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At least 451 records · Page 25Linked to original sources
PubMed1992

Blood volume and body fluid compartments in lambs with aortopulmonary left-to-right shunts.

A left-to-right shunt is accompanied by an increased plasma and blood volume. Since this is likely realized through renin/aldosterone-mediated salt and water retention, other body fluid compartments may be changed too. Therefore, we studied blood volume and body fluid compartments by a single-injection, triple-indicator dilution technique in nine 8-wk-old lambs with an aortopulmonary left-to-right shunt (55 +/- 3% of left ventricular output; mean +/- SEM) and in 11 control lambs, 2.5 wk after surgery. Systemic blood flow was maintained at the same level as in control lambs, but the aortic pressure of the shunt lambs was lower. Blood volume in shunt lambs was larger than in control lambs (110 +/- 6 vs. 84 +/- 7 ml/kg, P < 0.001) through an increase in plasma volume, which correlated significantly with the magnitude of the left-to-right shunt (r = 0.81, P < 0.01). Red blood cell volume was equal to that of control lambs. Evidence was obtained that the increase in plasma volume was induced by a transient increase in renin (8.0 +/- 2.2 vs. 1.6 +/- 0.2 nmol.l-1.h-1; P < 0.02) and aldosterone (0.51 +/- 0.14 vs. 0.24 +/- 0.09 nmol/liter) concentrations. Interstitial water volume, however, was not significantly different from that in control lambs. The amount of intravascular protein was significantly higher than in control lambs (5.0 +/- 0.3 vs. 3.5 +/- 0.2 g/kg body mass, P < 0.001). There were no significant differences in intracellular and total body water volumes between the two groups. We conclude that the increased amount of intravascular protein confines the fluid retained by the kidneys to the vascular compartment.

Aldosterone↗
PubMed1992

[Accidental exposure to health care workers of blood and body fluids from patients].

Due to the growing concern of Health Care Workers (HCW) regarding the possibility of acquiring blood borne infections through accidental occupational exposure and the fact that HIV and Hepatitis B infections have occurred in that setting, an evaluation of the frequency of accidents and their circumstances, suffered by HCW with blood or body fluids from patients was carried out. 1,340 self administered questionnaires were given to HCW with direct contact with patients in a general 800 beds hospital, requiring information of accidental percutaneous, mucosal or cutaneous (it not intact) exposures to blood or certain (risky) body fluids ever and/or in the last 6 months. Sixty five percent of HCW referred some exposure ever and 46% in the last 6 months. The rate of exposure ever ranged from 36.6% in medical students to 69.5% in doctors, 78.5% in nurses to 100% in dentists. Seventy seven percent of the exposures were seen during routine care, 28.5% were perceived as due to personal carelessness, 19.9% due to patient agitation, 33.5% as inherent to the procedure and 8.9% to abandonment of material. Exposures were mostly to blood. One hundred eleven out of 331 (33.5%) exposures were produced during handling of syringes; 33.2% during invasive procedures and 13% during cleaning of material. Sixty out of 107 (56%) non surgical doctors (NSD) and 61/67 (92.5%) of surgical doctors (SD) had had exposures ever (p < 0.01), 16.8% and 65.6% had had one or more in the last 6 months respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMed1994

[History of the syndromes of Yin (retention of body fluids) - the relationship between the syndromes of Yin in Chinese medicine and those of Yin in Buddhist medicine].

We traced the history of the term "yin" by means of Chinese medical books and classical Chinese Buddhist literature. As a result of our study, the following points became clear. The syndromes of yin described in the Shan han za bing lun are divided into two groups. Those of the first group are characterized by short retention of body fluids. The yu yin is representative of this group. On the other hand, those of the second group are distinguished by long retention of body fluids. The tan yin is typical of this group. It was deduced that the former group originated in Chinese traditional medicine because it is found in the Su wen and the Ling shu. The latter is supposedly derived from Buddhist medicine because it is similar to the syndromes of yin in Buddhist medicine.

Body Fluids↗
PubMed1994

Salt consumption and body fluid balance during cold exposure in rats.

