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Results for “seroconversion”

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At least 433 records · Page 24Linked to original sources

PubMed1993

Late seroconversion of C virus markers in hemodialysis patients.

We examined the prevalence of the IgG C virus C 100-3 antibody (anti-HCV) in a group of 43 patients on hemodialysis in our center during three periods: A: 1988; B: 1989; C: 1990. During period A, the anti-HCV prevalence was 30% (13 of 43 patients), these patients being regarded as chronic carriers of these antibodies. In period B, two patients displayed seroconversion, and another seven during period C, all of whom had tested negative during period A. These patients were considered acute. During the three years under study, all of the patients shared the same hemodialysis monitors. High ALT values were found in four of nine acute patients (44.4%) and nine of thirteen (69.23%) of the chronic patients. In 10 anti-HCV patients, hypertransaminemia continued long-term (> 6 months). Two patients had been given contaminated blood, four were multi-transfused (> 14 transfusions), two less than 4 units, and one had never received a transfusion. The period between the initial high and/or maximum ALT and the determination of HCV Ac was up to 10 to 11 months in three patients. These findings indicate the lack of sensitivity of ALTs as a diagnostic tool for HCV, the possible late C 100-3 seroconversion, which makes it necessary to carry out periodic serological checks in hemodialysis patients and the decisive role transfusions in HCV transmission, without excluding other possible intra-dialysis contagion sources.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

Hepatitis B vaccination and the rate of seroconversion in high risk contacts.

Twenty-seven employees of a blood transfusion centre, Calcutta were vaccinated with hepatitis B vaccine (recombinant DNA technology), 20 micrograms/1 ml intramuscularly on 0, 8, 32 weeks interval. The seroconversion rate at 8, 32, 40 weeks were 29.6%, 55.5% and 100% respectively. The recombinant hepatitis B vaccine is acceptable and safe. The seroconversion rate is comparable to plasma derived hepatitis B vaccine.

Blood Banks↗

PubMed1994

Bleach use and HIV seroconversion among New York City injection drug users.

We employed a nested case-control study design to evaluate the efficacy of bleach-cleaning of needles and syringes among injecting drug users (IDUs) as a means of preventing human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Sixteen HIV-seroconverters who responded to bleach use questions and who reported injecting with shared or used equipment in the 6 months prior to their first positive visit were compared with 89 controls. Controls had remained HIV-seronegative at two or more visits, reported injecting with shared or used equipment, responded to bleach-cleaning questions, and were seen at recall visits +/- 6 months from the date of seroconversion of the index case. Risk factors associated with HIV seroconversion in univariate analyses were a history of sexual intercourse with an HIV-infected partner and the frequency of speedball (mixed heroin and cocaine) injections. After adjusting for confounders, we found no evidence that bleach use protected against HIV infection.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

Lack of association of human immunodeficiency virus seroconversion with visits to foreign ports in US Navy personnel.

BACKGROUND: The US Navy visits ports on all continents and many islands of the world, many of which are reported to have a high endemicity of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. The objective of this study was to determine whether visits to foreign ports by active-duty navy personnel were associated with increased risk of HIV infection. METHODS: The Naval Health Research Center in San Diego, Calif, maintains records of all HIV enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blot tests given in the navy. This information, along with career histories and ship movement data, was used in a nested case-control design to examine the relationship between visits to the 100 foreign ports most frequently visited by the navy and risk of HIV seroconversion. All visits to a port and total time in each port during the study period were examined. A total of 813 seroconverters were matched to 6993 seronegative active-duty controls by age, race, sex, occupational group, home port, and year of test. RESULTS: Estimated relative risks of seroconversion associated with visits to foreign ports showed no statistically significant excess risk of HIV infection for navy personnel after visits to any foreign port. CONCLUSIONS: These results do not imply that an individual's risk of acquisition of HIV would be less in a foreign port if the individual engaged in high-risk activity there. Rather, they imply that despite the mobility of the US Navy and the large variation in HIV seroprevalence rates throughout the world, navy personnel generally do not appear to be acquiring HIV infections abroad.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1993

Delayed seroconversion following naturally acquired caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus infection in goats.

