and cohort studies to estimate the magnitude of effects achievable through various risk factor changes. These methods are illustrated with Australian data on trends in mortality from ischaemic heart disease and cigarette smoking, blood pressure and cholesterol during the 1980s. If it is assumed that time lags are short between reductions in risk factor levels and reductions in risk, then both methods suggest that about half the mortality decline in men, and less in women, may be related to changes in these three well-established risk factors. Improvements in population levels of blood pressure and, for men, reductions in smoking appear to be the main contributors. It is argued that such ecological analyses can provide valid results as long as care is taken to avoid various epidemiological pitfalls.

Adult↗

PubMed1990

Acute effects of doxazosin and atenolol on smoking-induced peripheral vasoconstriction in hypertensive habitual smokers.

The acute effects of selective alpha 1 inhibition with doxazosin (0.5-0.7 mg intravenously) and beta 1-blockade with atenolol (0.1 mg/kg body weight, intravenously) on smoking-induced peripheral vasoconstriction were investigated in 24 hypertensive habitual smokers. Forearm blood flow was measured by venous occlusion plethysmography and skin blood flow was estimated by thermography and laser doppler flowmetry. After the patients had smoked two cigarettes, plasma adrenaline elevations were similar under basal conditions and after drug administration; plasma noradrenaline remained unchanged. The smoking-induced increase in the heart rate was attenuated by atenolol compared with basal values. The smoking-induced increase in systolic blood pressure was more marked after atenolol and doxazosin (P less than 0.05) than before the drug administration. The smoking-induced increase in diastolic blood pressure was enhanced by atenolol (P less than 0.05) but unchanged by doxazosin. Smoking increased forearm vascular resistance under basal conditions (P less than 0.05) and after atenolol (P less than 0.01) but not after doxazosin. Similarly, skin temperature was significantly reduced by smoking under basal conditions and after the administration of atenolol (P less than 0.001) but not doxazosin. The smoking-induced reduction in skin blood flow was attenuated by doxazosin compared with atenolol (P less than 0.05). Thus, smoking-induced muscular and cutaneous vasoconstriction was inhibited by doxazosin as opposed to atenolol in hypertensive habitual smokers. This may reflect unmasked beta-adrenoceptor mediated vasodilation in addition to attenuated alpha 1-adrenoceptor mediated vasoconstriction.

Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists↗

PubMed1984

[Role of vasopressin in reducing the cutaneous blood flow induced by cigarette smoke].

The authors demonstrate that skin vasoconstriction induced by cigarette smoking in normal volunteers is due to a concomitant enhancement of arginine vasopressin release. The skin blood flow reduction after smoking was more pronounced in the subjects reaching the highest levels of arginine vasopressin, and this effect no longer developed after administration of a specific vasopressin antagonist acting at the vascular site.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1999

[Reduced smoking--a possible strategy for control of tobacco-associated illnesses?].

The aim of the publication is to discuss reduced smoking as a concept to control tobacco-related diseases. New scientific studies show that nicotine-replacement medications may be an untapped source in efforts to reduce smoking. This new indication for nicotine-replacement therapy was licensed for the first time in Denmark by the registration authority. Austrian data have shown that approximately 10 years after implementation, a 1% reduction in smoking could prevent 14 male cancers deaths each year. A 50% reduction could save 700 male lives. 100,000 lives (male and females) could be saved in the European Union annually by a reduction like this including other tobacco-related diseases. Even a 1% reduction would save 1,000 lives. These data are supplemented by the new hypothesis of longer induction time (of lung cancer): Even if this theory fails for the individual smoker, a remarkable gain in years of life will result for society if illness is a probability-based event. A new term of delayed and/or reduced incidence will be a result of this hypothesis. Nevertheless, primary abstinence will remain the most desirable goal in efforts to control tobacco-related diseases. However, most primary prevention campaigns failed, and it will take 30-40 years to translate primary prevention into major health benefits. Reduced smoking should be licensed as a valid method for those unwilling or unable to stop smoking.

Dose-Response Relationship, Drug↗

PubMed1990

Long-term impact of smoking cessation on the incidence of coronary heart disease.