We investigated the effect of exposure to cold on salt consumption and the role of salt consumption on the maintenance of body fluid balance in male Wistar rats. The rats were provided with both tap water and NaCl solution ad lib during 16-h exposure to cold (10 degrees C) and normal (25 degrees C) air temperature conditions. The concentration of the NaCl solution was 0.9% for one group (0.9% NaCl group; n = 7) and 1.8% for the other (1.8% NaCl group; n = 6). At 10 degrees C, weight loss was greater than that at 25 degrees C, and fluid and Na balance were negative in the 0.9% NaCl group. However, the calculated Na concentration of the fluid consumed in the 0.9% NaCl group was about 135 mEq/l Na (0.8% NaCl) at both 10 degrees C and 25 degrees C. In the 1.8% NaCl group, the values indicating fluid and Na balance under both temperature conditions were similar, while the calculated concentration of Na in fluid consumed at 10 degrees C (187 mEq/l Na: 1.1% NaCl) was higher than that at 25 degrees C (153 mEq/l Na: 0.9% NaCl). These results suggest that the consumption of hypertonic NaCl solution indicating increased salt appetite during exposure to cold counteracts the loss of body fluid and Na via urine.

Acclimatization↗
PubMed1986

Changes in blood pressure and body fluid volumes during diuretic therapy in patients with essential hypertension who receive enalapril.

We evaluated the effect of additional chlorthalidone therapy on blood pressure and body fluid volumes in 10 patients with essential hypertension who did not respond to chronic converting enzyme inhibition with enalapril. Values assessed after 3 days and 6 weeks of combined enalapril and chlorthalidone therapy were compared with initial values during enalapril monotherapy. After 3 days the mean arterial pressure (MAP), plasma volume (PV), blood volume (BV), and extracellular fluid volume (ECFV) decreased. There was a positive correlation between the percentage decreases in MAP and BV. After 6 weeks the MAP decreased further, but the decreases in PV, BV, and ECFV were less pronounced. At this time there was a positive correlation between the percentage decreases in MAP and ECFV. Our results support the hypothesis that contraction of the ECFV is an antihypertensive mechanism of diuretics. The antihypertensive effect of diuretics is enhanced during converting enzyme inhibition, while the body remains protected against volume deficits, possibly by the lower blood pressure itself.

Aged↗
PubMed2001

Incidence of student exposures to blood and body fluids and postexposure management protocols in dental hygiene programs.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of occupational exposures to blood or body fluids reported in dental hygiene students from 1996 to 1998 as well as postexposure management protocols used in dental hygiene programs. METHODS: A 23-item, self-designed questionnaire was sent to the 214 dental hygiene programs that were accredited in 1996. Sixty-seven percent (143) of the sample completed the questionnaire. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, the Mann Whitney-U test, chi-square, and the Freedman test. RESULTS: Over the three-year evaluation period, 687 total occupational exposures were reported, with dental hygiene schools averaging less than 1.5 exposures per year. The overall exposure rate was 1.8 per 100 first year students and 5.1 per 100 second year students, with second year students experiencing a significantly greater number of exposures than first year students (P = .000). The vast majority (78%) of the exposures occurred as a result of an instrument puncture. In regards to postexposure management and protocols, more than one-fourth of the respondents reported that they did not have a policy for immediate postexposure management. The majority of the schools do not report on the amount of fluid or material involved, whether the source material contained HIV, depth of the injury, estimated volume of material involved, condition of skin, or duration of contact. CONCLUSIONS: Results of this study reveal that dental hygiene students are at a relatively low risk for occupational exposures to blood and body fluids, although the risk does increase as they progress from the first to second year. Additionally, many schools of dental hygiene should review current protocols for postexposure management and reporting in order to ensure they are complying with current standards for the management of occupational exposures.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Plasma spraying of zirconia-reinforced hydroxyapatite composite coatings on titanium: part II: dissolution behaviour in simulated body fluid and bonding degradation.

