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PubMed1979

Diagnosis of tuberculosis: routine cultures of bronchial washings are not indicated.

During a five-year period, cultures of bronchial washings for Mycobacterium tuberculosis were obtained almost routinely (859 of 1,012 bronchoscopic examinations.). This practice proved costly, and the diagnostic yield was extremely low. Only three cases were diagnosed solely by this method (0.35 percent). Five other cases were false-positive. Additionally, 39 patients with known active pulmonary tuberculosis had false-negative cultures of bronchial washings; 13 of these 39 patients were receiving antituberculosis drugs at the time of their bronchoscopic examinations. The inhibitory effect of local anesthetics upon the growth of M tuberculosis is the possible cause for the remaining 26 false-negative cultures. We conclude that bronchoscopic examination and culture of bronchial washings are not the best sources for diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis and that cultures of sputum and/or gastric washings are usually sufficient. The practice of obtaining routine cultures of bronchial washings in known pulmonary tuberculosis is of questionable value, when nearly two-thirds may be false-negative.

Aged↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Characterization of lead removal from contaminated soils by nontoxic soil-washing agents.

Few effective strategies exist for remediating and restoring metal-contaminated soils. We have evaluated the potential of two environmentally compatible, nondestructive, biological soil-washing agents for remediating aged, lead-contaminated soils. Two contaminated soils were washed with 10 mM rhamnolipid biosurfactant and 5.3% carboxymethyl-beta-cyclodextrin (CMCD). The metal removal efficiency of these agents was compared with 10 mM diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA) and 10 mM KNO3. Lead removal rates by both soil-washing agents exceeded the removal by KNO3, but were an order of magnitude less than removal by the synthetic chelator, DTPA. Analysis of soil extractions revealed that the Pb in the first soil (3780 mg kg(-1)) was primarily associated with the soluble, exchangeable, oxide, and residual fractions while the Pb in the second soil (23 900 mg kg(-1)) was found in the soluble, exchangeable, carbonate, and residual fractions. After 10 consecutive washes, rhamnolipid had removed 14.2 and 15.3% of the Pb from the first and second soils, respectively, and CMCD had removed 5 and 13.4% from the same two soils. The Pb removal rate by both agents either increased or was consistent throughout the 10 extractions, indicating a potential for continued removal with extended washing. Significant levels of Cu and Zn in both soils did not prevent Pb removal by either agent. Interestingly, the effectiveness of each agent varied as a function of Pb speciation in the soil. Rhamnolipid was more effective than CMCD in removing Pb bound to amorphous iron oxides, while both agents demonstrated similar potential for removing soluble, exchangeable, and carbonate-bound Pb. Neither agent demonstrated potential for the complete remediation of metal-contaminated soils.

Biodegradation, Environmental↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Sperm motility should be assessed in fresh sperm and after a sperm washing procedure.

A prospective study was carried out on semen samples from 118 consecutive unselected men attending our infertility clinic to determine whether sperm motility may be affected by seminal plasma. The incidence of asthenozoospermia as defined by fewer than 50% of spermatozoa with forward progressive motility in the untreated semen was 37.4%. This value was significantly reduced to 23% after washing and removing seminal plasma. Men with asthenozoospermia in untreated semen but normal in the washed sample had a percentage of normal sperm morphology and a percentage of swollen tails in the HOS test similar to those of controls, and higher than those of asthenozoospermics in both the untreated and washed sample. Sperm velocity was also significantly improved after the washing procedure. Spermatozoa selected by swim-down procedure and applied to a seminal plasma medium reduced sperm motility affecting negatively the HOS test. Sperm motility should be assessed after a sperm washing procedure, since seminal plasma contains constituents that decrease sperm motility without affecting membrane integrity.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

Effects of different floor types and levels of washing of waterers on broiler performance and bacteria count of drinking water.