One hundred eight milking goats from a dairy that had been using a modified caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (CAEV) eradication program were tested for CAEV antibodies by serologic methods and for proviral CAEV DNA by use of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology. All goats were free of clinical symptoms of CAEV infection. Twenty-seven of the 108 goats were considered seropositive, on the basis of ELISA results. Proviral CAEV DNA was detected, using PCR techniques, in mononuclear leukocytes in blood samples obtained from 25 of the these 27 seropositive goats. Twenty of the 81 seronegative goats also had positive PCR test results. Ten of these goats seroconverted by 8 months later, and virus was readily isolated from mononuclear leukocytes in venous blood samples after the goats had seroconverted. Virus was also isolated from mononuclear leukocytes in blood samples collected from 4 of 11 goats that were seronegative, but had positive PCR test results. These results indicated that seroconversion can be delayed for many months following natural infection with CAEV. Delayed seroconversion appears to be a feature of CAEV infection, which may have direct implications for CAEV eradication programs and epidemiologic studies that rely on serologic methods to detect infected goats.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

HIV seroconversion illness.

HIV seroconversion is associated with characteristic clinical findings which reflect the first interaction of HIV with the host immune system. Recognition of the characteristic clinical illness associated with HIV seroconversion helps to establish an early diagnosis and obviates the need for further investigation or empiric therapy. It may also afford a unique opportunity to institute counselling to prevent the further spread of HIV in the community.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

Factors associated with human immunodeficiency virus seroconversion in homosexual men in three San Francisco cohort studies, 1984-1989.

A total of 83 HIV seroconversions occurred between 1984 and 1989 in three San Francisco cohorts of homosexual and bisexual men. A nested case-control analysis was performed to assess the risk of seroconversion associated with sexual practices. Strong associations were found with total number of intercourse partners and receptive anal intercourse. Weaker, but significant associations were found with receptive oral intercourse. Individuals reporting condom use with some partners were more likely to become infected than those reporting no condom use. Some of this difference was due to increased numbers of sexual partners among those reporting some condom use, but the association remained significant in multivariate analyses. This observation indicates there is some unmeasured risk associated with those using condoms, such as more HIV seropositive partners.

Cohort Studies↗

PubMed1996

Progression of HIV: follow-up of Edinburgh injecting drug users with narrow seroconversion intervals in 1983-1985.

OBJECTIVE: To describe progression and survival of individuals infected with HIV by injecting drug use in Edinburgh. DESIGN AND METHODS: From 313 HIV-infected patients with retrospectively estimated narrow seroconversion intervals, 260 infected via injecting drug use in the years 1983-1985 were selected for the study group. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The effects of gender, age, human leukocyte antigen (HLA) type and zidovudine (ZDV) treatment on progression and survival from seroconversion; Weibull estimates of the AIDS incubation distribution and the overall survival distribution; slopes of absolute CD4 lymphocyte loss (on the square root scale) and loss of CD4 percentage. RESULTS: The cumulative progression rates at 10 years were 68% to CDC stage IV and 31% to AIDS with a mortality rate of 25%. Three-year survival rates for AIDS and CDC stage IV cases were 25 and 72%, respectively. Gender and age effects on progression or overall survival were not found, although those aged over 30 years experienced poorer survival from AIDS. A strong HLA (A1, B8, DR3) association with faster progression and poorer survival was found. Median survival was estimated by Weibull distribution to be 12.6 years; median AIDS-free time was estimated to be 11.6 years. CD4 cell loss was approximately linear when transformed to the square root scale as was the decline in CD4 percentage. Only HLA effects on slopes were found: A1,B8, DR3 was significantly associated with faster loss of both absolute CD4 cells and CD4 percentage (P < 0.001) and B27 was significantly associated with slower loss of CD4 percentage (P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Edinburgh IDU do not seem to progress more rapidly than other cohorts with predominantly different risk activities. Older age was associated with poorer survival from AIDS but no gender effect was found for progression or overall survival. The clearest significant association with AIDS progression, mortality and loss of CD4 cells was the phenotype HLA A1,B8,DR3. In contrast HLA B27 was associated with slower loss of CD4 cells.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Chronic bullous disease of childhood following Epstein-Barr virus seroconversion: a case report.

