SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “motor function”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 433 records · Page 24Linked to original sources

PubMed1992

Relief of hemiparetic spasticity by TENS is associated with improvement in reflex and voluntary motor functions.

Our previous studies showed that a single 45 min application of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) prolonged soleus H and stretch reflex latencies in hemiparetic subjects. In addition, 9 daily 30 min TENS applications enhanced vibratory inhibition of the H reflex and tended to decrease hyperactive stretch reflexes. These findings suggested that longer-term TENS may be effective in reducing hemiparetic spasticity. Our present objectives were 2-fold: to determine whether longer-term repetitive TENS stimulation would lead to a reduction in clinical spasticity in hemiparetic subjects, and whether such a reduction could be associated with a decrease in stretch reflex excitability and an improvement in voluntary motor function. We compared the effects of 15 daily 60 min TENS treatments over a 3 week period, with those of placebo stimulation applied to the common peroneal nerve of the affected leg in similar groups of spastic hemiparetic subjects. Our test battery consisted of 5 measurements which assessed (1) clinical spasticity scores, (2) maximal H reflex to M response ratios, (3) vibratory inhibition of H reflex, (4) stretch reflexes, and (5) maximal voluntary isometric plantarflexion and dorsiflexion, in standing. In contrast to placebo stimulation which produced no significant effects, repeated applications of TENS over time decreased clinical spasticity (P less than 0.05), and increased vibratory inhibition of the soleus H reflex (P = 0.02) after 2 weeks. These changes occurred with a substantial improvement in voluntary dorsiflexing force up to 820%, but not plantarflexing force. They were followed by a reduction in the magnitude of stretch reflexes (P = 0.05) in the spastic ankle plantarflexor, concomitant with a decrease in the EMG co-contraction ratios after a further week of stimulation. Our results thus indicated that repeated applications of TENS can reduce clinical spasticity and improve control of reflex and motor functions in hemiparetic subjects. Furthermore, the underlying mechanisms may be due partly to an enhancement in presynaptic inhibition of the spastic plantarflexor, and partly to a possible "disinhibition" of descending voluntary commands to the paretic dorsiflexor motoneurons.

Aged↗

PubMed1992

Ileoanal pouch compliance and motor function.

