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PubMed1997

Lessons for life--past and present modes of sexuality education in Tanzanian society.

The provision of sexuality education and contraceptive services to unmarried adolescents has became a key issue in the era of AIDS. International health organizations are promoting action world-wide. In Tanzania the Ministry of Health has started policy work, while the NGO sector is spearheading activities in the field. Yet there is a lot of public scepticism and resistance to launching such programmes, as many believe that these will promote promiscuity among the young. This article explores the efforts of the Family Planning Association of Tanzania (UMATI), collaborating with the Swedish Association of Sex Education (RFSU), to develop appropriate and sensitive programme activities, drawing on the experiences of other countries as well as on local customs tied to traditional initiation rites. Capacity building involving the provision of techniques for training, research, advocacy and outreach has been the focus of the exchange between the two NGOs. The aim has been to take a broad but integrated perspective on the issue, including an understanding of adolescent sexuality as well as that of reproduction. Most of the data presented here were generated during a follow-up study of the UMATI/RFSU collaboration.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1998

A problem-solving approach to nutrition education with Filipino mothers.

The study examined Filipino mothers' problem solving on issues related to child feeding, using a dyadic, peer-help approach. The participants were mothers of children under 6 yr of age from a village in the southern Philippines, where malnutrition among children is prevalent. Mothers were paired with a mutual friend (each nominated the other as a best friend) or a unilateral friend (only one nominated the other as a best friend) to discuss a feeding problem to which they initially gave similar solutions (agreed) and one to which they gave different solutions (disagreed). In the final step, they were asked to give privately the solutions they considered best for the problem. The number and quality of these final-step solutions were analyzed as a function of the friend relation, the level of initial agreement with their friend partner, and the source of the solution. Results indicated that the quantity and quality of solutions increased from before to after the dyadic discussion, especially among mothers paired with a mutual friend with whom they agreed. Most of their final-step solutions came from ones they themselves had generated during the discussion, not ones their friend partner had proposed. There was also evidence that high quality solutions were generated by mothers paired with a disagreeing unilateral friend. Implications for nutrition education concern the benefits of a peer-help, dyadic problem-solving approach, taking into account the role of a friend in facilitating a mother's production of new solutions to child feeding problems. The procedure may be used by health promoters who want to build capacities and self-reliance through collective problem solving.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

Parasitology crossing borders.

In veterinary parasitology it is important to further strengthen international collaboration and interactions. On the one hand, there is a strong and promising trend towards growth in large international programmes. However, we, as researchers, should make more serious attempts to influence the targets and structures of these programmes. On the other hand, let us not forget to fully exploit the possibilities for support to even small projects and visiting researchers' arrangements, preferably in a flexible way. The paper emphasizes the obvious need for research capacity building in the least developed countries, and advocates a partnership approach in research for development. The presentation suggests more operative initiatives in international veterinary parasitology. Finally, how language barriers can hamper international contacts and exchange of information is discussed. Ways to possibly avert this are indicated.

Africa↗

PubMed2002

Mediators of physical activity behavior change among women with young children.

BACKGROUND: Women with children are less likely to engage in adequate physical activity (PA) than women without children. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of two strategies for promoting increased PA among mothers of preschool-aged children, and to explore the mediators of any resulting change in PA behavior. DESIGN: Controlled intervention trial incorporating repeated data collection from 554 women, randomized to one of three experimental conditions. Intervention Group 1 served as a control, while women in Groups 2 and 3 were given print information about overcoming PA barriers. Women in Group 3 were also invited to discuss the development of local strategies for the promotion of PA among mothers of young children. The primary strategies included increasing partner support, social advocacy, and capacity building, and were implemented through collaboration among participants, researchers, and community organizations. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Adequate physical activity (PA), self-efficacy (SE) and partner support (PS). RESULTS: Following the intervention, women in Group 3 were significantly more likely to meet guidelines for PA than controls (odds ratio [OR]=1.71, confidence interval [CI]=1.05-2.77)] after controlling for age and PA at baseline. After controlling for baseline PA, residualized change in SE (OR=1.86, CI=1.17-2.94) and PS (OR=2.29, CI=1.46-3.58) significantly predicted meeting guidelines. After controlling for residual change in PS and SE, the significant intervention effect was attenuated (Group 3 OR=1.40, CI=0.76-2.36), indicating that partner support and self-efficacy may be mediators of physical activity behavior change. CONCLUSIONS: The findings indicate that community participation approaches that facilitate increased self-efficacy and partner support can be effective in increasing PA among mothers of young children.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Creating a healing environment for critical care.