Using a simulation model of the US male population, we estimated the long-term impact that future smoking cessation programs would have on the distribution and occurrence of coronary heart disease in males ages 35-84. For interventions that reduce the number of smokers by 25 percent in 1990, the number of men free of coronary heart disease is projected to increase by 416,787 (0.7 percent) in 2015, and the age-standardized absolute incidence to decline by 2.3 percent. Incidence rates and absolute incidences are projected to fall in men under age 65, but absolute incidence would rise in men over age 65, in large part because of the increased number of men who were at risk for coronary heart disease because of a reduction in non-coronary smoking-related mortality. These trends were more marked for greater smoking reductions and were generally unaffected in a variety of analyses using alternative assumptions, which considered smoking as a risk factor in the elderly, a lag-time before benefits from smoking cessation were realized and secular declines in smoking prevalence. Subject to the assumptions of our model, we conclude that smoking reductions will markedly reduce coronary heart disease, especially in younger age groups, and that this benefit will be slightly offset by a small increase in absolute incidence in elderly men.

Adult↗

PubMed1984

A clinical trial of change in maternal smoking and its effect on birth weight.

These clinical trial results are the first, to our knowledge, from a prospective, randomized, and controlled experiment demonstrating that a reduction of smoking during pregnancy improves the birth weight of the infant. Nine hundred thirty-five pregnant smokers were randomly assigned to treatment and control groups; the former received smoking intervention. At the eighth month of pregnancy, differences between the two groups in salivary thiocyanate level and reported smoking were statistically significant. For single, live births, the treatment group infants had a mean birth weight that was 92 g heavier and were 0.6 cm greater in length than the control group infants. The decrement in weight related to smoking cannot be fully explained by gestational age. The findings suggest that some fetal growth retardation can be overcome by the provision of antismoking assistance to pregnant women.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1981

[Female ex-smokers].

Among 1036 employed women from 44 randomly selected factories in German-speaking Switzerland, there were exactly 100 smokers, i.e. barely 10%. Of 1260 similarly representative men from these same factories there were 14% exsmokers. Most of the women who had stopped smoking had done so for fear of damaging their health and 9% had stopped during pregnancy. The factors slow reduction in smoking, doctor, spouse, sport, weight gain after stopping smoking and willpower are evaluated.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Smoking, cortisol and nicotine.

Cigarette smoking is associated acutely with elevated cortisol levels. However, the results of comparisons of cortisol levels in smokers and non-smokers have been inconsistent, and the significance of cortisol responses in smoking cessation is unclear. Here we describe one study comparing the cortisol profiles of smokers and nonsmokers over the day, and a second investigation in which cortisol was monitored during smoking cessation. In the first study, we collected saliva samples from 196 middle-aged men and women on working and weekend days repeatedly through the day. On both working and weekend days, cortisol levels were significantly higher in smokers after adjustment for age, gender and grade of employment. Cortisol responses to waking (the increase between waking and 30 min) were also greater in smokers. The elevation in cortisol among smokers is generally attributed to nicotine exposure. Nicotine replacement therapy substantially improves abstinence rates, and has become a standard component of smoking cessation treatments, but the effects of nicotine replacement on cortisol are not known. In the second study, cortisol was monitored over 6 weeks of abstinence in 112 smokers treated with behavioural support and 15 mg nicotine patches. Smoking cessation was accompanied by an abrupt decrease in salivary cortisol, and this was sustained over the abstinence period. There was a marginal association between the decrease in cortisol and smoking relapse rates. These results suggest that the nicotine supplied through patches was not sufficient to block the cortisol reduction following smoking cessation. The contribution of these findings to understanding the role of neuroendocrine function in smoking is described.

Administration, Cutaneous↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Rising leukemia rates in Thailand: the possible role of benzene and related compounds in cigarette smoke.

Epidemiological studies suggest that cigarette smoking is associated with an increased risk of leukemia and that benzene and related compounds in cigarette smoke may contribute to this elevated risk. This report presents new findings on selected components of cigarette smoke (including benzene and 1,3-butadiene) from major brands of cigarettes sold in Thailand, which represent about 80% of market share. Tested were also two major and popular brands of U.S. cigarettes sold in Thailand, representing about 100% of market share. The cigarettes tested were filter and non-filter, and with high and 'low' tar and nicotine levels. The observed range for benzene, toluene and 1,3-butadiene were found in the range of 25.5-63.7, 36.4-79.8 and 44.6-78.7 microg/cigarette, respectively. The amount of acrolein ranged from 79.9-181 microg/cigarette and for isoprene from 313-694 microg/cigarette. Yields of these substances showed no correlation with tar deliveries in mainstream smoke. Consumption of tobacco products increased in Thailand since 1970. This study also showed increases in leukemia mortality rates in Thailand, and in the relative frequency of leukemia among incident cancers diagnosed at a large hospital in Bangkok. Exposure to benzene and related compounds in cigarette smoke may have contributed to these trends. Analytic epidemiological studies are needed on the relationship between these compounds in smoke from tobacco products used in Thailand. These preliminary findings support the need for voluntary and/or government-regulated reduction in smoke yields of benzene and related compounds in tobacco products, and for expanded smoking prevention and cessation efforts, in Thailand.