Measurement of intrapouch pressure during continuous distension with water (pouchmetrography) was performed in ten patients with good pouch function after restorative proctocolectomy and a 'normal' baseline pressure curve was constructed from the mean pressures at 50-ml intervals. Eight other patients with poor pouch function were studied and the two groups were compared. Patients with poor function had significantly lower maximum tolerated volumes (297.5 versus 565 ml, P less than 0.02) and volumes which caused urgency (135 versus 265 ml, P less than 0.02). Baseline pressure curves were above the upper limit of the normal range (mean plus two standard deviations) for a substantial proportion of the recording in six of the patients with poor function. Large, isolated contraction waves were recorded in six of ten patients with good function and in three of those with poor function. Rhythmic waves were frequently seen in both groups but were more prominent in patients with poor function. Pouchmetrography is a provocative test of pouch motor function which may unmask abnormal muscle activity resulting from reduced compliance or a primary motility disorder.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Mild diabetic neuropathy affects ankle motor function.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of age and diabetic neuropathy on ankle motor function in the frontal plane in terms of rate of torque development and capability for balance recovery. DESIGN: Case control study. Six older women with diabetic neuropathy compared to six women without neuropathy, matched for age and presence of diabetes mellitus; and nine healthy young women. BACKGROUND: Neuropathy causes a distal impairment in lower extremity sensory function which increases fall risk. Impairments in ankle inversion/eversion proprioceptive thresholds have been identified, but the effect of neuropathy on ankle motor strength in the frontal plane is unknown. METHODS: Subjects' abilities to recover from a lateral lean (with center of gravity offset as percentage of foot width) while standing on one foot, and to rapidly generate inversion torque about the ankle, were quantified. RESULTS: All nine of the young, but only one of six older, control subjects recovered from a 10% lean (P=0.0052). Three of six older controls, but no neuropathy subject, recovered from a 5% lean (P=0.083). Neuropathy subjects demonstrated half the ankle rate of torque development [78.2 (50.8) N m/s; P=0.016] of the young and older controls [162.0 (54.6) and 152.7 (22.2) N m/s, respectively]. CONCLUSIONS: Diabetic neuropathy leads to a decrease in rapidly available ankle strength which impairs balance recovery among older women. Younger women demonstrate similar ankle strength but superior balance recovery compared to older women without neuropathy.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Evaluating the responsiveness of 2 versions of the gross motor function measure for children with cerebral palsy.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the responsiveness to motor change of the original version of Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM-88) and its second version (GMFM-66) in children with cerebral palsy (CP). DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: Seven rehabilitation pediatric clinics. PARTICIPANTS: Sixty-five children with CP (age range, 0.5-9.4y; mean, 3.7+/-1.9y) were recruited. INTERVENTION: The children's motor ability was assessed twice with a mean interval of 3.5 months using all of the GMFM-88 items. A 3-category range of therapist judgments on the children's meaningful motor improvement was used as an external standard. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: GMFM-88 scores, GMFM-66 scores, and therapists' judgments. RESULTS: Regarding the association with the therapist judgments, the overall responsiveness of GMFM-66 is superior to that of GMFM-88. Both measures' sensitivities of the responsiveness are similar, but GMFM-66 has better specificity. CONCLUSIONS: To evaluate the motor change in a sample of children with CP over a mean interval of 3.5 months by using the 2 versions of GMFM, the GMFM-66 was more responsive than the GMFM-88 with respect to consistency with therapist clinically meaningful judgments.

Ambulatory Care Facilities↗

PubMed2005

Adding clonidine to the induction bolus and postoperative infusion during continuous femoral nerve block delays recovery of motor function after total knee arthroplasty.

We evaluated the effects of adding clonidine for continuous peripheral nerve infusions. Sixty patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty under combined single-injection sciatic block and continuous femoral infusion were randomly allocated to three groups: block induction with 0.75% ropivacaine followed by 0.2% ropivacaine (group control; n = 20); block induction with 0.75% ropivacaine and 1 microg/kg clonidine followed by 0.2% ropivacaine (group cloni-bolus; n = 20), and block induction with 0.75% ropivacaine and 1 microg/kg clonidine followed by 0.2% ropivacaine with 1 microg/mL clonidine (group cloni-infusion; n = 20). After surgery, continuous femoral infusion was provided with a patient-controlled infusion pump (basal infusion rate, 6 mL/h; incremental dose, 2 mL; lockout time, 15 min). The median (range) onset time of surgical block was 15 min (5-30 min) in group control, 10 min (5-35 min) in group cloni-bolus, and 10 min (5-30 min) in group cloni-infusion (P = 0.07). No differences were reported among groups in the degree of pain measured with the visual analog scale. The total consumption of local anesthetic solution after a 24-h infusion was 170 mL (144-220 mL) in group control, 169 mL (144-260 mL) in group cloni-bolus, and 164 mL (144-248 mL) in group cloni-infusion (P = 0.51); after the second day of infusion, total consumption was 168 mL (144-200 mL) in group control, 156 mL (144-288 mL) in group cloni-bolus, and 150 mL (144-210 mL) in group cloni-infusion (P = 0.48). Hemodynamic profiles and sedation were similar in the three groups. Motor function impairment after 48 h of infusion was observed in 27% of cloni-infusion patients but in only 6% of both the control and cloni-bolus groups (P = 0.05). We conclude that adding clonidine 1 microg/mL to local anesthetic for continuous femoral nerve block does not improve the quality of pain relief but has the potential for delaying recovery of motor function.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1988

Intraoperative monitoring of the motor function: experimental and clinical study.

