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At least 433 records · Page 24Linked to original sources
PubMed1994

Exercise and the immune system. Natural killer cells, interleukins and related responses.

The main methods for the evaluation of natural killer (NK, CD16+ CD56+) cells, interleukins and related subsets of lymphocytes are briefly described. Moderate endurance exercise causes either no change or an increase in lymphocyte and NK cell counts, total T cell (CD3+) count, the ratio of T helper (CD3+ CD4+) to T suppressor (CD3+ CD8+) cells, mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferation, serum immunoglobulin levels and in vitro immunoglobulin production. Plasma levels of interleukin-1 increase but interleukin-2 (IL-2) levels generally fall. Decreases in plasma IL-2 levels reflect increased expression of beta (CD122) receptors for IL-2, and thus increased binding of IL-2, changes in cell distribution or a lesser production of IL-2 by peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Exercise to exhaustion induces adverse changes in many of these indices of immune function, particularly if the physical activity is accompanied by psychological or environmental stress. Moderate, appropriately graded training reduces the adverse reactions initially associated with a given bout of exhausting exercise, and cross-sectional comparisons show an increased expression of beta IL-2 receptors on the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of trained individuals. However, excessive training, nutrient deficiency and/or muscle damage has adverse consequences for both the production of interleukins and the response of the immune system to these cytokines.

Exercise↗
PubMed1985

Leu-enkephalin actions on avoidance conditioning are mediated by a peripheral opioid mechanism.

Leu-enkephalin (100 micrograms/kg, i.p.) administered to mice 5 min before training in a one way active avoidance task significantly reduced the number of avoidances observed in the peptide treated animals. This impairing action of Leu-enkephalin was partially attenuated by methylnaloxonium (naloxonium), a quarternary form of naloxone with a limited ability to penetrate the blood brain barrier. Passive immunization (i.v.) of mice with a Leu-enkephalin antiserum 4 hrs before training produced an effect on avoidance conditioning that was the opposite to that observed with Leu-enkephalin alone. That is, passive immunization increased the number of avoidances observed in the treated mice. The results suggest that Leu-enkephalin actions on avoidance conditioning are mediated by a peripheral opioid mechanism, that leu-enkephalin may have a primary site of action outside the blood brain barrier, and that peripheral Leu-enkephalin systems may normally operate to influence conditioned avoidance behavior.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Satisfaction of parents or accompanying persons with vaccination services for children and youngsters being vaccinated].

A patient satisfaction survey aimed to assess the quality of immunization services was carried out as part of the new regional vaccination plan launched in Piemonte in 1999 to comply with the targets of the national immunization program. In January and February 2001, persons accompanying children for vaccination at the outpatient clinics were requested to fill a self-administered questionnaire with questions on the organization of the immunization services, the health care facilities, the attitude of the health care workers and the quality of the information provided. The response rate was 93%. Overall, satisfaction with the immunization services scored generally high, except for the quality of the information provided to the public. Many interviewees complained that the written/verbal information about the vaccination schedules was either lacking or insufficient. The survey results indicate a need for better training and updating of health care workers so that they can give immunization service users correct information as requested.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Australian army recruits in training display symptoms of overtraining.

The proposition that the demands of recruit training, including physical and psychological stresses, result in symptoms of overtraining was investigated during the 45-day Army Common Recruit Training course. Body mass, physical fitness, fasting blood measures of immune status, hormones (serum free testosterone/cortisol ratio), inflammation, and iron status were measured at baseline and after weeks 5 and 6. Psychological measures of mood and fatigue and general health were measured at the end of each week. Sleep diaries were completed each evening and morning. Evidence for overtraining symptoms of fatigue, sleep disturbance, immune suppression, reduced iron status, high rates of minor injuries, and hormonal changes was found. However, recruits were not pushed so hard that physical performance deteriorated greatly. Accumulated sleep deprivation might be a major contributor to the adverse hormonal changes. We conclude that there was some evidence of recruits being overtrained.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2003

Ensuring injection safety during measles immunization campaigns: more than auto-disable syringes and safety boxes.

Measles immunization campaigns are effective elements of a comprehensive strategy for preventing measles cases and deaths. However, if immunizations are not properly administered or if immunization waste products are not safely managed, there is the potential to transmit bloodborne pathogens (e.g., human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis B and hepatitis C). A safe injection can be defined as one that results in no harm to the recipient, the vaccinator, and the surrounding community. Proper equipment, such as the exclusive use of auto-disable syringes and safety boxes, is necessary, but these alone are not sufficient to ensure injection safety in immunization campaigns. Equally important are careful planning and managerial activities that include policy and strategy development, financing, budgeting, logistics, training, supervision, and monitoring. The key elements that must be in place to ensure injection safety in measles immunization campaigns are outlined.

