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PubMed1995

The association of complement activation at a low temperature with hepatitis C virus infection in comparison with cryoglobulin.

Complement activation at a low temperature in vitro and cryoglobulinaemia are associated with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. The frequency of HCV antibody positivity determined in serum specimens that showed the cold-dependent activation of complement was 100%, whereas it was 48% among sera with cryoglobulin. On the other hand, the frequency of cold activation among HCV-infected sera was 41%, and that of cryoglobulin 48%. Cold activation was not found in any HCV- sera studied, whereas cryoglobulin was found at a frequency of 14% in HCV- sera. Cold activation was also absent among hepatitis B virus (HBV) S antigen or antibody-positive sera, except a few that were both HBV+ and HCV+. Rheumatoid factor was also frequently detected in sera with cold activation or cryoglobulin. Cold activation and cryoglobulin may be generated by common mechanisms in which a low avidity, low temperature-preferring antibody may function. In sera with cold activation, fine particles of immune complexes, which do not form precipitates, may activate the complement system. HCV is a unique virus that coexists with antibody in the serum, therefore the avidity of the antibody for the virus antigen may be low, and occasionally react only at a low temperature. This may be why the in vitro phenomenon related to immune complexes occurs specifically in HCV-infected sera.

Cold Temperature↗
PubMed1999

Effect of nitric oxide on rhinovirus replication and virus-induced interleukin-8 elaboration.

Nitric oxide (NO) has been reported to have disparate effects in different viral infections. We conducted a study to determine whether rhinovirus (RV) infection is associated with production of NO, and to assess the effect of NO on RV-induced interleukin-8 (IL-8) elaboration both in vitro in monolayers of BEAS-2B cells, an immortalized respiratory epithelial cell line, and in MRC-5 cells, a diploid human embryonic lung fibroblast cell line, challenged with purified RV type 39, as well as in vivo, in experimental infections with RV type 23. Virus replication was not affected by pretreatment of cell monolayers with any of three different NO donors, and RV infection did not stimulate production of NO. Pretreatment of cell monolayers with either NO donors or inhibitors of NO synthase had no effect on RV-induced IL-8 elaboration measured either 6 or 24 h after virus challenge. Nasal wash specimens from RV-infected volunteers contained low concentrations of nitrite that were not different from the concentrations in specimens from sham-challenged subjects. The concentration of nitrite in these specimens did not change over the course of the subjects' rhinoviral illness. These results suggest that NO does not participate in the pathogenesis of RV infections.

Cell Line↗
PubMed2000

The common cold.

Upper respiratory tract infections are one of the most common infectious diseases in man and are mainly caused by rhinoviruses. A rhinoviral cold is characterized by a neutrophilic inflammatory reaction with relatively mild symptoms that rather result from the host inflammatory response to the virus than from a direct viral cytotoxic effect. As regulators of chemotaxis, transmigration and activators of inflammatory and immunocompetent cells, cytokines and mediators were shown to play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of a rhinovirus infection.

Common Cold↗
PubMed1985

Respiratory infection: the disease.

Infectious pneumonias are inflammations of the lung that can be localized in the alveoli or interstitial tissue or both. The pathogenic agent is usually airborne; more rarely it is hematogenous. Important distinctions are between bacterial and nonbacterial forms, between diseases acquired outside and inside hospitals, and between patients who are basically healthy and those with a previous illness. Pneumococci continue to be the dominant pathogens outside hospitals. In hospitals, gram-negative, anaerobic, and fungal pathogens are more often found. Usually, purulent chronic bronchitis or an acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis is based on a prior viral infection or an impairment of bacterial clearance mechanisms of the respiratory tract. The dominant pathogens are Haemophilus influenzae and pneumococci. Worldwide, viral infections of the upper respiratory tract have great epidemiological significance. With 12 different groups of viruses and more than 150 serotypes, there can be many causes of symptoms of rhinitis, tonsillitis, pharyngitis, laryngitis, and tracheitis as well as bronchitis.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2003

Human rhinoviruses.

Human rhinoviruses are the most important causative agents of upper respiratory infections and are also implicated in more severe clinical entities. Although often present, very little is known about human rhinoviruses. Molecular methods have been used in the classification of this large group of viruses into two separate clades. In addition, one known serotype was found to be a member of enterovirus group D. Laboratory diagnosis of human rhinovirus infection is based on reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction methods or the more tedious virus culture but a rapid "bedside" method is unavailable. Anti-rhinoviral therapy has been under extensive study over the past few decades but symptomatic treatment of the common cold is still the only useful approach in clinical use. More data on circulating human rhinovirus strains would facilitate both detection and treatment of these common pathogens.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1989

Evaluation of a new enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in the diagnosis of rhinovirus infection.