Manipulation of the lesions adjacent to the primary motor area or the motor pathway is troublesome for neurosurgeons because they lack an effective method to determine the primary motor area or to monitor motor function in the operative room. It will be of great value to establish a monitoring method of the corticospinal tract under general anaesthesia. We recorded the motor evoked potential (MEP) from direct motor cortex stimulation in cats and showed that it derives almost purely from the corticospinal tract. Then we used this technique during the operation of the resection of tumours near the primary motor area or the motor pathway. 1. Experimental study: Twenty adult cats were used in this study. Recording electrodes were flexible bipolar catheter electrodes inserted into the spinal epidural space. Stimulating electrodes were silver ball electrode on the cortex (anode) and needle electrode in the temporal muscle (cathode). Stimulation of 4-24 V, 5-10 Hz and 0.2 msec in duration were done and evoked potentials signals were averaged 60 to 512 times. MEP with multiple peaks was obtained that had a 112 msec conduction velocity in the spinal cord. We found the same signals from the stimulation of ipsilateral cerebral peduncle. Radiofrequency lesioning of ipsilateral cerebral peduncle produced a loss of MEP. These results show that MEP derives from the corticospinal tract. Significant wave form change, with components of short latency, was noted by the excessively intense stimuli. We supposed that superimposition of the signals from the extrapyramidal pathways, excited in the brain stem, results in this change.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗

PubMed1994

A deficit profile of executive, memory, and motor functions in schizophrenia.

This study examined the neuropsychological deficits associated with schizophrenia and the interrelationships among multiple dissociable cognitive and motor functions. The tests were selected for their previously demonstrated sensitivity to circumscribed brain pathology and included four functional domains: executive functions, short-term memory and production, motor ability, and declarative memory. Each test composite was divided according to verbal versus nonverbal material or left- versus right-hand performance; this distinction permitted functions principally subserved by the left or right cerebral hemispheres to be tested separately. Data reduction was theoretically driven by the test selection and was achieved first by standardizing the scores of each test for age-related differences observed in the normal control group, and then by calculating test composite scores as an average of the age-corrected Z-scores of the tests comprising a functional composite. The schizophrenic group was impaired equivalently on all composites for both cerebral hemispheres; on average, the Z-scores of the patients were 1 standard deviation below those of the control group. The cognitive test composite scores were highly intercorrelated but showed only weak associations with motor ability. Multiple regression analyses suggested that symptom severity was a significant predictor of the Declarative Memory and Short-Term Memory/Production composite scores after accounting for disease duration, whereas disease duration uniquely contributed to the Executive Functions composite scores after controlling for symptom severity. Even though the schizophrenics as a group showed an equivalent level of deficit across all test composites, 1) the deficits were associated with different aspects of psychiatric symptomatology, 2) the motor deficit was independent of the cognitive deficits, and 3) each neuropsychological domain contributed independently to the deficit pattern. Thus, what appears to be a generalized functional deficit in schizophrenia may actually be, at least in part, combinations of multiple specific deficits.

Adult↗

PubMed1988

Effect of pirenzepine on oesophageal, gastric, and enteric motor function in man.

The effect of pirenzepine on oesophageal, gastric, and enteric motor function was evaluated in six healthy volunteers. Each subject was studied before and after taking pirenzepine, 100 mg/day, for 3 days. Half and complete gastric emptying times of clear liquid, assessed by epigastric impedance, were significantly delayed by the drug: 6.16 +/- 1.74 min and 13.8 +/- 4.64 min versus 16.65 +/- 3.03 min and 25.1 +/- 8.2 min, respectively (p less than 0.05). Enteric motility was assessed by manometry, and variables studied were the duration of the various phases of the migratory motility complex, the frequency of contractions in phase III, and the amplitude of contractions in phases II, III, and in the postprandial period. Only phase I was affected and was significantly prolonged by the drug: 16.08 +/- 5.94 min versus 31.65 +/- 12.88 min (p less than 0.01). Oesophageal motility was assessed by manometry. Variables studied were amplitude and duration of contractions in the body of the oesophagus, and lower oesophageal sphincter pressure. Results were not significantly changed by the drug. We conclude that pirenzepine, given at a dose used for treatment of peptic ulcer disease, significantly delays the gastric emptying of liquids, has minimal effect on enteric motility, and has no effect on oesophageal motility. The effect on gastric emptying may be therapeutically useful by reducing the acid load on the duodenum in duodenal ulcer disease.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Evaluation of preoperative high magnetic field motor functional MRI (3 Tesla) in glioma patients by navigated electrocortical stimulation and postoperative outcome.