Disposable Equipment↗
PubMed2001

Attentional demands following perceptual skill training.

Practicing simple visual tasks induces substantial improvement. We investigated whether increased efficiency is accompanied by automaticity and immunity to across-task interference. We found that although practice speeds orientation feature detection, it does not abolish susceptibility to interference from introduction of concurrent central-letter identification, which takes priority. Yet following training with each task observers successfully managed to perform the tasks concurrently. The effectiveness of separate training implies that the role of improved intertask coordination in achieving concurrent performance was minor. Indeed, even when initial training was concurrent, improvement on the two tasks was sequential, and the higher-priority (central) task was learned first. However, automatic processing was not accomplished either, because increasing the difficulty of the higher-priority task interfered with performance of both tasks. What appears to be orchestrated posttraining performance is actually mainly an emergent property of speeded initial processes rather than either eliminated bottlenecks or improved central executive management.

Attention↗
PubMed1994

Practice nurses: characteristics, workload and training needs.

AIM: This study set out to identify the present and future training needs of practice nurses in South West Thames Regional Health Authority and to examine these needs within the nurses' current and changing workloads and social, educational and occupational profiles. METHOD: A questionnaire was sent to 899 practice staff identified by family health services authority records whose salaries were in part reimbursed and in whose job title the word nurse appeared. The questionnaire enquired about personal and practice demography, tasks and activities currently undertaken, perceived role development and training requirements, and preferred organization of training. RESULTS: A total of 620 completed questionnaires were returned (69%). Nurses' work involved treatments, immunizations investigations, administration, first contact with patients, support to the general practitioner and health promotion. The areas of role development selected most commonly by nurses were counselling skills (60%) and health promotion (54%); in terms of training the most popular areas were communication skills (62%) and the theory and practice of health promotion (48%). Fewer than one third of the nurses who were engaged in health checks for elderly people or the provision of diabetes care, asthma care or advice about the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) held an appropriate qualification. CONCLUSION: Practice nurses in the region were engaged in a wide range of activities for which many have had little formal training; the majority wished to develop their role and undertake further training. If practice nurses are to play a key part in the development of primary care services they must be adequately prepared for their clinical and health promotion role.

Education, Nursing, Continuing↗
PubMed1985

A multicenter study of the epidemiology of hepatitis B in anesthesia residents.

Practicing anesthesiologists are at high risk of hepatitis B infection, but the risk for anesthesia residents has not been assessed. Anesthesia residents at seven universities were surveyed to study the epidemiology of hepatitis B in these trainees. Hepatitis B virus markers in serum were measured and data from questionnaires were used to determine characteristics of anesthetic practice, effectiveness of strategies for hepatitis B virus infection control, and nonvocational hepatitis B risk factors. Of 267 participants, 12.7% (range of the seven centers, 8.7%-22.7%) had serum markers for hepatitis B virus. The seropositivity (17.8%) in anesthesia residents who had completed more than 12 months of nonanesthesia postgraduate clinical training, or who had practiced medicine in another specialty prior to anesthesia, was greater than in the other trainees (9.4%). Based on their risk and the ineffectiveness of current control measures, anesthesia residents who lack hepatitis B virus immunity should be vaccinated prior to or as early as possible in their training.

Anesthesiology↗
PubMed1998

Acute and chronic over-exertion: do depressed immune responses provide useful markers?

There are ethical objections to inducing cumulative muscle damage and associated decrements of performance deliberately in a healthy athlete. Available data on acute and chronic over-exertion thus include the changes of immune response observed following a single bout of exhausting exercise, sequential observations made on top-level competitors as they approach peak training periods, and longitudinal laboratory studies of heavy (but not necessarily damaging) bouts of training. In all three of these situations, subclinical muscle damage initiates an acute inflammatory response, with a resulting deterioration in physical performance. Although much smaller in degree and shorter in duration, the associated changes in immune function are similar to those seen in sepsis. There have been major advances in immunological technique over the past decade, and significant changes in a number of elements of the immune response can be identified in athletes during periods of heavy training. The most promising immunological marker of excessive training seems a decrease in salivary IgA concentration. However, no single change occurs with sufficient consistency to identify the individual competitor who is at risk of overtraining. Mechanisms can be conceived that convert a sequence of excessive training bouts into an acute and then a chronic inflammatory process, but the syndrome of overtraining has a complex overlay of biological and psychological influences. It remains more easily detected by decreases in physical performance and alterations in mood state than by changes in immune function.