Creating a healing environment for critical care requires an organizational as well as personal commitment. An organizational model for health and healing integrates five key elements: common value for the mind-body-spirit approach to wellness and health; patient/family centered relationships; an organizational culture that promotes personal growth; the availability of CAT as well as conventional therapy; and a physical environment that supports healing. CAT strategies to support a physical environment for spirituality and healing were outlined, followed by a discussion of strategies for building capacity for EI to alleviate the emotional labor of nursing and facilitate family centered care.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Immunization safety priority project at the World Health Organization.

In 1999, the World Health Organization's (WHO) Department of Vaccines and Biologicals launched the Immunization Safety Priority Project with the aim of establishing a comprehensive system to ensure the safety of all immunizations given in national immunization programs. Countries are the primary focus of the project. WHO has a role, not only because of its technical and normative role, but also because of its privileged relationship with country authorities and other partners, and its global vision and mandate. The four major areas of focus in the project are to (1) promote and coordinate research and development of safer and simpler delivery systems; (2) ensure vaccine safety, from vaccine development all the way through clinical trials and vaccine distribution until use; (3) broaden access to safer and more efficient systems for vaccine delivery and management of sharps waste; and (4) establish efficient mechanisms to detect serious or potentially serious adverse events following immunization, and enable prompt and effective response. The project emphasizes the importance of advocating safety and building capacity at national levels.

Advisory Committees↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Conducting international research in midwifery: a workshop held at the ICM Congress, Vienna, April 2002.

A workshop on international research in midwifery was held at the International Confederation of Midwives (ICM) Triennial Congress in Vienna, April 2002. Thirty-five participants from 12 countries took part. The participants themselves defined the agenda, and subsequent discussion addressed the following issues: international research relationships and collaboration; ethical conduct in international research in midwifery; the role of the International Confederation of Midwives in international research; and identifying topics for an international midwifery research agenda. Recommendations arising from this workshop were as follows: develop guidelines and a code of ethics for the conduct of international research in midwifery; continue to actively support research and further develop that support; support education and capacity building for research at basic and continuing education levels; and update on a regular basis the priorities identified for collaborative international studies.

Austria↗

PubMed2006

The role of reproductive health for attainment of the millennium development goals.

Universal access to reproductive health services is a major aim of current efforts towards attaining the Millennium Development Goals, and reproductive rights and poverty reduction are crosscutting issues for this current focus of international development. Political statements should be complemented by financial commitments for mobilizing resources and the formulation of country-owned action plans. Upscaling services will necessitate strengthening health systems, integrating care, and building capacities. Policy makers, service providers, and stakeholders have responsibilities and duties to ensure that frameworks are available for the adequate provision of services. The implementation of multiple international development strategies currently constitutes a priority for reaching the targets by 2015.

Delivery of Health Care↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Health aspects of the Tsunami disaster in Asia.