This study describes the evaluation of a newly developed ELISA for the direct detection of rhinovirus antigens in nasal washings. Of 54 volunteers inoculated with 100 TCID50 of human rhinovirus type 2 (HRV-2), 50 (96.6%) and 32 (59%) excreted antigen and virus on at least 1 of 3 days investigated, respectively. Thirty-three (61%) had significant rises in rhinovirus-specific IgA by ELISA. Twelve (22%) developed symptoms of colds. Generally the ELISA detected antigen more frequently in volunteers later in the course of infection and provided evidence of infection in a higher proportion of asymptomatic compared with symptomatic volunteers. On the other hand, virus isolation detected virus more frequently earlier in the course of infection and in a higher proportion of symptomatic compared with asymptomatic volunteers. We conclude that rhinovirus antigen detection by ELISA is a simple, rapid, sensitive, and practical test to diagnose a rhinovirus infection and potentially a viable alternative to virus isolation.

Antigens, Viral↗
PubMed2005

A comparison of virus-associated and multi-trigger wheeze in school children.

To examine differences between virus-associated wheeze and wheeze associated with other triggers (multi-trigger wheeze) in elementary school children, we performed a cross-sectional school-based questionnaire study of 5,998 children mainly 7 to 12 years of age, with outliers 6 and 13 years of age. Using parent-completed questionnaires, we identified 522 children who wheezed only during upper respiratory tract infections (virus-associated wheeze), 1,186 children who wheezed on other occasions (multi-trigger wheeze), and 4,290 children with no wheeze. In comparison with children who had multi-trigger wheeze, children with virus-associated wheeze were more likely to be male, to be younger, and to have less frequent wheezy episodes. They were less likely to have night cough, shortness of breath or chest tightness, to have a personal or parental history of atopic disorders, to have a diagnosis of asthma, or to be receiving asthma treatment. Both types of wheeze were associated with social deprivation, a relationship that persisted after controlling for family smoking. Virus-associated wheeze is a common but diminishing problem in this age group, and the differences between virus-associated wheeze and multi-trigger wheeze already noted in pre-school children persist in this older age group.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Epidemiology of viral respiratory infections.

Acute respiratory tract infections are the most common illnesses in all individuals, regardless of age or gender. Epidemiologic surveys and community-based studies conducted since the beginning of the 20th century have determined the rates of illness and the pathogens involved in such infections. These studies have shown that rhinoviruses cause the great majority of these respiratory illnesses, and their findings have examined the means of transmission of respiratory illness. More recently, advances in diagnostic techniques have enabled more complete identification of the viruses involved in respiratory infections, which has aided in the ability to direct specific therapeutic agents at the causative pathogens.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2004

Heated, humidified air for the common cold.

BACKGROUND: Heated, humidified air is used by common cold sufferers since the invention of the steam kettle. There is scientific literature available investigating this mode of therapy using a rhinotherm. The present reviews addresses to the use of hot, humid air in common cold. OBJECTIVES: To assess the effects of inhaling heated water vapour with the help of a rhinotherm (an equipment designed to deliver heated water vapour to a person's nasal cavity), in the treatment of the common cold by comparing: a. symptoms b. viral shedding c. nasal resistance after a natural or experimentally induced common cold. SEARCH STRATEGY: In the initial review published in issue 3, 1999 of The Cochrane Library, we searched MEDLINE with MeSH headings: common cold, rhinopharyngitis, inhalation, steam, heated vapour, rhinothermy (January 1966 to July 1999). EMBASE, Current Contents, review articles, cross references were also searched. Attempts were also made to contact the manufacturers for any unpublished data. In this updated review, we have searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library, Issue 4, 2003), MEDLINE (January 1966 to November Week 2, 2003), EMBASE (January 1990 to November 2003), and Current Contents (current five years). SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomized trials using heated water vapour in a standardized way in patients with the common cold or volunteers with experimental induction of rhinovirus infection were included in the review. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: All the articles retrieved were initially subjected to a review for inclusion / exclusion criteria. Review articles, editorials, abstracts with inadequate outcome description were excluded. Studies selected for inclusion were subjected to a methodological assessment. MAIN RESULTS: The results of a systematic review of six trials with 319 participants, support the use of warm vapour inhalations in the common cold in terms of relief of symptoms (Odds Ratio with 95 % CI 0.31, 0.16-0.60, Relative risk 0.56, 0.4-0.79). Results on symptom score indices were equivocal. None of the studies demonstrated a worsening of clinical symptom scores. One study demonstrated increased nasal resistance one week after steam inhalation in contrast to an earlier study which showed improvement in the nasal resistance. There was no evidence of decreased viral shedding measured by virus isolation in the nasal secretions (Tyrrell 1989a) or measurement of viral titres in nasal washings among treatment group. The rhinovirus titres in the nasal washings from the treatment group were the same as those of the placebo group on day one prior to the treatment and on all four days after the treatment. The area under curve (Hendley 1994) was also similar in the placebo and treatment groups for titres of virus in the nasal washings as were the average viral titres across five days of follow up, the maximum values after treatment, and viral shedding velocity i.e. amount of virus shed per day (Hendley 1994). Minor side effects due to thermal stress were reported in all the studies. REVIEWERS' CONCLUSIONS: Three trials demonstrated beneficial effects on the symptoms of the common cold. One study from Israel showed a decrease in nasal resistance measured by peak nasal expiratory and inspiratory flow rate. Studies done in North America failed to show any objective improvement in outcome measures with the study intervention. A multi-centre double blind randomised controlled trial testing this therapy with uniform outcome measures is recommended.

