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PubMed1981

Activity changes in rats following acute trimethyltin exposure.

The aliphatic organo-metal derivative, trimethyltin, causes marked morphological damage to the central nervous system (CNS), when the compound is administered by the intragastric route. This report describes certain behavioral consequences of [CH3]3Sn treatment. Either 7.0 mg/kg [CH3]3SnCl or 0.9% saline was injected intragastrically in male rats of Long-Evans strain divided into two equal groups of nine each. Forty days later open-field activity during a 2-min interval was measured for each rat. Following activity testing, the animals were trained to press a lever for food reinforcement on an ascending fixed-ratio series ranging from FR 2 to FR 99. The results showed that rats treated with [CH3]3SnCl were three times as active as controls in the open field, and emitted lever responses at a significantly higher rate than controls throughout the fixed-ratio series regardless of the reinforcement schedule. The possible neuropathological consequences and the relative permanence of the neurobehavioral changes following tin treatment are discussed.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Comparative study of tributyltin toxicity on two bacteria of the genus Bacillus.

Tributyltin is a potent biocide mainly used in marine anti-fouling paints. Owing to its widespread distribution in coast areas and its high toxicity to aquatic organisms, the use of this compound is generally restricted and under government regulation. Despite of that, it persists in the aquatic environment. Organotins used in industry have also been detected in terrestrial environments. The persistence and high lipophilicity explain bioaccumulation. The role of bacteria in recycling organic matter prompted us to study the interaction of tributyltin with two ubiquitous bacilli, B. stearothermophilus and B. subtilis, proposed as biological indicators of pollutants with ecological impact. These bacteria have been used as suitable models for the study of toxicity mechanisms of unselective lipophilic compounds (e.g., DDT and endosulfan). Drug effects on growth parameters, oxygen consumption and membrane organization were assessed. Bacteria growth in a liquid complex medium was disturbed by concentrations of TBT as low as 25 nM (8 microgL(-1)), close to the concentration in polluted environments. The respiratory activity is affected by TBT in both microorganisms. Membrane organization, assessed by fluorescence polarization of two fluidity probes, 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (DPH) and a propionic acid derivative (DPH-PA), was also perturbed by the xenobiotic. Alterations on growth, oxygen consumption and physical properties of membrane lipids are stronger in B. stearothermophilus as compared to B. subtilis. A putative relationship between growth inhibition and respiratory activity impairment induced by TBT and its effects on the physical behaviour of bacterial membrane lipids is suggested.

Bacillus subtilis↗

PubMed2003

Effects of tributyltin chloride on the reproductive system in pubertal male rats.

Detrimental effects of tributyltin (TBT) chloride on the reproductive system were investigated in pubertal male rats. Sixty Sprague-Dawley rats aged with 35 days were assigned to six different groups; negative control receiving vehicle, positive control receiving methyltestosterone (10 mg/kg B.W.), TBT chloride (5 mg/kg B.W., 10 mg/kg B.W., and 20 mg/kg B.W.), and a combination of TBT chloride (10 mg/kg B.W.) and flutamide (10 mg/kg B.W). The animals were treated with test compounds by oral gavage daily for 10 days and sacrificed on the next day of the final treatment. The treatment with TBT chloride at the doses of 10 and 20 mg/kg B.W. significantly decreased seminal vesicle weights, compared to the negative control. The combined treatment of TBT chloride and flutamide caused a significant decrease in accessory sex organ weights, compared to the control and TBT chloride treatments. The treatment with TBT chloride or in the combination with flutamide increased detached debris and sloughed cells in the tubules of epididymis and narrowed seminal vesicles. In addition, the combined treatment with TBT chloride and flutamide caused a noticeable increase in serum androgen level, compared to the negative control. These results suggest that TBT chloride exposed during pubertal period cause partial reproductive disorders in male rats.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Sexual dimorphism in esterified steroid levels in the gastropod Marisa cornuarietis: the effect of xenoandrogenic compounds.