This is a summary of the proceedings of the Conference on the Health Aspects of the Tsunami Disaster in Asia that was convened by the World Health Organization in Phuket, Thailand from 04-06 May 2005. It contains reviews of the experiences of the health sector and early recovery following the Earthquake and Tsunami with emphasis on what was done well and what could have been done better and the lessons learned that can be incorporated into actions that will mitigate the damage created by future events. It outlines the national and international responses and recovery and the actions taken and not taken by the international community in support of the countries affected. Specific issues addressed include: (1) needs assessments; (2) coordination; (3) filling gaps in essential services, and (4) capacity building at the country level. Each of these aspects is analyzed as to its: (1) appropriateness; (2) adequacy; (3) effectiveness; (4) efficiency; and (5) connectedness. Much of what occurred provided benefits to the stricken population, but there is substantial room for improvement through implementation of the lessons learned. These lessons must be converted into actions in order to mitigate the damage sustained and to enhance our responses to the damage from future events.

Disaster Planning↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Session 1.4: health services delivery: a critical review of experience.

This is a summary of the presentations and discussion of Session 1.4, Health Services Delivery: A Critical Review of Experience, of the Conference, Health Aspects of the Tsunami Disaster in Asia, convened by the World Health Organization (WHO) in Phuket, Thailand, 04-06 May 2005. The topics discussed included issues related to health services delivery as pertaining to the responses to the damage created by the Tsunami. It is presented in the following major sections: (1) needs assessment; (2) coordination; (3) filling of gaps; (4) capacity building; and (5) lessons learned.

Delivery of Health Care↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Panel 2.4: funding policies and practices.

This is a summary of the presentations and discussion of Funding Policies and Practices of the Conference, Health Aspects of the Tsunami Disaster in Asia, convened by the World Health Organization (WHO) in Phuket, Thailand, 04-06 May 2005. The topics discussed included issues related to funding policies and practices as pertain to the responses to the damage created by the Tsunami. It is presented in the following major sections: (1) issues from the perspectives of (a) donors, and (b) recipients; (2) coordination; (3) conclusions; (4) the size of the response; (5) measuring the Consolidated Appeals Process (CAP) as a financial instrument; (6) other issues; (7) lessons learned; and (8) recommendations. Topics discussed in the other issues section include: (1) data; (2) sustainability; (3) capacity building; (4) unspecified funding; and (5) links to aid for development. Subsections of the lessons learned session include: (1) examining the WHO from the donor perspective; and (2) donor community practices.

Disasters↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Panel 2.6: mental and psychosocial effects of the Tsunami on the affected populations.

This is a summary of the presentations and discussion of Panel 2.6, Mental and Psychosocial Effects of the Tsunami on the Affected Populations of the Conference, Health Aspects of the Tsunami Disaster in Asia, convened by the World Health Organization (WHO) in Phuket, Thailand, 04-06 May 2005. The topics discussed included issues related to mental and psychological aspects as pertaining to the damage created by the Tsunami. It is presented in the following major sections: (1) responses; (2) needs assessment; (3) coordination; (4) gap filling; (5) capacity building; (6) stakeholder agreement; and (7) conclusions and recommendations. In the responses discussion, issues included: (1) psychosocial support services; (2) mental health services; and (3) the Thai response. Subsections in the stakeholder agreement section include: (1) public-private partnerships; and (2) preparedness.

Disasters↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Panel 2.9: repair and recovery of health systems.

This is a summary of the presentations and discussion of Panel 2.9, Repair and Recovery of Health Systems of the Conference, Health Aspects of the Tsunami Disaster in Asia, convened by the World Health Organization (WHO) in Phuket, Thailand, 04-06 May 2005. The topics discussed included issues related to the repair and recovery of health systems as pertain to the damage created by the Tsunami. It is presented in the following major sections: (1) needs assessment; (2) coordination; (3) filling gaps; (4) capacity building; (5) what was done well, and what should have been done better; (6) lessons learned; and (7) recommendations. Recommendations included: (1) how to make health systems better prepared for coping with disasters; and (2) how to support preparedness in local communities.

Delivery of Health Care↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Panel 2.14: contribution of non-governmental actors.