The objective of the present experiment was to determine the effect of different flooring materials and washing of waterers on broiler performance. The floor treatments were 1) black, plastic-coated expanded metal, relatively rigid (B); 2) white plastic, semi-rigid, with rectangular openings (WR); 3) white plastic, semi-rigid, with square openings (WS); and 4) 3 cm of rice hull litter (C). One hanging waterer was placed in each pen. Wash treatments were 1) trough and bell washed every Monday, Wednesday, and Friday (AW); 2) wash trough only on Monday, Wednesday, and Friday (TW); and 3) the waterers were never washed after the 2nd wk (NW). Broilers reared on C has significantly lower BW than those broilers on B floors. Broilers reared on the B and WS floors had significantly higher breast blister scores and percentage of birds with blisters than broilers reared on C floors. Broilers reared on C had lower enlarged feather follicle scores than those reared on all raised floors and a lower percentage of enlarged feather follicles than those broilers reared on WS or WR floors. Broilers reared on WS+TW had significantly better feed conversion than WS+AW, B+TW, and B+AW treatments. Broilers reared on WR+TW treatment were significantly higher in breast blister score than broilers reared on WR+AW, C+TW, and C+AW treatments. Broilers reared on C+TW and C+AW treatments were significantly lower in breast blister score except for broilers reared on C+NW, WR+AW, and WS+AW treatments. Broilers reared on C+NW treatment were significantly lower in enlarged feather follicle score than those broilers reared on B+TW, WR+AW, and WS+NW treatments.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animal Husbandry↗

PubMed1996

Textural, color, and sensory properties of bologna containing various levels of washed chicken skin.

Poultry skin was washed in sodium bicarbonate (0.5%) solution in a pilot plant facility to remove fat from skin. Composition of the washed product was determined and its functional properties were determined in a bologna product at the levels of 0, 10, and 20%. Washing reduced fat, and increased total protein and moisture in skin. Collagen content was significantly increased and water- and salt-soluble protein in washed skin were significantly decreased compared to unwashed skin (P < 0.05). With reference to emulsion stability, skin content did not affect fat or gel-water losses and lowered solids loss when compared to bologna with 0% skin (P < 0.05). Kramer Shear peak force was not significantly different for bologna at each treatment level. Total energy was higher for bologna with 0% skin (P < 0.05). Skin addition did not affect compression measurements of hardness, springiness, cohesiveness, and chewiness when compared to bologna with 0% skin. The addition of skin resulted in a lighter (L), less red (aL), and less yellow (bL) product according to HunterLab color analysis (P < 0.05). Consumer panelists rated bologna with 10% skin highest in texture, flavor, and texture and appearance acceptability (P < 0.05). Washed chicken skin may have potential as a low cost, low fat ingredient for emulsified meat products.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Interphase cytogenetic diagnosis of bladder cancer on cells from urine and bladder washing.

In order to determine the value of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) in the diagnosis and follow-up of bladder cancer interphase cytogenetics was performed on cells from urine and bladder washings. 50 ml of urine or bladder washings were collected. FISH was carried out using centromere probes for chromosomes 7, 8, 9 and 12 according to standard protocols. In each case 100 cell nuclei were analysed. Fifty-four samples from urine and 67 samples from bladder washing were analysed by FISH in comparison with results obtained by conventional cytology. Sensitivity of detection of tumor cells by FISH was 68.5% in urine and 63% in bladder washings regardless of tumor stage and grade. Sensitivity obtained by conventional cytology was 50% in urine and 77.3% in bladder washings. FISH on cells from urine samples is an effective complement to the standard urine cytology. Using centromere probes this approach is characterized by high specificity and sensitivity in tumors with T-category higher than pTa and grade higher than G1.

Carcinoma, Transitional Cell↗

PubMed1998

Comparison of water wash, trimming, and combined hot water and lactic acid treatments for reducing bacteria of fecal origin on beef carcasses.