Molluscs can conjugate a variety of steroids to form fatty acid esters. In this work, the freshwater ramshorn snail Marisa cornuarietis was used to investigate sex differences in endogenous levels of esterified steroids. Testosterone and estradiol were mainly found in the esterified form in the digestive gland/gonad complex of M. cornuarietis, and males had higher levels of esterified steroids than females (4-10-fold). Additionally, the ability of several xenobiotics, namely tributyltin (TBT), methyltestosterone (MT) and fenarimol (FEN) to interfere with the esterification of testosterone and estradiol was investigated. All three compounds induced imposex - appearance of male sexual characteristics in females. Exposure to TBT led to a decrease in both esterified testosterone (60-85%) and estradiol (16-53%) in females after 100 days exposure, but had no effect on males. Exposure to FEN and MT did not alter levels of esterified steroids in males or in females, although exposed females developed imposex after 150 days exposure. The decrease in esterified steroids by TBT could not be directly linked with a decrease in microsomal acyl-CoA:testosterone acyltransferase (ATAT) activity, which catalyzes the esterification of steroids. In fact, ATAT activity was marginally induced in organisms exposed to TBT for 50 days (1.3-fold), and significantly induced in males and females exposed to MT for 50 days (1.8- and 1.5-fold, respectively), whereas no effect on ATAT activity was observed after 150 days exposure.

Androgens↗

PubMed1985

Does phenobarbital protect against trimethyltin-induced neuropathology of limbic structures?

Because of the similarity in the pattern of limbic sites damaged by both compounds, it has been suggested that trimethyltin (TMT) may be an excitotoxin like kainic acid (KA). KA produces seizures which eventually result in neuronal damage similar to that found in epilepsy. Anticonvulsants reduce both the seizures and pathology associated with KA. Because TMT may also produce seizures, we undertook to determine whether or not some of the TMT-induced limbic neuropathology could result from seizure activity. To do this, a single dose of TMT chloride (either 7.5 or 15 mg/kg) was given per os to rats, and then phenobarbital (30 mg/kg) was administered subcutaneously in repeated doses. Treatment with phenobarbital did not prevent pathologic changes in the hippocampus, dentate gyrus, and pyriform or prepyriform cortex. Since phenobarbital did not protect against TMT-induced neuronal damage, as it has been reported by others to protect against KA-induced damage, the present findings suggest that these two toxicants probably produce hippocampal pathology via different mechanisms and that the TMT-induced pathologic changes do not require sustained electrical seizure activity.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of tributyltin (TBT) on ATP levels in human natural killer (NK) cells: relationship to TBT-induced decreases in NK function.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the role that tributyltin (TBT)-induced decreases in ATP levels may play in TBT-induced decreases in the tumor lysing (lytic) function of natural killer (NK) cells. NK cells are a subset of lymphocytes that act as an initial immune defense against tumor cells and virally infected cells. TBT is an environmental contaminant that has been detected in human blood, which has been shown to interfere with ATP synthesis. Previous studies have shown that TBT is able to decrease very significantly the lytic function of NK cells. In this study NK cells were exposed to various concentrations of TBT and to two other compounds that interfere with ATP synthesis (rotenone a complex I inhibitor and oligomycin an ATP synthase inhibitor) for various lengths of time before determining the levels of ATP and lytic function. Exposures of NK cells to 10, 25, 50 and 100 nm TBT did not significantly reduce ATP levels after 24 h. However, these same exposures caused significant decreases in cytotoxic function. Studies of brief 1 h exposures to a range of TBT, rotenone and oligomycin concentrations followed by 24 h, 48 h and 6 day periods in compound-free media prior to assaying for ATP levels or cytotoxic function showed that each of the compounds caused persistent decreases in ATP levels and lytic function of NK cells. Exposures to 0.05-5 microm rotenone or oligomycin for 1 h reduced ATP levels by 20-25% but did not have any measurable effect on the ability of NK cells to lyse tumor cells. ATP levels were also decreased by about 20-25% after 24 h or 48 h exposures to rotenone or oligomycin (0.5 microm ), and the lytic function was decreased by about 50%. The results suggest that TBT-induced decreases in ATP levels were not responsible for the loss of cytotoxic function seen at 1 h and 24 h. However, TBT-induced decreases of NK-ATP levels may be at least in part responsible for losses of NK-cytotoxic function seen after 48 h and 6 day exposures.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗

PubMed2006

TBT causes regime shift in shallow lakes.