OBJECTIVES: The validity of 3 Tesla motor functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in patients with gliomas involving the primary motor cortex was investigated by intraoperative navigated motor cortex stimulation (MCS). METHODS: Twenty two patients (10 males, 12 females, mean age 39 years, range 10-65 years) underwent preoperative fMRI studies, performing motor tasks including hand, foot, and mouth movements. A recently developed high field clinical fMRI technique was used to generate pre-surgical maps of functional high risk areas defining a motor focus. Motor foci were tested for validity by intraoperative motor cortex stimulation (MCS) employing image fusion and neuronavigation. Clinical outcome was assessed using the Modified Rankin Scale. RESULTS: FMRI motor foci were successfully detected in all patients preoperatively. In 17 of 22 patients (77.3%), a successful stimulation of the primary motor cortex was possible. All 17 correlated patients showed 100% agreement on MCS and fMRI motor focus within 10 mm. Technical problems during stimulation occurred in three patients (13.6%), no motor response was elicited in two (9.1%), and MCS induced seizures occurred in three (13.6%). Combined fMRI and MCS mapping results allowed large resections in 20 patients (91%) (gross total in nine (41%), subtotal in 11 (50%)) and biopsy in two patients (9%). Pathology revealed seven low grade and 15 high grade gliomas. Mild to moderate transient neurological deterioration occurred in six patients, and a severe hemiparesis in one. All patients recovered within 3 months (31.8% transient, 0% permanent morbidity). CONCLUSIONS: The validation of clinically optimised high magnetic field motor fMRI confirms high reliability as a preoperative and intraoperative adjunct in glioma patients selected for surgery within or adjacent to the motor cortex.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1985

Motor function after stroke.

Two hundred and eighty-seven patients who had survived an acute stroke for up to one week after admission to hospital were examined for loss of motor function in the arm and leg. There was a highly significant difference in problem-solving, spatial neglect, communication and postural function between those with significant motor loss and those without. There was no significant difference in memory impairment. Significant loss in motor power had a bad prognosis for functional outcome, length of stay in hospital and survival. If recovery was to occur, it had done so by eight weeks.

Cerebrovascular Disorders↗

PubMed1978

Development of functional motor innervation in supernumerary hindlimbs of the chick embryo.

1. The development of functional motor innervation in supernumerary chick hindlimbs transplated to host embryos at stages 16--18, was studied throughout the embryonic period from stage 27 when peripheral synapses were first formed. 2. The innervation pattern, defined as the number and sequential order of spinal nerves innervating individual muscles, were determined for supernumerary hindlimbs innervated by thoracic, lumbosacral-thoracic, or wholly lumbosacral spinal cord segments. Spinal nerves were electrically stimulated and muscle contraction was scored visually or by tension measurement and compound action-potential recordings were made from muscle nerves. 3. There was no tendency for spinal nerves to grow to or to synapse with the muscles which they normally innervate. Rather, they formed functional connections with inappropriate muscles, which were maintained throughout the developmental period studied. The localization of the motoneuron cell bodies was confirmed with retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and shown to be adjacent to the spinal nerves through which their axons exited. Motoneurons innervating specific muscles occupied a similar medial-to-lateral position in the cord in both control and supernumerary limbs. 4. In all supernumerary limbs a definite peripheral innervation pattern was formed, which approximated the normal pattern. Specifically, the relative craniocaudal position of motor columns innervating individual muscles was conserved, even though the actual spinal nerves innervating the transplant were different from animal to animal. In limbs reversed along the anterior-posterior axis, the innervation pattern was also reversed. 5. The results suggest that motoneurons have not been rigidly specified to innervate certain muscles at the time when the limb buds were transplanted. Further, the limb itself can apparently influence the innervation pattern in an important manner, possibly by specifying motoneurons or by subsequently directing axon outgrowth and synapse formation.