Air↗
PubMed1978

The role of interferon in virus infections and antibody formation.

Virus-type interferon is capable of suppressing the antibody response both in vivo and in vitro. Interferon induced by antigen or mitogen (immune interferon), primarily in T-lymphocytes, also appears capable of suppressing the antibody response. Cyclic AMP has a regulatory effect on the induction of both virus-type and immune interferon. The immunosuppressive effects of virus-type and immune interferon may differ at the cellular or subcellular level.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Hepatitis C virus (HCV)-induced IgG-IgM rheumatoid factor (RF) complex may be the main causal factor for cold-dependent activation of complement in patients with rheumatic disease.

A low serum complement level is commonly found in patients with rheumatic diseases. We evaluated 170 patients with such diseases to determine their serum levels of CH50, C3 and C4 protein. Persistent hypocomplementaemia was found in 19 of those patients, particularly in those with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Cold-dependent activation of complement (CDAC) was demonstrated in nine of the 19 (47.4%), and six of the nine patients demonstrated infection with HCV (66.7%). The nine patients that exhibited CDAC had nearly normal haemolytic complement activity when the sera were separated either at 37 degrees C or in EDTA-treated plasma. Conversely, it markedly decreased, even to the point of being immeasurable, when the sera were separated at 4-21 degrees C. No significant deficiency in C3 and C4 protein levels was found in these patients. Clinical parameters other than levels of anti-HCV antibody, transaminase, and RF were not influenced by CDAC. In an attempt to isolate the causal factor for CDAC, we isolated IgG fractions from the CDAC patients by using a protein G column, in which case precipitates were collected from the eluates. The precipitates were mixed with normal serum and incubated at 4-21 degrees C for 18 h. A decrease in the level of CH50 in normal serum was observed, which predominated (P < 0.001) when precipitates from HCV-infected patients were used. This indicated CDAC was possibly interrelated to the precipitates of such patients. This precipitate was proved to contain IgM besides IgG. It is therefore possible that an HCV-related IgG complex or an IgG-IgM RF complex may be formed at low temperature and be involved in activating the complement system in vitro.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Establishment of a mouse model for human rhinovirus infection.

We describe here a mouse model for rhinovirus infection using a variant of human rhinovirus type 2 (HRV2/H) which replicated 50- to 300-fold in the lungs of BALB/c mice. The variant virus differed only marginally from HRV2/H according to various biochemical parameters. Use of a photosensitive inoculum and pretreatment of the animals with actinomycin D were necessary for detection of reproducible and significant levels of virus replication. This mouse model of rhinovirus infection is the first example of human rhinovirus replication in a non-primate mammal, and provides an important link for the development of rhinovirus therapy or prophylaxis.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

A prospective study of respiratory infection in adult asthmatics and their normal spouses.

A prospective study of respiratory infections was performed in nineteen married asthmatics and their normal spouses who were examined at monthly intervals during a 1-year period. The colds described were associated with nasal symptoms, sore throat and usually malaise, fever, cough and hoarseness. The asthamtics reported a larger number of these symptomatic episodes than the non-asthmatics but significantly fewer of the episodes in the asthmatics were objectively confirmed by viral isolation or rise in serum titre of viral antibody. The frequency of respiratory infections was not influenced by the long term use of inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate and oral corticosteroid drugs. Less than 10% of the exacerbations of asthma were associated with respiratory infection. The disability resulting from respiratory infections in the asthmatics did not significantly exceed that in the non-asthmatics.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Characterization of cricket paralysis virus-induced polypeptides in Drosophila cells.