The change of phase, morphology and bond strength of plasma sprayed hydroxyapatite (HA) coating and ZrO2/HA composite coatings immersed in simulated body fluid (SBF) for various periods of time was studied. X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to identify the phase and observe the morphology of the coating surface before and after immersion. In addition, inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy (ICP) was used to measure the ion release rate of coatings in SBF for various periods of time. Observation of the morphology by SEM shows that the composite coating with the addition of ZrO2 in HA significantly reduced the dissolution rate of impurity phases in simulated body fluid. The argument was supported by measurement of Ca2+ ion concentration in SBF. During plasma spraying, less OH- ions were lost in a ZrO2-containing composite coating. This factor, together with the reduced effective surface of the ZrO2-containing HA coating, were attributed to the reduced dissolution rate of the composite coatings. All the plasma sprayed coatings degraded after immersion in SBF owing to dissolution of constituents in the coating, however, the addition of ZrO2 in HA improved the bonding strength of HA coating after immersion in SBF.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

Differential tolerance of body fluid dilution in two species of tropical hermit crabs: not due to osmotic/ionic regulation.

The tropical intertidal hermit crabs Clibanarius taeniatus and Clibanarius virescens were examined for differences in survival and physiological responses in low salinity. We found that C. taeniatus survived better in dilute seawater than C. virescens and that these species did not differ in their abilities to regulate haemolymph osmolarity, ionic concentration of the haemolymph or body fluid volume. We also found no difference in oxygen consumption between the species when acutely exposed to a range of temperature and salinity combinations. It is concluded that the greater survival in dilute seawater by C. taeniatus compared to C. virescens is due to a greater tolerance of dilution of body fluids by C. taeniatus. Differences in tolerance to dilute seawater may influence the habitat preferences of these species within the same geographical area.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Distribution and fate of alpha-naphthl-isothiocyanate (ANIT) in the organs and body fluids of the rat.

alpha-Naphthyl-isothiocyanate (ANIT) is a well known toxic substance which induces characteristic hepatic lesions. Its distribution in some organs and body fluids was investigated by using spectrophotometry, gas-chromatography and thin-layer chromatography. The results indicate that ANIT concentrates in the liver, kidneys and blood but not in the brain, urine and bile. Another five ANIT-like substances have also been examined, but no trace of them has been found in these organs and body fluids. The authors suppose that ANIT is metabolized to an unknown metabolite which is responsible for the toxic action of ANIT. None of the ANIT-like substances examined by us can be indentified with this metabolite.

1-Naphthylisothiocyanate↗
PubMed2005

Angiotensin II and III upregulate body fluid volume of the clam worm Perinereis sp. via angiotensin II receptors in different manners.

Angiotensin III (Ang III) as well as angiotensin II (Ang II) suppressed body weight loss of the clam worm Perinereis sp. under a hyper-osmotic condition, and enhanced body weight gain under a hypo-osmotic condition. Under a drying condition where the water inflow from outside the body was eliminated, Ang II suppressed body weight loss, but Ang III did not. Under these conditions, angiotensins I, IV, and (1-7) had no effect, and saralasin blocked the effects of Ang II and Ang III. It is concluded that Ang II and Ang III upregulate body fluid volume of the clam worm via Ang II receptors in different ways.

Angiotensin II↗
PubMed1994

Relative concentrations of endotoxin-binding proteins in body fluids during infection.

Endotoxin initiates the systemic inflammatory response, haemodynamic changes, and multi-organ failure that may occur as a consequence of systemic gram-negative bacterial infection. The serum protein lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP) binds to the lipid A component of bacterial endotoxin and facilitates its delivery to the CD14 antigen on the macrophage, where inflammatory cytokines are released and a cascade of host mediators is initiated. The neutrophil granular protein bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein (BPI) competes with LBP for endotoxin binding and functions as a molecular antagonist of LBP-endotoxin interactions. We have measured concentrations of both proteins in body fluids from 49 consecutive patients. In 16 of 17 samples of fluid from closed-space infections, BPI was present in greater concentration than LBP (median BPI/LBP ratio 7.6 [95% CI 2.32-22.1]). The ratio of BPI and LBP was not significantly different from 1.0 in abdominal fluid from 10 patients with peritonitis (ratio 0.235 [0.18-0.47]), whereas the BPI/LBP ratio was low in 22 non-infected body fluids (0.01 [0.001-0.04]) and concentrations of both proteins approached those in normal human plasma. BPI concentrations were directly correlated with the quantity of neutrophils within clinical samples (rs = 0.81, p < 0.0001). Thus, within abscess cavities BPI is available in sufficient quantities for effective competition with LBP for endotoxin. BPI may attenuate the local inflammatory response and the systemic toxicity of endotoxin release during gram-negative infections.