Action Potentials↗

PubMed1986

Esophageal motor function in patients with muscular dystrophy.

In a study designed to evaluate esophageal motor function in muscular dystrophy we examined 13 patients with myotonic dystrophy, 14 patients with "nonmyotonic" muscular dystrophy, and 8 healthy control subjects by manometric and radionuclide transit studies. Patients with myotonic dystrophy exhibited a marked weakness of esophageal contractions and upper esophageal sphincter pressure. Coordination of sphincter relaxation and peristaltic sequences remained unaltered. These changes led to delayed esophageal emptying in all patients with myotonic dystrophy. Although esophageal function was also impaired in the distal esophagus, on histologic studies, morphologic alterations were confined to esophageal striated muscle in a single patient with myotonic dystrophy. In contrast to the marked dysfunction of esophageal motility in patients with myotonia, no such alterations were observed in the "nonmyotonic" form of muscular dystrophy.

Adult↗

PubMed1983

Vagal control of the motor functions of the lower esophageal sphincter and the stomach.

Vagal control of the motor functions of the lower esophageal sphincter and the stomach is briefly reviewed. The vagal influence is in principle the same in the two tissues. There exists one set of vagal fibers which evokes a contractile response. This response is mediated via cholinergic muscarinic receptors. Another set of fibers evokes a relaxation via a non-cholinergic, non-adrenergic mechanism. The neurotransmitter involved in this response is not established. Observations reported in the literature suggest that an interneuron releasing 5-hydroxytryptamine may be involved. At the effector cells vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and/or adenosine triphosphate may be the neurotransmitter(s).

Adenosine Triphosphate↗

PubMed2004

Synthesis of nitric oxide in postganglionic myenteric neurons during endotoxemia: implications for gastric motor function in rats.

We have investigated the mechanisms underlying acute changes in gastric motor function triggered by endotoxemia. In fundal strips from rats pre-treated with endotoxin (40 microg/kg, i.p. 30 min), mechanical activity was analyzed and the source of nitric oxide (NO) was visualized by confocal microscopy of tissue loaded with the fluorescent dye DAF-FM. NOS expression was determined by quantitative RT-PCR and Western blot, and enzyme activity by the citrulline assay. Strips from endotoxin-treated rats were hypo-contractile. This was prevented by pre-incubation with the neurotoxin tetrodotoxin, the gangliar blocker hexamethonium, or non-selective and neuronal-specific NOS inhibitors (L-NOARG and TRIM, respectively). The soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) inhibitor ODQ and the inhibitor of small conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels apamin prevented relaxation induced by endotoxin, nicotine, exogenous NO (DETA-NONOate), and the NO-independent sGC activator BAY 41-2272. NO synthesis was observed in neuronal soma, axons, and nerve endings of the myenteric plexus in the fundus of endotoxin-treated rats and was prevented by L-NAME, tetrodotoxin, and hexamethonium. nNOS and iNOS mRNA and protein contents were unchanged. Our findings demonstrate synthesis of NO in post-ganglionic myenteric neurons during early endotoxemia that mediates gastric hypo-contractility. The effect of NO is mediated via sGC and small conductance Ca2+-activated K+channels.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

Effect of CCK on proximal gastric motor function in humans.