Acrolein↗

PubMed1981

[Women who have stopped smoking (author's transl)].

Among 1036 employed women from 44 randomly selected factories in German-speaking Switzerland, there were exactly 100 smokers, i.e. barely 10%. Of 1260 similarly representative men from these same factories there were 14% exsmokers. All these persons had previously smoked more than 9 cigarettes daily. Most of the women who had stopped smoking had done so for fear of damaging their health and 9% had stopped during pregnancy. The factors slow reduction in smoking, doctor, spouse, sport, weight gain after stopping smoking and willpower were evaluated. This study permits conclusions on the pedagogic use of tobacco withdrawal cures and courses.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

SmokeChange for changing smoking in pregnancy.

AIM: To measure the extent to which SmokeChange, a personalised intervene, enabled pregnant women to rede their exposure to tobacco smoke. METHODS: A cross-section of general medical practices was randomly selected. General Practitioners (GPs) were to register all pregnant women with the SmokeChange programme. Smoking women were contacted by a SmokeChange Educator, who visited them at home. The Educator worked with women and their families for up to twelve months in order to support cognitive, environmental and behavioural changes to smoking. RESULTS: GPs registered 1,390 pregnant women. Current smoking, was reported by 437 (31.4%) and 209 (47.8% of smokers) chose to enrol with the SmokeChange intervention programme. of these, 149 women (34.1% of smokers) continued with the programme for at least four visits. From this 'long' participation group, 28 (18.8%) had stopped smoking entirely by their last visit in pregnancy. Another 26 (17.4%) reported at least one cessation attempt, together with a reduction of smoking consumption by 63% at the end of pregnancy. The 95 (63.8%) continued smokers had reduced their smoking consumption by 40%. Substantial smokefree environment (homes and cars) changes were also made. CONCLUSIONS: The SmokeChange approach of personalised intervention, matched to individual readiness for change, was both acceptable to pregnant women and enabled participants to substantially reduce tobacco toxin exposure to themselves and their developing infants.

Family Practice↗

PubMed1992

Smoking, pregnancy, and source of prenatal care: results from the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System. The Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System Working Group.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the impact of current smoking intervention efforts and to target future efforts by describing the relationships between maternal smoking, smoking cessation, and source of prenatal care. METHODS: We used population-based data from 6319 mothers who delivered live-born infants during 1988 and 1989 in Maine, Michigan, Oklahoma, and West Virginia. The number of women sampled per state ranged from 1490-2659; state-specific response rates ranged from 66-84%. Analysis weights adjusted for selection probability and non-response. RESULTS: The prevalences of maternal smoking before, during, and after pregnancy among women receiving publicly funded prenatal care were 2.3-3.4 times the comparable prevalences among privately insured women receiving prenatal care from private providers. Although many smokers reduced or quit smoking during pregnancy, most resumed or increased their smoking to nearly pre-pregnancy levels by 3-6 months postpartum. CONCLUSIONS: Interventions should target the very high levels of smoking among the 27% of women receiving publicly funded prenatal care. However, from a population perspective, the greatest potential for reduction in smoking is among patients of private providers, who care for 61% of pre-pregnancy smokers.

Female↗

PubMed2006

Short-term effects of Italian smoking regulation on rates of hospital admission for acute myocardial infarction.