We report the case of a 3-year-old boy with classical chronic bullous disease of childhood (CBDC) arising after recent Epstein-Barr virus seroconversion following infectious mononucleosis. The patient also had small red cells and decreased levels of circulating IgA. He received combined treatment with dapsone and prednisone with good results. Our report is the first of CBDC preceded by Epstein-Barr virus seroconversion. The virus may have had an initial immunopathogenic role in the genesis of the bullous eruption.

Anti-Infective Agents↗

PubMed1996

Alcohol consumption and seroconversion from hepatitis B e antigen in the Okinawa Japanese.

A total of 1,113 hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) carriers of Yaeyama District in Okinawa, Japan, were investigated in attempts to elucidate effects of alcohol consumption on seroconversion from hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg). All of HBsAg carriers were tested for HBeAg. The subjects over 20 years of age were asked about their habitual intake of alcohol and were ranked into three categories: nondrinkers, light drinkers (1-59 g/day), and heavy drinkers (> or = 60 g/day). The prevalence of HBeAg decreased with advancing age and did not differ between the sexes. Logistic regression analyses of the data revealed prevalence curves of HBeAg, depending on the age of subjects. The prevalence curves tended to be higher and decrease more slowly in heavy drinkers than in the nondrinkers. Thus, the possibility that heavy alcohol drinking prolongs seroconversion from HBeAg seems worthy of further consideration.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Could saliva be used to detect HIV seroconversion?].

INTRODUCTION: Blood is generally used for detection of antibodies associated with infections. However, removal of blood samples can be problematic and is painful for the patient. It requires suitable equipment and skilled staff, both of which may be expensive. Some patients refuse to allow removal of blood samples because they find it painful and traumatic. Removal of blood samples from children, newborns, immunocompromised or overweight subjects is often particularly difficult. In addition, some religions forbid the taking of blood samples. Thus, it is necessary to develop alternative, simple, painless methods of sampling body fluids that give results as accurate as those obtained with blood samples. Saliva has been suggested as a possible alternative. Epidemiological studies and other reports have shown that saliva may be of value for the detection of HIV antibodies. AIM: To evaluate the potential of saliva for detection of antibodies and seroconversion. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Section I: Saliva and serum from 1,023 subjects, including 150 AIDS patients, 251 TB patients of known HIV status and 622 subjects from at-risk groups were tested. Sera from subjects with unknown HIV status were systematically tested by Abbott recombinant HIV1/HIV2 EIA. Section II: Saliva and sera were obtained from a population at risk of HIV infection. Two hundred and fifty consenting adults were found to be HIV-negative. Saliva was collected from each subject once per week and tested the same day with the Abbott test pack and Wellcozyme GACELISA. A spot of blood was also collected, dried and tested using the Wellcozyme GACELISA protocol. Whenever a positive result was obtained for any test, a blood sample was taken the same day or as soon as possible, for Western, blot analysis. Saliva was collected with an OMNISAL device (SDS, Vancouver, USA) placed under the tongue. The indicator turned blue when enough fluid had been collected. The device was then removed and the saliva placed in a tube with stabilized product. It was then transferred to a casting tube with a filter. RESULTS: Section I: Saliva from 96 of 150 AIDS patients (64%) tested positive. Serum from these patients also tested positive for HIV. Thirty-two subjects of the 622 from at-risk groups tested positive for HIV in the Abbott recombinant HIV1/HIV2 EIA with saliva (5.14%). Serum from these subjects also tested positive for HIV in Western blot. However, saliva EIA gave 5 false negative results for patients who tested positive in rapid tests and Western blot. We optimized the procedure and obtained 98.69% sensitivity and 100% specificity. Section II: One individual tested positive in saliva and dried blood spot tests in the fourth week of the study. Western blot using serum samples obtained on the next and following days showed a progressive increase in the intensity of the bands, beginning with P24 and GP160 (Fig. 2). CONCLUSION: This study shows that testing saliva is effective for determining HIV status early in seroconversion.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗

PubMed2025

Paternally Expressed Gene 10 Promoter Methylation Level as a Predictor of HBeAg Seroconversion in Chronic Hepatitis B Patients.