Tributyltin (TBT) is an organotin compound used since the early 1960s as a biocide in boat antifouling paints. Its use has been linked to a host of negative effects in marine ecosystems including malformations and imposex in Mollusca and acute toxicity in many other aquatic animals. Yet, the consequences of TBT use in freshwaters are largely unknown. Here, for the first time we reveal that TBT may have caused hitherto unsuspected damage to freshwater ecosystems. Through an analysis of dated sediment cores collected from a system of recreationally boated, shallow lakes, we show that first evidence of TBT is associated with a dramatic loss of submerged vegetation and associated diverse animal communities. Cause and effect are difficult to unravel in our study. However, we hypothesize that TBT, through reducing populations of grazing organisms in lakes already affected by eutrophication, promoted the replacement of macrophytes by phytoplankton, ultimately leading to a regime shift in the ecosystem. Our findings may have parallels in freshwater ecosystems all over the world.

Trialkyltin Compounds↗

PubMed2006

Effects of perinatal combined exposure to 1,1-dichloro-2,2 bis (p-chlorophenyl) ethylene and tributyltin on male reproductive system.

Prenatal or early postnatal exposure to some synthetic chemicals may affect the later reproductive system of the offspring. There may also be unique responses observed due to exposure to combinations of chemicals that are not observed when the chemicals are present individually. 1,1-Dichloro-2,2 bis (p-chlorophenyl) ethylene (p,p'-DDE) is a persistent metabolite of DDT and tributyltin (TBT) compounds are used primarily as antifouling agents, as they exert biocidal actions. p,p'-DDE and TBT are ubiquitously distributed in the environment. Oral p,p'-DDE and TBT intake through marine products is demonstrated to be high in Japan. Consequently, the foetus and neonate are supposed to be exposed much more to p,p'-DDE and TBT via the maternal body. Therefore, effects of perinatal exposure to p,p'-DDE and/or TBT on the reproductive system after maturation have been investigated in rat male offspring of dams orally administered 125 ppm p,p'-DDE (approximately 10 mg/kg) and 25 ppm TBT (approximately 2 mg/kg) during the gestational and lactational period. In this study, growth retardation attributed to TBT has sustained in rat male offspring after perinatal exposure. However, perinatal exposure to p,p'-DDE and TBT failed to affect the male reproductive organs and sperm parameters in matured male offspring.

Animals↗

PubMed1989

Variations in the neurotoxic potency of trimethyltin.

The organometallic compound, trimethyltin (TMT), is used as a selective denervation tool to validate morphological, biochemical and functional approaches to the detection and characterization of neurotoxicity. Variations in nervous system response TMT have been reported and may complicate the use of this compound as a research tool. We examined the contribution of sample-to-sample differences to variations in TMT-induced neurotoxicity. Seven samples of TMT obtained from three commercial sources were evaluated for neurotoxic potency in the rat. Hippocampus weight, histology and assays of the astrocyte protein, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), were used as indices of neurotoxicity. A single administration (8.0 mg/kg, IV) of different samples of TMT resulted in markedly different degrees of neurotoxicity as assessed by hippocampus weight and GFAP assays. Subsequent analysis of each sample for trace metal and speciated organotin content revealed that sample-to-sample differences in neurotoxic potency could be attributed to the presence of several impurities. Indeed, in several samples, sodium was present at levels high enough to affect neurotoxic potency simply by diluting the TMT content. A number of samples also showed contamination with the nonneurotoxic organotin, dimethyltin. The data indicate that different sources of TMT produce quantitatively different degrees of neurotoxicity, differences that may be attributed to sample-to-sample variations in TMT content.

Animals↗

PubMed1980

Molluscicides in schistosomiasis control.

Although mollusciciding can be a cost-effective method of controlling schistosomiasis transmission, only one organic molluscicide, niclosamide, is now being produced commercially, and only a few compounds are at present being tested in the laboratory. In future, improved cost-effective use of molluscicides will require more precise knowledge of schistosomiasis transmission patterns in each endemic area and improved application techniques. In snail control studies using controlled-release formulations only the organotins, especially tributyltin oxide (TBTO), have given satisfactory long-term results. However, large-scale field trials of organotin formulations have not been implemented and their use cannot be recommended as their chronic toxicity in mammals has not yet been determined. The development of molluscicides of indigenous plant origin deserves support. Endod, derived from the berries of the climbing plant Phytolacca dodecandra, is the most extensively tested plant molluscicide, but data on its chronic toxicity to non-target organisms are lacking. The mode of action of molluscicides has not been extensively studied, though knowledge of the properties required of molluscicidal molecules has contributed to the discovery and development of niclosamide and nicotinanilide. In general, molluscicides probably cause stress on the water balance system, which in gastropods in thought to be under neurosecretory control.