Cleaning treatments, such as high-pressure water wash at 35 degrees C or trim, alone and combined with sanitizing treatments, such as hot water (95 degrees C at the source), warm (55 degrees C) 2% lactic acid spray, and combinations of these two sanitizing methods, were compared for their effectiveness in reducing inoculated numbers (5.0 to 6.0 log CFU/cm2) of Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli O157:H7, aerobic plate counts, Enterobacteriaceae, total coliforms, thermotolerant coliforms, and generic E. coli on hot beef carcass surface areas in a model carcass spray cabinet. Log reductions in numbers of all tested organisms by water wash or trim alone were significantly smaller than the log reductions obtained by the different combined treatments. Regardless of the cleaning treatment (water wash or trim) or surface area, the range for mean log reductions by hot water was from 4.0 to > 4.8 log CFU/cm2, by lactic acid spray was from 4.6 to > 4.9 log CFU/cm2, by hot water followed by lactic acid spray was from 4.5 to > 4.9 log CFU/cm2, and by lactic acid spray followed by hot water was from 4.4 to > 4.6 log CFU/cm2, for S. typhimurium and E. coli O157:H7. Identical reductions were obtained for thermotolerant coliforms and generic E. coli. No differences in bacterial reductions were observed for different carcass surface regions. Water wash and trim treatments caused spreading of the contamination to other areas of the carcass surface while providing an overall reduction in fecal or pathogenic contamination on carcass surface areas. This relocated contamination after either water wash or trim was most effectively reduced by following with hot water and then lactic acid spray. This combined treatment yielded 0% positive samples for S. typhimurium, E. coli O157:H7, thermotolerant coliforms, and generic E. coli on areas outside the inoculated areas, whereas percent positive samples after applying other combined treatments ranged from 22 to 44% for S. typhimurium, 0 to 44% for E. coli O157:H7, and 11 to 33% for both thermotolerant coliforms and generic E. coli. From data collected in this study, it is possible to choose an effective, inexpensive treatment to reduce bacterial contamination on beef carcasses. In addition, the similar reduction rates of total coliforms, thermotolerant coliforms, or generic E. coli may be useful in identifying an indicator to verify the effectiveness of the selected treatment as a critical control point in a Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point program.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Efficacy of alkaline washing for the decontamination of orange fruit surfaces inoculated with Escherichia coli.

The effectiveness of washing treatments to decontaminate orange fruit surfaces inoculated with Escherichia coli was evaluated. Washing on roller brushes with fruit cleaners or sanitizers followed by potable water rinse reduced E. coli by 1.9 to 3.5 log cycles. Prewetting fruit for 30 s before washing provided no significant benefit in most cases. Additional sanitizing treatments either with chlorine or acid sanitizers did not enhance the results of alkaline washing. In general, high pH washing solutions (pH 11.8) applied with an adequate spray volume effectively reduced the surface contamination of fruit that lowered the microbial load of fresh juice as well.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Location of Escherichia coli O157:H7 on and in apples as affected by bruising, washing, and rubbing.

Confocal scanning laser microscopy (CSLM) was used to determine the location of Escherichia coli O157:H7 cells on the surface and in tissue of bruised Red Delicious cv. apples. Undamaged and bruised apples were inoculated by immersing in a suspension of E. coli O157:H7 cells transformed with a plasmid that encodes for the production of a green fluorescent protein. Apples were then washed in 0.1% (wt/vol) peptone water and/or rubbed with a polyester cloth and examined to determine if these treatments removed or introduced cells into lenticels, cutin, and cracks on the skin surface. Optical slices of the apples obtained using CSLM were examined to determine the depth at which colonization or attachment of cells occurred. Populations of E. coli O157:H7 on the surface of apples were determined to assess the effectiveness of washing and rubbing in physically removing cells. The location of cells on or in undamaged and bruised areas of apples that were not washed or rubbed did not differ significantly. However, washing apples resulted in an approximate 2-log reduction in CFU of E. coli O157:H7 per cm2 of apple surface. On unwashed apples, cells were detected at depths up to 30 microm below the surface. No E. coli O157:H7 cells were detected at locations more than 6 microm below the surface of washed apples. Cells that remained on the surface of rubbed apples appeared to be sealed within naturally occurring cracks and crevices in waxy cutin platelets. These cells may be protected from disinfection and subsequently released when apples are eaten or pressed for cider production.

Bacterial Adhesion↗

PubMed2003

A comparison of hand washing techniques to remove Escherichia coli and caliciviruses under natural or artificial fingernails.