Abscess↗
PubMed2002

Antagonistic pathways in neurons exposed to body fluid regulate social feeding in Caenorhabditis elegans.

Wild isolates of Caenorhabditis elegans can feed either alone or in groups. This natural variation in behaviour is associated with a single residue difference in NPR-1, a predicted G-protein-coupled neuropeptide receptor related to Neuropeptide Y receptors. Here we show that the NPR-1 isoform associated with solitary feeding acts in neurons exposed to the body fluid to inhibit social feeding. Furthermore, suppressing the activity of these neurons, called AQR, PQR and URX, using an activated K(+) channel, inhibits social feeding. NPR-1 activity in AQR, PQR and URX neurons seems to suppress social feeding by antagonizing signalling through a cyclic GMP-gated ion channel encoded by tax-2 and tax-4. We show that mutations in tax-2 or tax-4 disrupt social feeding, and that tax-4 is required in several neurons for social feeding, including one or more of AQR, PQR and URX. The AQR, PQR and URX neurons are unusual in C. elegans because they are directly exposed to the pseudocoelomic body fluid. Our data suggest a model in which these neurons integrate antagonistic signals to control the choice between social and solitary feeding behaviour.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Body fluid distribution in rats with cold-induced hypertension.

The purpose of this experiment was to determine body fluid distribution during chronic cold exposure and to further understand the mechanism of cold-induced hypertension. Blood pressures, hematocrit, and the plasma, blood, and extracellular fluid volumes were measured in rats at intervals of 1, 3, and 5 weeks after exposure to cold (5 degrees C). Resting systolic, diastolic, and mean blood pressures measured by direct arterial cannula were significantly elevated in a time-dependent manner over the duration of cold exposure. The increase in diastolic blood pressure, which reflects the peripheral vascular resistance, exceeded that of systolic blood pressure after both 3 and 5 weeks of exposure to cold. Pulse pressure was significantly decreased by 3 and 5 weeks of cold exposure. The plasma, blood, and extracellular fluid volumes were significantly increased after both 1 and 3 weeks of exposure to cold, but had returned to control levels by 5 weeks of cold exposure. Cold exposure, however, did not affect the hematocrit. The 2-h water intake after the cold-exposed rats were returned to warm (25 degrees C) (thermogenic drinking) was significantly increased compared to that of warm-acclimated rats during the first, third, and fifth week of exposure to cold. The present results suggest that the development of cold-induced hypertension is associated with blood volume expansion, and that the elevated blood pressure is maintained by increased peripheral vascular resistance without blood volume expansion. The results also imply that exposure to cold induces a dehydration in rats.

Acclimatization↗
PubMed1988

The accumulation of oligosaccharides in tissues and body fluids of cats with alpha-mannosidosis.

Oligosaccharides were extracted from tissues and body fluids of five kittens with alpha-mannosidosis, three being from the same litter. The kittens were all of different ages at death and were compared to normal and heterozygote cats. The oligosaccharides were analyzed by high-pressure liquid chromatography after perbenzoylation and were identified by comparison with compounds of known structure. This provided a detailed picture of the distribution of oligosaccharides in each tissue, and a method for quantitation of the total oligosaccharides. With the exception of the youngest animal (death at day 2), the oligosaccharide elution profiles were broadly similar for all tissues and fluids, and were typical of feline alpha-mannosidosis. In contrast, concentrations of total oligosaccharides diverged widely from one source to another, from a high of 17.3 mumol/g to a low of 0.04 mumol/g. The results are interpreted in the context of glycoprotein catabolism.

Animals↗