Drug Resistance↗

PubMed2000

Predicting the fate and effects of tributyltin in marine systems.

The available data indicate that sediment-water partitioning, bioaccumulation, and the toxicity responses for tributyltin (TBT) are predictable when using some of the assumptions and tenets of the equilibrium partitioning method, toxicokinetic modeling (1CFOK), and critical body residue (CBR) approach. Because TBT is ionizable, its speciation is strongly affected by pH, which appears to cause large variations in the octanol-water partition coefficient. In marine systems, and in freshwater systems with high pH, TBT occurs predominantly in the hydroxide form, which may explain the hydrophobic properties and its EqP behavior. Organic carbon in sediment (> 0.2%) appears to be the major controlling factor for sediment-water partitioning. The equilibrium organic carbon-normalized sediment-water partition coefficient (Koc) in marine environments is approximately 32,000 (log10 Koc approximately 4.5), which was determined from direct measurement and confirmed by the relationship between the lipid-normalized bioconcentration factor (BCF) in porewater and the biota-sediment accumulation factor (BSAF). The conclusion that sediment-water partitioning of TBT in marine systems follows EqP is supported by the similarity between its Kow and Koc and the correlation between the sediment-water partition coefficient (Kp) and sediment TOC, which results from the influence of organic carbon on pore-water concentrations. Even though the rates of uptake and elimination control tissue residues and lipid content appears to have no bearing on the amount of TBT that is accumulated, the species specific BSAF is useful for examining bioaccumulation, sediment-water partitioning, and the toxicity response. Although TBT is hydrophobic and appears to have a propensity to accumulate in lipid, the rates of uptake and elimination, not thermodynamics, appear to control whole-body tissue concentrations. Support for a toxicokinetic approach for predicting tissue residues is found in BCF and BSAF values for several species that are far in excess of that predicted by simple thermodynamic partitioning and in the comparisons of observed and predicted bioaccumulation values based on toxicokinetic coefficients. This observation is counter to the assumption of EqP that the route of uptake is of no consequence under equilibrium conditions. For TBT, it appears that kinetics determine tissue residues and that body lipid is important only for regulating the toxic response, not the amount bioaccumulated. Unlike those for neutral hydrophobic organic compounds, the toxicokinetics for this one toxicant are highly variable in diverse species but relatively accurate in predicting the amount bioaccumulated and the resulting toxicity response. For the CBR approach to be useful, a relatively constant tissue residue for a given biological response is necessary. Several studies support the CBR approach because certain biological effects, such as mortality and growth inhibition, occur at a relatively constant TBT tissue concentration. For TBT, the lethal whole-body tissue concentration affecting 50% of individuals (LR50) exhibits little variation, occurring at approximately 48 micrograms/g (166 nmol/g) dry weight in a range of species. Direct evidence and correlation of the LC50 and the bioconcentration factor (BCF) support this observation. Impaired growth, a sublethal response, also appears to be associated with a relatively constant tissue concentration, which has also been demonstrated by direct measurement and indirectly by regression of the BCF and LOEC. The lowest-observed-effect tissue residue (LOER) associated with impaired growth for several species was approximately 3 micrograms/g (10.4 nmol/g) dry wt. Because of the small number of studies linking growth impairment and tissue concentrations, additional studies are needed to confirm these values. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED)

Animals↗

PubMed1991

Use of tributyltin to probe contribution of Cl(-)-HCO3- exchange to regulation of steady-state pHi in human neutrophils.

Organotin derivatives represent a class of artificial ionophores that mediate Cl(-)-OH- exchange and thereby facilitate the chemical equilibrium distribution of Cl- and H+ across biological membranes. Imposing different pH and Cl- gradients by varying extracellular pH (pHo) and extracellular [Cl-] in the presence of 1 microM tributyltin validated the above assumptions in human neutrophils. Under relatively alkaline conditions [intracellular pH (pHi) greater than or equal to 7.10 and pHo greater than or equal to 7.40], the cell's natural Cl(-)HCO3- exchanger mimicked the actions of the tributyltin compound and was the principal factor controlling steady-state pHi. However, with increasing extracellular acidification, there was a progressive deviation from the predicted equilibrium distribution in the case of the normal Cl(-)-HCO3- transport system, whereas tributyltin-treated cells followed theoretical expectations. Exposure of neutrophils to a number of inhibitors of Cl(-)-HCO3- exchange led to a fall in pHi, apparently confirming the impression that a net HCO3- influx through Cl(-)-HCO3- countertransport was chiefly responsible for maintaining steady-state pHi. However, this intracellular acidification could be satisfactorily ascribed to proton movements through a parallel pathway, namely nonionic diffusion of the free acid form of the drugs. These results imply that Cl(-)-HCO3- exchange is the dominant pH regulatory device only under relatively alkaline conditions and that other mechanisms in addition to Na(+)-H+ exchange are likely to play an important role in recovery from acidification and in maintaining steady-state pHi. The possibility that the lactate carrier may function in this capacity is discussed.