AIMS: We used the hospital discharge records of Piedmont region (northern Italy) to evaluate whether a national law banning smoking in public resulted in a short-term reduction in hospital admissions for acute myocardial infarction (AMI). METHODS AND RESULTS: Rates of admission for AMI before the ban (October-December 2004) and during the ban (February-June 2005) were analysed. Each period was compared with the corresponding period 12 months before. Among persons aged under 60, the number of admissions for AMI decreased significantly after the introduction of the ban: from 922 cases in February-June 2004 to 832 cases in February-June 2005 (sex- and age-adjusted rate ratio, 0.89; 95% confidence interval, 0.81-0.98). No decrease was seen before the ban. No effect was found among persons aged at least 60. We estimated that the observed reduction in active smoking after the introduction of the ban could account for a 0.7% decrease in admissions for AMI during the study period, suggesting that most of the observed effect (11%) might be due to the reduction of passive smoking. CONCLUSION: Our study, based on a population of about 4 million inhabitants, suggests that smoke-free policies may result in a short-term reduction in admissions for AMI.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Effects of smoking cessation on the risk of laryngeal cancer: an overview of published studies.

Epidemiological studies showed that stopping smoking substantially decreases the risk of lung cancer. With reference to laryngeal cancer, at least four cohort studies and 15 case-control studies reported information on smoking cessation. These studies indicated that the risk of laryngeal cancer is considerably reduced in ex-smokers as compared to current smokers. The relative risk steeply decreases with time since stopping smoking, with reductions by about 60% after 10-15 years since cessation, and even larger after 20 years. The favorable effect of stopping smoking is already evident within few years after cessation, thus suggesting that smoking has a relevant impact on the late stage of laryngeal carcinogenesis. However, several years after stopping smoking, ex-smokers still have elevated risks of laryngeal cancer as compared to never smokers. In conclusion, the epidemiological evidence clearly indicates that cessation of smoking is the best measure to reduce laryngeal cancer risk, the beneficial effect being evident within a few years after cessation, and steadily increasing with passing time since cessation.

Case-Control Studies↗

PubMed1995

Changes in adult cigarette smoking in the Minnesota Heart Health Program.

OBJECTIVES: The Minnesota Heart Health Program was a research and demonstration project designed to reduce risk factors for heart disease in whole communities. This paper describes smoking-specific interventions and outcomes. METHODS: Three pairs of matched communities were included in the study. After baseline surveys, one community in each pair received a 5-year education program, while both cross-sectional and cohort surveys continued in all sites. Adult education programs for smoking cessation included Quit and Win contests, classes, self-help materials, telephone support, and home correspondence programs. RESULTS: Encouraging short-term results were obtained for several adult education programs. Overall long-term outcomes were mixed, with evidence of an intervention effect only for women in cross-sectional survey data. Unexpectedly strong secular declines in smoking prevalence were observed in comparison communities. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that community education may be unlikely to exceed dramatic secular reductions in smoking prevalence. The success of several key interventions and the incorporation of Minnesota Heart Health Program interventions by education communities are encouraging, however.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Wood smoke-induced airway hyperreactivity in guinea pigs: time course, and role of leukotrienes and hydroxyl radical.

A prior airway exposure to wood smoke induces a tachykinin-dependent increase in airway responsiveness to the subsequent smoke inhalation in guinea pigs (Life Sci. 63: 1513, 1998). To further investigate the time course of, and the contribution of other chemical mediators to, this smoke-induced airway hyperresponsiveness (SIAHR), two smoke challenges (each 10 ml) separated by 30 min were delivered into the lungs of anesthetized guinea pigs by a respirator. In the control animals, the SIAHR was evidenced by the bronchoconstrictive response to the second smoke challenge (SM2) which was approximately 5.2-fold greater than that to the first challenge (SM1). This SIAHR was alleviated by shortening the elapsed time between SM1 and SM2 to 10 min or by extending it to 60 min, and was abolished by extending it to 120 min. This SIAHR was reduced by pretreatment with either MK-571 (a leukotriene D4-receptor antagonist) or dimethylthiourea (a hydroxyl radical scavenger), but was not affected by pretreatment with either pyrilamine (a histamine H1-receptor antagonist) or indomethacin (a cyclooxygenase inhibitor). The smoke-induced reduction in the neutral endopeptidase activity (a major enzyme for tachykinin degradation) measured in airway tissues excised 30 min post SM1 was largely prevented by pretreatment with dimethylthiourea. However, this reduction was not seen in airway tissues excised 120 min post SM1. These results suggest that 1) the SIAHR to inhaled wood smoke has a rapid onset time following smoke inhalation and lasts for less than two hours, 2) leukotrienes and hydroxyl radical may play contributory roles in the development of this SIAHR, and 3) hydroxyl radical is the major factor responsible for the smoke-induced inactivation of airway neutral endopeptidase, which may possibly participate in the development of this SIAHR.

Animals↗