We have studied the effect of CCK on proximal gastric motor function in humans. Seven healthy volunteers participated in three experiments performed in random order during continuous intravenous infusion of 1) saline (control), 2) 0.5 IDU.kg-1.h-1 CCK, and 3) 1.0 IDU.kg-1.h-1 CCK. Proximal gastric mechanics were measured by an electronic barostat, and abdominal symptoms were scored by visual analog scales. Infusion of 0.5 and 1.0 IDU.kg-1.h-1 CCK resulted in plasma CCK levels (RIA) in the postprandial range. CCK induced gastric relaxation; at 2 mmHg above intra-abdominal pressure the intragastric volume during 1.0 IDU.kg-1.h-1 CCK was significantly increased over saline (363 +/- 44 vs. 195 +/- 34 ml; P < 0.01) but not during 0.5 IDU.kg-1.h-1 CCK (195 +/- 14 ml; not significant). During both isovolumetric and isobaric distensions, 1.0 IDU.kg-1.h-1 CCK significantly (P < 0.05) increased proximal gastric compliance compared with saline. However, 0.5 IDU.kg-1.h-1 CCK had no significant effect on gastric compliance. During volume distensions, but not during fixed pressure distensions, 1.0 IDU.kg-1.h-1 CCK significantly (P < 0.05) reduced visceral perception. These results suggest that in humans CCK may have a physiological role in regulating proximal gastric mechanics.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

[The motor function of a gastric esophagus transplant according to the data of gastroimpedancemetry].

The motor function of the artificial esophagus was studied in 50 patients at different terms after resection of the esophagus for cancer. It was found that the lower and middle parts of the transplant had normal gastric peristalsis, the upper part had hyperkinetic peristalsis with spastic contractions. Impaired peristalsis was observed in the esophagus stump in more than half of the patients.

Electric Impedance↗

PubMed1983

Upper esophageal sphincter and pharyngoesophageal motor function in infants with and without gastroesophageal reflux.

Upper esophageal sphincter and pharyngeal motor function were assessed in 16 infants with gastroesophageal reflux and 11 age-matched control infants. Resting upper esophageal sphincter pressure in gastroesophageal reflux infants was 26.6 +/- 10.0 cmH2O (means +/- SD) and was similar to that of control infants (28.9 +/- 10.0 cmH2O). Pharyngeal contraction amplitude, duration, and velocity were the same in control and reflux subjects. A minor degree of incoordination between pharyngeal contraction and upper esophageal sphincter relaxation was noted in 2 control subjects and 2 infants with gastroesophageal reflux. Esophageal acidification produced an increase in mean upper esophageal sphincter resting pressure of 10.0 cmH2O in controls and 11.1 cmH2O in reflux patients.

Esophagogastric Junction↗

PubMed1998

Hemispheric control of motor function: a whole brain echo planar fMRI study.

The aim of this study was to explore whether recruitment of the ipsilateral motor cortex during non-dominant motor movement reflects left hemispheric control of motor function or simply the greater complexity or unfamiliarity of the motor task. BOLD fMRI was performed in normal right-handers during two motor tasks: (1) sequential finger movements (SM task) with the right or left hand; and (2) random finger movements (RM task) with the right hand. In all subjects, activation was predominantly in the contralateral motor areas (primary sensorimotor, lateral premotor, parietal and supplementary motor regions) and ipsilateral cerebellum. While the ipsilateral motor areas were also activated, single subject analysis revealed these areas to be more extensive and to be seen in more subjects during the non-dominant hand SM task and dominant hand RM task than during the more familiar dominant hand SM task. Similarly, group analysis also revealed ipsilateral activation in the primary sensorimotor and lateral premotor areas, but only during the non-dominant SM task and the dominant hand RM task. Non-dominant hand movements, perhaps because they are less 'automatic', appear to require more cortical activity similar to complex tasks with the dominant hand, and result in greater recruitment of ipsilateral cortical motor areas and striatum. The study also illustrates how potentially meaningful subtleties seen on individual maps may be obscured with group averaging approaches.

Adult↗