Compared with other parts of the hand, the area beneath fingernails harbors the most microorganisms and is most difficult to clean. Artificial fingernails, which are usually long and polished, reportedly harbor higher microbial populations than natural nails. Hence, the efficacy of different hand washing methods for removing microbes from natural and artificial fingernails was evaluated. Strains of nonpathogenic Escherichia coli JM109 and feline calicivirus (FCV) strain F9 were used as bacterial and viral indicators, respectively. Volunteers with artificial or natural nails were artificially contaminated with ground beef containing E. coli JM109 or artificial feces containing FCV. Volunteers washed their hands with tap water, regular liquid soap, antibacterial liquid soap, alcohol-based hand sanitizer gel, regular liquid soap followed by alcohol gel, or regular liquid soap plus a nailbrush. The greatest reduction of inoculated microbial populations was obtained by washing with liquid soap plus a nailbrush, and the least reduction was obtained by rubbing hands with alcohol gel. Lower but not significantly different (P > 0.05) reductions of E. coli and FCV counts were obtained from beneath artificial than from natural fingernails. However, significantly (P < or = 0.05) higher E. coli and FCV counts were recovered from hands with artificial nails than from natural nails before and after hand washing. In addition, microbial cell numbers were correlated with fingernail length, with greater numbers beneath fingernails with longer nails. These results indicate that best practices for fingernail sanitation of food handlers are to maintain short fingernails and scrub fingernails with soap and a nailbrush when washing hands.

Alcohols↗

PubMed2003

Microbiological effects of hand washing at a beef carcass-breaking facility.

The hands of workers in the carcass-breaking facility at a beef packing plant were sampled by rinsing. Total aerobes, coliforms, and Escherichia coli were enumerated for each sample. The numbers of bacteria recovered from duplicate groups of 25 hand samples collected before and after hands were washed with an antibacterial gel, rinsed in a disinfectant solution, washed with the gel and rinsed with the disinfectant, or washed in the disinfectant for 20 s were similar for samples collected before work began after breaks. The numbers of bacteria recovered from samples collected before and after hands were washed with the antibacterial gel and rinsed in the disinfectant solution were similar for samples collected after work as well. However, the mean numbers of aerobes recovered from the four groups of hand samples after work were all >6.5 log CFU per hand, while 9 of the 10 corresponding values for groups of hand samples collected before work were <6.5 log CFU per hand; the total numbers of coliforms recovered from three groups of hand samples collected after work were >4 log CFU/25 hands, while 9 of the corresponding values for groups of hand samples collected before work were <4 log CFU/25 hands. The total numbers of E. coli recovered from all groups of hand samples collected after work were >3.5 log CFU/25 hands, while 9 of the corresponding values for groups of hand samples collected before work were <3 log CFU/25 hands. Thus, although washing and/or rinsing apparently did not reduce the numbers of bacteria on hands, fewer bacteria were recovered from hands before than after work.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

[Usefulness of P53 oncoprotein in urinary wash cytology: experience in patients with superficial bladder carcinoma].

OBJECTIVES: 1) To determine p53 expression in urinary wash cytology by immunohistochemistry in patients with superficial transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder and controls; 2) to correlate p53 in urinary wash cytology and anatomopathological characteristics of the bladder tumors analyzed; 3) to determine the utility of p53 expression in urinary wash cytology as a prognostic factor; and 4) to identify a subgroup of patients with superficial tumors of worse prognosis in order to improve control of the evolution of the tumor and treatment. METHODS: From 1993 to 1998, 141 cases were studied; 32 controls comprised group I and 109 (38 primary and 71 recurrence) patients with transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder comprised group II. RESULTS: In group II, 29.5% were positive for p53 in urinary wash cytology, while no positive cases were found in group I. A total of 104 valid data were analyzed, which showed a higher percentage of p53-positive cases in grade III tumors (44.4%). Statistical analysis showed the percentage of p53-positive cases increased with tumor grade in a linear trend (p = 0.17). The recurrence rate in the p53-positive was 20% greater than in the p53-negative cases. Tumor progression was three times higher in the p53-positive than in the p53-negative patients. CONCLUSIONS: The application of biomolecular knowledge to cytology is a useful complement in follow-up of patients with superficial transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder and offers additional parameters to distinguish benign and malignant cells. Immunohistochemical determination of p53 in urinary wash cytology identifies patients with superficial tumors with a worse prognosis.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Yield of gastric lavage and bronchial wash in pulmonary tuberculosis.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the yield of acid-fast bacilli (AFB) in gastric lavage and bronchial washing in adult patients clinically and radiologically suspected of pulmonary tuberculosis but who cannot produce sputum. METHODS: Selected adult patients were admitted to the ward; gastric lavage was done for 3 consecutive days after an overnight fast followed by bronchial wash. Specimens were immediately sent to laboratory for AFB direct smear and culture. RESULTS: The yield of AFB in gastric lavage on direct smear was 16/20 (80%) and 12/20 (60%) in the first and second samples, respectively. When combined, 18/20 (90%) were direct smear positive, while the third sample did not increase the yield. The yield of AFB culture in gastric lavage was 6/20 (30%) in both the first and second samples, while the combined results of the first and second samples were 8/20 (40%). The third sample did not increase the yield. In bronchial wash, AFB direct smear was positive in 18/20 (90%), while culture was positive in 14/20 (70%). CONCLUSION: Gastric lavage and bronchial washing are useful methods for the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in patients who cannot produce sputum. Two gastric lavage specimens are adequate. On comparison, bronchial wash is superior to gastric lavage in culture, but their yield on direct smear is equal.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