Cricket paralysis virus purified from Galleria mellonella larvae was shown to be similar to virus purified from Drosophila melanogaster cells. Cricket paralysis virus contained three major structural polypeptides of similar molecular weight (around 30,000), had a buoyant density of 1.344 g/ml, and had a capsid diameter of 27 nm. Twenty virus-induced polypeptides could be detected in CrPV-infected Drosophila cells. Two major polypeptides found in the infected cells corresponded to two structural viral polypeptides (VP1 and VP3), whereas the third major intracellular polypeptide was the apparent precursor of the third viral structural polypeptide (VP2). Three of the primary virus-induced polypeptides had molecular weights of 144,000, 124,000, and 115,000. These and other polypeptides were chased into lower-molecular-weight proteins when excess cold methionine was added after a short [(35)S]methionine pulse. Although cricket paralysis virus has a number of characteristics in common with the mammalian enteroviruses, the extremely fast processing of high-molecular-weight polypeptides into viral proteins seems atypical. Also, no VP4 (8,000 to 10,000 molecular weight) has been found in the virus particles.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1994

Three year follow up study of national influenza vaccination practices in Japan.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To evaluate new national influenza vaccination practices which were started in 1987 under a revised law in Japan. DESIGN: This was a three year, nonrandomised cohort study with information collected by questionnaire between 1989 and 1991. SETTING: Eight primary schools in the city of Yonago, Tottori, Japan. These schools were selected from 23 schools in the city. PARTICIPANTS: Altogether 4251 pupils (1355 boys and 2896 girls) in years 1-4 of the eight primary schools were included in this study, and followed up. Three years later, data for 1619 pupils (768 boys and 851 girls) were obtained and analysed. MAIN RESULTS: The one-winter seasonal incidence rates of influenza-like disease were 13.4%, 29.9%, and 10.3% in 1989, 1990, and 1991 respectively. The incidence rate of influenza-like disease in fully vaccinated pupils was significantly lower than that in unvaccinated pupils in 1990, but not in 1989 or 1991. Stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that the incidence of influenza-like disease had a statistical relationship with the frequency of vaccination and the school year (R2 was 0.0148). Standardised parameters of the frequency of vaccination and the school frequency of vaccination and the school year were -0.089 and -0.080 respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The preventive effects of influenza vaccine are not strong. There must be some unknown factors that affect the incidence of influenza. This vaccine is useful for pupils in the early school years who seem to have less resistance. All pupils should not be inoculated with the vaccine to reduce influenza transmission in the community or school.

Child↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A case-control study of the role of cold symptoms and other historical triggering factors in asthma exacerbations.

BACKGROUND: Asthma exacerbations can be provoked by many triggers such as allergens, respiratory irritants and viral infections. The relative importance of these has not been prospectively documented in a case-control study. OBJECTIVE: To assess the relative importance of colds and other nonclimatic historical triggers of asthma exacerbations. METHODS: One hundred and nineteen adults and children with asthma in two Canadian cities participated in a one-year study of the role of exacerbating factors in asthma. Among these, 36 pairs (21 adult, 15 children) completed the case-control study. Patients were considered cases if they developed an acute asthma exacerbation and notified the centre within 24 h to allow the completion of a questionnaire and viral studies (cultures of nasopharyngeal swabs and serology). Control people with asthma were matched for sex, age and area of residence, had no exacerbation during the preceding four weeks and participated within 48 h of the case patients. RESULTS: Case patients versus control patients had a mean age of 22 years versus 20 years, 50% versus 55% were male, and 92% versus 86% had at least one positive aeroallergen skin test. Cases were more likely to have taken regular inhaled steroids (63% versus 33%, P<0.002). Cases were more likely to report the following within the previous week: fever (P<0.001), sore throat (P<0.001), increase in nasal symptoms (P<0.01), increased dust exposure (P<0. 05), exposure to others with a cold (P<0.001) and, over the previous year, increased passive smoke exposure (P<0.05). Viral cultures and paired serology were negative. CONCLUSIONS: Symptomatic colds were the most common trigger of asthma exacerbations in the winter and spring, while a transient increase in dust exposure was also identified as a significant trigger. The association with chronic, passive smoke exposure and the use of inhaled costicosteroid medications likely reflected less stable pre-study asthma in those with exacerbations.

Adult↗