The management of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) encounters challenges like suboptimal antiviral response and the lack of predictive biomarkers. In this study, the role of paternally expressed gene 10 (PEG10) in hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) seroconversion (HBeAg SC) was explored to identify a therapeutic target and predictive model. In total, 349 participants were recruited, and 141 HBeAg-positive patients were followed up after 48 weeks of antiviral therapy. Key genes were screened by machine learning algorithms (BORUTA, RF and LASSO). PEG10 mRNA, promoter methylation and plasma levels were examined. The effect of PEG10 was assessed by logistic regression, and HBeAg SC was predicted by nomograms. HBeAg-positive patients showed markedly elevated PEG10 mRNA expression (p < 0.001), which correlated strongly with major virological markers such as HBV DNA (r = 0.520, p < 0.001), HBeAg (r = 0.490, p < 0.001) and HBsAg (r = 0.400, p < 0.001). In addition, HBeAg-positive patients exhibited a significant reduction in PEG10 promoter methylation levels compared with controls (p < 0.001). According to logistic regression analysis, PEG10 promoter methylation status was an independent predictor of HBeAg SC. The predictive nomogram incorporating PEG10 promoter methylation ratio (PMR), albumin (ALB), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and HBeAg demonstrated excellent clinical predictive value (area under curve (AUC) = 0.895,95% confidence interval (CI): 0.808 ~ 0.963). The methylation status of the PEG10 promoter represents a promising biomarker for the prediction of HBeAg SC in patients with CHB. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: Not applicable.

Humans↗

PubMed1982

Seroconversion to Entamoeba histolytica among short-term travelers to Mexico.

Paired serum samples were evaluated for the presence of antibodies to Entamoeba histolytica in 326 healthy college students from the United States who lived in Guadalajara, Mexico, for an average of four weeks. One hundred eighty of these students had an enteric illness develop, but no stool test results were positive for ameba. An indirect hemagglutination assay was the serologic method used, and no seroconversion was demonstrates. This finding confirms the belief that amebiasis is a rare cause of diarrhea among short-term travelers to Mexico.

Antibodies, Bacterial↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Role of seroconversion in confirming cure of Helicobacter pylori infection.

CONTEXT: The role of serologic testing to confirm cure of Helicobacter pylori infection after antimicrobial therapy is not completely defined. OBJECTIVE: To determine the utility of serologic testing in confirming cure of H pylori infection more than 1 year after therapy. DESIGN: A prospective, before-after interventional trial. SETTING: An outpatient clinical research laboratory in an academic, urban Veterans Affairs medical center. PARTICIPANTS: Twenty-three otherwise healthy men and women with active H pylori infection demonstrated by gastric biopsy and with positive H pylori serologic findings. INTERVENTION: A 14-day course of bismuth, tetracycline, and metronidazole. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Determination of IgG serum antibodies to H pylori at baseline, 1 month, 3 months, and approximately 18 months after completion of therapy compared with serial gastric mucosal biopsy specimens with stains for H pylori and for histologic examination as the criterion standard. RESULTS: Fifteen (65%) of 23 subjects were cured of their H pylori infection as assessed by gastric biopsy, with elimination of gastritis; median antibody levels declined from 92.5 U/mL at baseline to undetectable levels at 18 months. The other 8 subjects (35%) were not cured and had persistent gastritis at 18 months; median antibody levels declined from 130.6 U/mL at baseline to 89.7 U/mL at 18 months. Sensitivity and specificity of seroconversion (from a positive to negative test result) in detecting cure of H pylori infection were 60% and 100%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Undetectable antibody levels beyond the first year of therapy accurately confirm cure of H pylori infection in initially seropositive healthy subjects, with reasonable sensitivity.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

Is sexual transmission an important pattern for herpes simplex type 2 virus seroconversion in the Spanish general population?