Antibody Formation↗
PubMed1976

The immune response of rabbits to 3 strains of Mycoplasma agalactiae var. bovis isolated from mastitic bovine udders.

Rabbits were given 3 serologically-related trains of mycoplasma isolated from mastitic bovine udders. Growth inhibiting antibodies were not found. High-titered sera from each rabbit immunized with each strain developed at least 4 precipitin lines to each organism and at least one line of identity was demonstrated between the organisms. Significant indirect hemagglutination titers were found in all rabbits in 1 week, with titers reaching 1.0 X 10(5) to 3.3 X 10(5) in 4 to 6 weeks but despite continued intravenous antigenic stimulation, titers quickly fell to low levels thereafter.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Hospital-based study on neonatal tetanus, Buluba Hospital, 1985-1989.

Neonatal tetanus is a major cause of morbidity and mortality among neonates in Uganda. A retrospective study has been made of 228 cases of neonatal tetanus seen in Buluba Hospital over the 5-year period of 1985-1989. The number of cases of neonatal tetanus admitted per year to the hospital did not decrease significantly during that period suggesting that the immunization programme aimed at immunization of pregnant women with tetanus toxoid has not had a clear impact. Over 40% of neonatal tetanus cases came from the two nearest subcounties: Waina and Imanyiro. Over 75% of admitted cases of neonatal tetanus accounted for 23% of all deaths among child admissions. More than 90% of neonatal tetanus cases showed the first symptoms of the illness within the first 14 days of life; the shortest incubation period was 2 days. The average age at onset was 5.6 days and the average age at death was 9.9 days. The need for a more effective immunization programme and more intensified activities to increase the proportion of deliveries attended by trained personnel and improve hygienic conditions during and after deliveries is emphasized.

Female↗
PubMed1997

Risk of upper respiratory tract infection in athletes: an epidemiologic and immunologic perspective.

OBJECTIVE: The chronic and acute immune responses to both heavy and moderate exercise are reviewed, with guidelines provided for the prevention and management of upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) in athletes. DATA SOURCES: Epidemiologic and experimental exercise immunology research data were used. The MEDLINE database was searched for the years 1970 to 1997 with the terms "exercise," "immune," "infection," "lymphocyte," and "neutrophil." DATA SYNTHESIS: A descriptive review with summary figures and one table. CONCLUSIONS/RECOMMENDATIONS: The epidemiologic data suggest that endurance athletes are at increased risk for URTI during periods of heavy training and the 1-to 2-week period after marathon-type race events. Several researchers have reported a diminished neutrophil function in athletes during periods of intense and heavy training. Following each bout of prolonged heavy endurance exercise, several components of the immune system appear to demonstrate suppressed function for several hours. This has led to the concept of the "open window," described as the 3- to 12-hour time period after prolonged endurance exercise when host defense is decreased and the risk of URTI is elevated. There is sufficient evidence for sports medicine professionals to encourage athletes to practice various hygienic measures to lower their risk of URTI and to avoid heavy exertion during systemic illness.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1992

Voluntary modulation of neutrophil adhesiveness using a cyberphysiologic strategy.

In a study of voluntary immunomodulation, 45 subjects were assigned either to a control group or one of two experimental groups. All groups had blood and saliva samples collected before and after either a 30 minute rest condition (Control group) or a 30 minute cyberphysiologic strategy (Experimental groups) to increase neutrophil adherence. These samples were analyzed on a range of immunologic measurements including neutrophil adherence. The second experimental group practiced a cyberphysiologic strategy two weeks prior to the experimental session. Subjects in each group returned to repeat their exercise in a second session the following week. Analysis of all immune measurements revealed statistical significance for changes in neutrophil adherence. These studies suggest that such strategies may be used to effect changes in immune cell functions. Analysis further revealed that those subjects with prior cyberphysiologic training were able, by the second session, to induce a significant increase in neutrophil adherence.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Acute immune response in respect to exercise-induced oxidative stress.