Carrier Proteins↗

PubMed2004

Altered metabolism of dopamine in the midbrain of mice treated with tributyltin chloride via subacute oral exposure.

Tributyltin (TBT) compounds have been detected in fish and shellfish. One of the targets of TBT compounds is the central nervous system. Alterations in the levels of neurotransmitters and their metabolites, and ratios of the levels of neurotransmitters to those of their metabolites have been used as indexes of neurotoxicity. We evaluated the neurotoxicity of TBT compounds in mice following subacute oral exposure by determining the levels of neurotransmitters and their metabolites in discrete brain regions. Male BALB/c mice were exposed to 0, 1, 5, 25, or 125 ppm TBT chloride in their feed for one month. Following the treatment period, their brains were removed and dissected into the cerebrum, cerebellum, medulla oblongata, midbrain, corpus striatum and hypothalamus. The levels of norepinephrine, dopamine (DA), dihydoxyphenylacetic acid, homovanillic acid (HVA), serotonin, and 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid were determined in different brain regions by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The mean body weight of mice treated with 125 ppm TBT was significantly lower than that of the control from day 5 to day 16 during the treatment period. The HVA/DA ratio in the midbrain of the 125 ppm-treated group was significantly higher than those of other treatment groups, and tended to be higher than that of the control. TBT may affect DA metabolism in the brain, especially in the midbrain.

3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid↗

PubMed1994

Rapid reduction of mRNA coding for 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase in rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells during apoptosis.

Apoptosis is a form of physiological cell death, characterized by DNA fragmentation, which often depends on RNA and protein synthesis. Because cellular RNA is also degraded during apoptosis we studied the role of the 2'-5'-oligoadenylate (2-5A) synthetase in this process. The product of the synthetase, 2-5A, stimulates endoribonuclease-L-mediated controlled RNA degradation. Here we show that apoptosis is induced in rat phenochromocytoma PC12 cells by tributyltin (TBT) at low concentrations (1 nM); already 5-10 min. after addition of this compound DNA fragmentation resulting in a stepladder-like gel pattern was observed. The level of mRNA coding for 2-5A synthetase was determined using a cloned cDNA from rats. Sequence analyses of the rat 2-5A synthetase (M(r) 40-46,000) revealed high homology to other members of class I synthetase cloned from mouse and human. Applying the rat cDNA as a probe we found that parallel with degradation of DNA the level of mRNA coding for 2-5A synthetase decreased already 7.5 min. after induction of apoptosis by TBT the amount of 2-5A synthetase mRNA was reduced by 60%. This finding indicates that this enzyme is among those mRNAs which are degraded during apoptosis and it suggests that 2-5A synthetase, which is involved in the antiviral response of cells and most likely in the control of cell growth and differentiation, does not play an active role during this process.

2',5'-Oligoadenylate Synthetase↗

PubMed2004

Development of vitellogenin assay for endocrine disrupters using medaka (Oryzias latipes).

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed for the detection of the egg yolk precursor vitellogenin (VTG) in the liver of medaka (Oryzias latipes) and was employed to establish an in vivo testing system for estrogen and estrogenic compounds using liver homogenates. Results of 3-month-old fish exposed to three reference chemicals (ethynylestradiol, methyltestosterone and flutamide) recommended by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) for the validation showed the induction and decrease of vitellogenic responses, making the assay using the liver VTG of medaka a possible screening method for not only estrogens but also androgens. In addition, 21-day exposure of male fish to 4-tert-octylphenol and 4-nonylphenol produced concentration-dependent inductions of liver vitellogenin, with the lowest observed effect concentrations of 64.1 microg/L and 22.5 microg/L, respectively, while no significant VTG responses were observed in male and female fish exposed to tributyltin chloride and dibutyl phthalate. This study demonstrates that the VTG assay using liver homogenates from small fish such as medaka can be used as a screening method for environmental estrogens. This is because the sensitivity of the VTG response in medaka may be almost the same as that of other fish using blood samples.