Genetic analysis of fetal nucleated red blood cells from CVS washings.

Chorionic villus sampling (CVS) is an established invasive prenatal diagnostic method for the detection of fetal chromosome aberrations. In 1-2% the karyotype result of CVS is inconclusive and follow-up confirmation will be required. To avoid another invasive procedure we examined fetal nucleated red blood cells (NRBCs) from CVS washings for genetic analysis. We analysed the washings of 20 chorionic villi samples of male fetuses. Fetal NRBCs were immunostained by an antibody against embryonic haemoglobin (HbE). FISH was performed with probes specific for the X and Y chromosome and the nucleus was counterstained with DAPI. Cells positive for the antibody, as well as for DAPI, were collected and stored by a semi-automated microscope. An operator reviewed those cells for their FISH signals. In 19 out of 20 CVS washings we found nucleated cells positive for HbE together with XY FISH signals. In none of the washings HbE positive cells with two X signals were found. Our results indicate that anti-HbE is a very specific antibody for identifying fetal NRBCs. NRBCs from CVS washings can be used as an additional fetal tissue for first trimester prenatal diagnosis.

Antibodies↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Comparative evaluation of fresh and washed human sperm cryopreserved in vapor and liquid phases of liquid nitrogen.

Infectious organisms such as hepatitis B were recently shown to survive in liquid nitrogen. To prevent cross-contamination of semen samples via liquid nitrogen, studies were undertaken to evaluate human sperm survival in the vapor phase of liquid nitrogen at -189 degrees C. The study was conducted in 2 separate experiments. In the first experiment, a total of 30 unwashed, fresh semen samples (15 normozoospermic and 15 oligozoospermic) were evaluated for motility, vitality, and morphology after freeze-thaw survival in vaporous (-189 degrees C) and liquid nitrogen (-196 degrees C; control) phases. Similar evaluations were carried out in a second experiment on 27 samples (15 normozoospermic and 12 oligozoospermic) that were previously washed by the swim-up method. Motile sperm recovery rates were significantly different between liquid and vapor phases (unwashed, normozoospermic: 42.76% +/- 3.23% vs 45.52% +/- 4.44%, P < .05; washed, normozoospermic: 34.44% +/- 4.41% vs 37.58% +/- 3.90%, P < .05; unwashed, oligozoospermic: 16.53% +/- 3.34% vs 18.25% +/- 4.36%, P < .05; washed, oligozoospermic: 10.32% +/- 2.54% vs 12.25% +/- 2.81%, P < .05). Recovery rates for motility were much higher for unwashed samples compared with washed semen samples. In all experiments the recovery of normal and live forms showed no significant differences between the vapor and liquid nitrogen storage phases (P > .05). The results demonstrate that both washed and unwashed human sperm survive satisfactorily with good recovery in the vapor of liquid nitrogen and can be recommended for future storage in medically assisted conception programs.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

Positive washing cytology in patients with pancreatic cancer indicates a contraindication of pancreatectomy.