The relationship between exhaustive exercise, oxidative stress, the protective capacity of the antioxidant defense system and cellular immune response has been determined. Exhaustive exercise in well-trained young men (n=19)-induced leukocytosis, decreased proportion of activated-lymphocyte subsets (CD4+ and CD8+) expressing CD69, decreased lymphocyte mitogenic response to concanavalin A (ConA) and phytohemagglutinin (PHA), increased lipid peroxidation, increased total antioxidant status (TAS) and catalase activity, immediately after exercise. Suppressed blood concentration of T-lymphocyte subsets (CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, NK), increased TAS and blood total glutathione (TGSH) in early recovery period (30 min after exercise) were found. Strong positive correlation was observed between TGSH and lymphocyte mitogenic response to ConA and PHA (r=0.85 and 0.85, respectively) immediately after exercise. Moderate positive correlation was observed between TAS and lymphocyte mitogenic response to PHA (r=0.59) immediately after exercise as well as between TAS and lymphocyte mitogenic response to PHA and ConA (r=0.69 and 0.54, respectively). Moderate to weak correlation was observed between TAS and conjugated dienes with exercise (r=0.66) as well as in 30-min recovery (r=0.50). After a short-term bout of exhaustive exercise, immune system was characterized by acute phase response, which was accompanied with oxidative stress. Suppression of the cellular immunity 30 min after exercise shows that this period is not enough for recovery after exhaustive exercise. The results suggest the interactions between exercise-induced oxidative stress and immune response.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

Voluntary training in mice and submandibular lymphocyte response to acute exercise.

INTRODUCTION: Submandibular lymph nodes (SLN) are important for immune responses to antigens in the eye and oral mucosa. Athletes and exercise participants may be at increased risk of ocular, oral, and upper respiratory tract infections. PURPOSE: This study was conducted to examine the effects of voluntary training on the distribution, number, and apoptotic status of SLN lymphocytes in response to an acute bout of strenuous exercise. METHODS: Female C57BL/6 mice were assigned to voluntary wheel-running (WR) exercise (N=20) or were sedentary (N=10) for 16 wk. SLN lymphocytes were examined immediately (EX+Imm) or 24 h (EX+24 h) following strenuous treadmill exercise, or exposure to treadmill conditions without running (NonEX). Intracellular glutathione (GSH), mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), cell viability (propidium iodide uptake, PI), surface phosphatidylserine (Annexin V), T-lymphocyte (CD3, CD4, CD8), and B-lymphocyte (CD19) phenotype distribution and number were assessed. RESULTS: The WR mice had a higher number and percent CD8 SLN lymphocytes, higher MMP, and lower Annexin V/PI SLN lymphocytes than controls. Regardless of training status, an acute bout of strenuous exercise decreased the total and phenotype specific (CD3, CD4, CD8) number of cells, MMP, and GSH levels immediately after exercise. CONCLUSION: WR in mice improved some aspects of cell viability in SLN lymphocytes compared with controls, but did not prevent the transient cell loss after acute treadmill exercise. Given the depletion in intracellular GSH levels, oxidative stress may account for the decline in SLN lymphocyte numbers following acute exercise. Loss of SLN lymphocytes may have consequences for ocular, oral, and upper respiratory tract health in some exercise participants and athletes during periods of overtraining.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Involvement of immunization-certified pharmacists with immunization activities.

BACKGROUND: Immunization certification courses allow pharmacists to directly administer vaccines to their patients. However, the demographics and level of immunization involvement of immunization-certified pharmacists compared with those noncertified are unknown. OBJECTIVE: To document the demographics, professional activities, and job satisfaction of immunization-certified pharmacists compared with pharmacists not certified for immunization. METHODS: In a cross-sectional pilot study, immunization-certified pharmacists were compared with noncertified pharmacists via a postal-mailed questionnaire. The questionnaire consisted of demographic and practice site characteristics, involvement in immunization services, and a job satisfaction survey. RESULTS: Response rates were 48% (n = 101) and 36% (n = 158) for immunization-certified and noncertified pharmacists, respectively. Significantly more certified pharmacists were involved in immunizations (99% vs 24%; p < 0.001). Desire to improve the health care of the public and personal satisfaction were important factors that encouraged pharmacists to become certified to administer vaccines. Seventy-four percent of immunization-certified pharmacists directly administered the vaccines, primarily influenza (96%), pneumococcal (77%), hepatitis (55%), and diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus (19%). Adequate training, time, support from management and staff, and liability coverage were important factors that allowed pharmacists to incorporate immunizations into their practice. No significant differences in job satisfaction were observed between immunization-certified and noncertified pharmacists. CONCLUSIONS: Immunization-certified pharmacists are using their skills to administer vaccines to patients within their communities. Efforts to increase the number of these pharmacists throughout the US should be undertaken.

Certification↗