Androgens↗

PubMed2005

Environmental chemical tributyltin augments adipocyte differentiation.

Scientific attention has been drawn to environmental factors that affect obesity and type II diabetes. Previously, acute organotin toxicosis was reported to induce hyperglycemia without morphological abnormalities in islet tissue, suggesting that these compounds have a direct effect on adipose tissue. Therefore, we investigated the effect of tributyltin (TBT) on adipocyte differentiation. When confluent 3T3-L1 cells were incubated with TBT for 2 days in the presence or absence of isobutyl methylxanthine, dexamethasone and insulin (MDI), the lipid accumulation in adipocytes was greatly enhanced. These morphological changes induced by TBT were accompanied by the expression of a differentiation marker for adipocytes in a dose-dependent manner. Co-treatment with the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)gamma antagonist GW9662 did not inhibit the effect of TBT, suggesting that the observed effect of TBT may not be PPARgamma-dependent. Although TBT was reported to exert androgenic effects and inhibit the activity of aromatase, treatments with dihydrotestosterone or 17beta-estradiol did not influence the aP2 expression in 3T3-L1 cells, suggesting that the TBT effect does not occur via sex-steroids. These findings indicate that TBT may be one of the environmental chemicals that lead to excessive accumulation of adipose tissue, which can result in obesity.

3T3-L1 Cells↗

PubMed2002

Interleukins 2 and 12 produce recovery of cytotoxic function in tributyltin-exposed human natural killer cells.

Cytotoxic function of human natural killer (NK) cells is modulated by a variety of cytokines. Interleukins (IL) 2 and 12 are both potent stimulators of NK cell cytotoxic function. Tributyltin (TBT) is used in a variety of consumer products and industrial applications. TBT is found in dairy products, meat, and fish. We and others have shown that there are measurable levels of TBT in human blood. Butyltins appear to increase the risk of cancer and viral infections in exposed individuals. We have demonstrated that the ability of NK cells to kill tumor cells is greatly diminished after a l-h exposure to TBT and that this inhibition persists even after removal of the compound. In the current study we examine the effects of the NK-stimulatory ILs, IL2 and IL12, on the ability of NK cells to recover from the persistent inhibitory effects of a 1-h TBT treatment. Highly purified NK cells (> 95% CD16(+)) or a lymphocyte preparation containing both T lymphocytes and NK cells were treated with 300 nM TBT and then allowed to recover for 24 h, 48 h, 4 days, and 6 days in TBT-free media containing no interleukin, 1000 U/mL IL2, 20 ng/mL IL l2, or a combination of IL2 plus IL12. Tumor killing function was then tested using a radioactive chromium release assay. As seen in our previous studies there is no recovery of NK cell cytotoxic function even after a 6-day recovery period when no interleukin is present in the medium. However, there is significant recovery of NK cytotoxic function when IL2, IL12, or the combination of IL2 plus IL12 is present in the medium during the recovery period.

Cell Adhesion↗

PubMed2006

Biodiversity of organotin resistant Pseudomonas from west coast of India.

Five bacterial isolates were screened for resistance to organotin compound, i.e. tributyltin chloride (TBTC) up to 2 mM. The optimum pH, temperature and salinity for the growth of the isolates were found to be 7, 28 degrees C and 2.5%, respectively. The isolates were tested for survival tolerance to heavy metals (mercury, cadmium and zinc) and co-resistance to antibiotics viz. ampicillin, kanamycin, rifampicin, streptomycin, penicillin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, nalidixic acid and neomycin. Although our earlier study reported that these five bacterial strains are of different species of Pseudomonas, our present 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that all the strains are Pseudomonas aeruginosa. One of five isolates P. aeruginosa strain 25W could grow in mineral salt medium with 2 mM of TBTC as a sole source of carbon and survive up to 5 mM of TBTC. In presence of 2 mM of TBTC there was comparable up-regulation of 45 kDa protein in the cell extract of the 25W isolate was found indicating involvement of certain enzymes in TBTC resistance.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