This is a summary of the presentations and discussion of Panel 2.14, Contribution of Non-Governmental Actors, of the Conference, Health Aspects of the Tsunami Disaster in Asia, convened by the World Health Organization (WHO) in Phuket, Thailand, 04-06 May 2005. The topics discussed included issues related to the role of media and communication as pertaining to the responses to the damage created by the Tsunami. It is presented in six sections: (1) Background; (2) Key questions; (3) Discussion; (4) What have we learned?; (5) Conclusions; and (6) Recommendations. The what have we learned section is presented in the categories of: (1) needs assessments; (2) coordination; (3) filling gaps; and (4) capacity building.

Disasters↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Panel 2.15: civil-military cooperation in humanitarian health action.

This is a summary of the presentations and discussion of Panel 2.15, Civil-Military Cooperation in Humanitarian Health Action of the Conference, Health Aspects of the Tsunami Disaster in Asia, convened by the World Health Organization (WHO) in Phuket, Thailand, 04-06 May 2005. The topics discussed included issues related to civil-military collaboration in humanitarian health actions as pertain to the responses to the damage created by the Tsunami. It is presented in the following sections: (1) how effective civil-military cooperation can help health responses, including: (a) needs assessment; (b) coordination; (c) filling gaps; and (d) capacity building; (2) what was done well, and what could have been done better; and (3) conclusions and recommendations. Conclusions and recommendations included: (1) the best coordination mechanisms for civil-military cooperation; and (2) suggested additions and improvements.

Altruism↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Panel 2.18: logistics, information technology (IT), and telecommunications in crisis management.

This is a summary of the presentations and discussion of Panel 2.18, Logistics, Information Technology, and Telecommunications in Crisis Management of the Conference, Health Aspects of the Tsunami Disaster in Asia, convened by the World Health Organization (WHO) in Phuket, Thailand, 04-06 May 2005. The topics discussed included issues related to logistics, information technology (IT), and crisis communication pertaining to the responses to the damage created by the Tsunami. It is presented in the following major sections: (1) issues; (2) lessons learned; (3) what was done well; (4) what could have been done better; and (5) conclusions and recommendations. Each major section is presented in four sub-sections: (1) needs assessments; (2) coordination; (3) filling the gaps; and (4) capacity building.

Disasters↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Post-war Kosovo: Part 1. Assessment of prehospital emergency services.

The United Nations Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK) designated that the World Health Organization (WHO) develop health policy to assist in the recovery and rehabilitation of the post-war health system of Kosovo. As a critical part of the pre-policy evaluation, an assessment of current prehospital medical services was performed. This assessment identified a basic healthcare infrastructure upon which additional prehospital capabilities can be built, especially in communications, staffing, equipment, and transport services. To serve Kosovo properly in the future, it is recommended that capacity building must include the parallel development of emergency departments and specialty-trained physicians.

Delivery of Health Care↗

PubMed2004

The UIC ICBG (University of Illinois at Chicago International Cooperative Biodiversity Group) Memorandum of Agreement: a model of benefit-sharing arrangement in natural products drug discovery and development.

The Convention on Biodiversity mandates a new approach to the discovery of natural product drugs, one that incorporates concepts of national ownership of genetic resources, intellectual property rights in traditional knowledge, and sharing of economic benefits with countries that are the source of new natural products. The International Cooperative Biodiversity Group (ICBG) program was established to support experimentation in implementation of the Convention through development and execution of international agreements for bioprospecting. The agreement of one such ICBG program, between the University of Illinois at Chicago and institutions in Vietnam and Laos, is presented here. The core elements contained in the single, five-way Memorandum of Agreement are the arrangements for intellectual property rights, treatment of informed consent, and plans for benefit-sharing (including the sharing of short- and long-term royalty benefits, capacity building, and community reciprocity). Program participants were able to develop a practical and flexible agreement that satisfies the wishes of all institutions that are parties to it.

Africa↗