BACKGROUND: Although peritoneal washing cytology has been widely used in the field of gynecology, it has not been performed so frequently in patients with pancreatic cancer. Only a few papers have reported surgical implications of peritoneal washing cytology. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We reviewed results of peritoneal washing cytology performed immediately after laparotomy in 50 Japanese patients with pancreatic cancer. The 50 patients were divided into two groups according to the results of cytology. Clinicopathological findings were compared between these two groups. RESULTS: Cytology of peritoneal washing was positive in 13 (26%) of the 50 patients. Nine of the 13 patients had no visible peritoneal dissemination. There were no significant differences regarding the age, tumor size and serum level of the carcinoembryonic antigen. Moderately to poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma and perineural invasion (ne3) and lymphatic permeation (ly3) of marked degree were more frequent in the positive group than in the negative group (p < 0.01). The survival curve of the 37 patients with negative cytology was significantly better than that of the 13 with positive cytology (p < 0.01). Four of 13 patients with positive cytology underwent a potentially curative resection but died within 12 months. Three of these four patients died of peritonitis carcinomatosa with massive malignant ascites and one died of local recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: Positive peritoneal washing cytology is not rare in patients with pancreatic cancer and indicates a contraindication of pancreatectomy.

Adenocarcinoma↗

PubMed2003

Biomechanical effects of processing bulk allograft bone with negative-pressure washing.

The best method for processing allograft bone to prevent disease transmission without compromising its biomechanical function is not yet determined. We evaluated the biomechanical effects of processing bulk allograft bone segments with negative-pressure washing. Specimens were prepared from matched pairs of adult cadaveric femurs. The experimental femur underwent routine processing, followed by negative-pressure washing, whereas its matched control underwent routine processing only. Each specimen was tested to failure, and maximal stress values were determined. No differences were found in yield stress comparisons between groups for the following specimens and tests: compression of machined femoral heads, screw push-out testing in cortical bone, and 4-point bending of cortical beams. Compression testing of diaphyseal ring struts provided varied results. Negative-pressure-washed half-ring strut grafts were statistically stronger (9.6%) than their matched controls (P = 0.018). Negative-pressure-washed full-ring strut grafts were statistically less strong (-12.2%) than their control counterparts (P = 0.003). We studied 5 different allograft types (designed with clinically relevant geometries) subjected to 3 modes of testing (representative of loading in typical clinical situations). Our data show that processing of large, essentially intact allograft bone segments with negative-pressure washing had little, if any, biomechanical effect relative to frozen controls.

Biomechanical Phenomena↗

PubMed2003

Detection of gene promoter hypermethylation in fine needle washings from breast lesions.

PURPOSE: Fine needle aspiration (FNA) is used widely in diagnostic assessment of breast lesions. However, cytomorphological evaluation depends heavily on the proficiency of cytopathologists. Because epigenetic alterations are frequent and specific enough to potentially augment the accuracy of malignant disease detection, we tested whether hypermethylation analysis of a panel of genes would distinguish benign from malignant breast FNA washings. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: FNA washings were collected from 123 female patients harboring suspicious mammary lesions. Sodium bisulfite-modified DNA was amplified by methyl-specific PCR (MSP) for CDH1, GSTP1, BRCA1, and RARbeta to detect gene promoter CpG island methylation. Paired samples of 27 breast cancer tissue and 7 fibroadenomas and 12 samples of normal breast tissue, collected postoperatively, were also analyzed. MSP results were compared with conventional cytomorphological diagnosis. RESULTS: FNAs were cytomorphologically diagnosed as benign (25 cases), malignant (76 cases), suspicious for malignancy (6 cases), and unsatisfactory (16 cases). Percentages of methylated CDH1, GSTP1, BRCA1, and RARbeta in FNA washings were 60, 52, 32, and 16%, and 65.8, 57.9, 39.5, and 34.2% for benign and malignant lesions, respectively. These differences did not reach statistical significance. In all of the paired benign lesions tested, there was absolute concordance. Sixty-seven percent (18 of 27) of FNA washings displayed hypermethylation patterns identical to malignant paired tissue. No methylation was found in the normal breast samples for any of the genes. CONCLUSIONS: Detection of gene hypermethylation in FNA washings by MSP analysis is feasible, but the selected gene panel does not discriminate between benign and malignant breast lesions.

Biopsy, Fine-Needle↗