Herpes simplex type 2 (HSV-2) seroprevalence within a community is determined by sexual and perinatal transmission from mother to baby, the two main sources of virus shedding. A seroepidemiological study of HSV-2 was undertaken on a representative sample (n = 3974) of the Spanish population to assess indirectly the relative relevance of these two transmission routes. The sample comprised 1922 men and 2052 women in the age range 5-59 years, stratified by sex and age (5-12, 13-19, 20-29, 30-39, 40-49, and 50-59 years). Sera were screened for HSV-2 specific Ig G antibodies by an enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay based on recombinant glycoprotein G2 (gG2). The overall prevalence of antibodies to HSV-2 was 3.6% (95% CI: 3. 1-4.2%). Prevalence by gender did not differ: males (3.6%; 95% CI: 2. 8-4.6%) and females (3.6%; 95% CI: 2.8-4.5%). There were no significant differences between age groups with respect to seropositivity rates. Detection of HSV-2 antibodies was not associated with increasing age, as is expected for a sexually transmitted disease. The fact that seroprevalence rates among the different age groups did not differ suggests that the virus is not circulating in the general population and may be restricted to risk groups only. Similar positivity rates found in the group of females of childbearing age and in the youngest population indicate that perinatal viral shedding is the main source of HSV-2 seroconversion in the Spanish population.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1997

Early presentation of dilated cardiomyopathy as a part of seroconversion illness in human immunodeficiency virus infection.

It has been debated whether dilated cardiomyopathy seen in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome is caused by the virus itself or by the combination of other factors such as presence of opportunistic pathogens and/or severe immunosuppression. This paper describes the first reported case of a patient with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection presenting with dilated cardiomyopathy during his acute seroconversion illness. Presence of cardiac involvement at a very early stage of HIV infection with no evidence of opportunistic infections, or immunosuppression with high CD4 count indicates that HIV may itself be a cardiac pathogen. This case also illustrates the importance of testing for HIV infection as part of the assessment of any patient presenting with myocarditis or dilated cardiomyopathy.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Absence of seroconversion following treatment with hepatitis B immune globulin containing antibody to human immunodeficiency virus.

Recent studies have demonstrated that commercial preparations of hepatitis B immune globulin often contain antibody to the human immunodeficiency virus. The presence of this antibody has aroused concerns that treatment with hepatitis B immune globulin might passively induce human immunodeficiency virus antibody seropositivity, leading to incorrect diagnoses of human immunodeficiency virus exposure. We studied a group of 16 normal volunteers who received an intramuscular dose of hepatitis B immune globulin (0.06 ml per kg) which was later discovered to contain human immunodeficiency virus antibody. None of the subjects had human immunodeficiency virus antibody before receiving hepatitis B immune globulin. Serum specimens collected at 1 to 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 20 and 24 weeks after the injection were consistently negative for human immunodeficiency virus antibody. There was no detectable human immunodeficiency virus antibody in any specimen from any subject. We conclude that intramuscular therapy with hepatitis B immune globulin in the recommended dose does not appear to place patients at risk of passive seroconversion to human immunodeficiency virus antibody positivity, despite the presence of antibody in the injected material.

Adult↗

PubMed1991

Natural seroconversion from hepatitis Be antigen to antibody among hepatitis B virus carriers in Okinawa Islands.

In the Okinawa Islands, the great majority of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) carriers have already acquired antibody to hepatitis Be antigen (anti-HBe) by the age of 30 years (preliminary cross-sectional data). To elucidate natural seroconversion from hepatitis Be antigen (HBeAg) to anti-HBe among HBsAg carriers found in the islands of Okinawa Prefecture, 34 HBeAg-positive HBsAg carriers were followed for 1-6 years with serial measurements of aminotransferase levels, HBeAg, and anti-HBe. The 34 subjects included 24 patients with chronic hepatitis (group 1) and ten asymptomatic HBsAg carriers (group 2). During the follow-up period, HBeAg disappeared from 14 subjects in group 1 with the cumulative clearance rate of HBeAg of 56.3% within the first 2 years and with 10 of the 14 subsequently developing anti-HBe. Moreover, the aminotransferases in 12 of the 14 spontaneously seroconverted fell into the normal range. The annual clearance rates of HBeAg among group 1 and group 2 were 25.6% and 9.3%, respectively. The tendency for early disappearance of HBeAg during a carrier's life time or in the course of chronic hepatitis may lead to the low death rate from hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) particularly HCC associated with hepatitis B virus infection in this area.

Adolescent↗