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PubMed2005

The fate of transplanted fibrous capsule as an autogenous graft.

BACKGROUND: In reconstructive and aesthetic surgery, several autogenous graft materials and biomaterials are available for soft-tissue augmentation, but none has all the properties of the ideal filler material. The common problem is that heterogeneous material is reactive, and the problem for the autogenous grafts is resorption. METHODS: In this experimental study, the authors examined the transformation that the autogenous graft undergoes in a different location when it is used as a capsule tissue in place of silicone. Whole/diced capsule and fat grafts were evaluated at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months for their volume, weight, and histopathologic and statistical bases. RESULTS: The capsule graft was observed at month 12 as a dense collagen bulk. When it had decreased by 25.6 percent in volume at the end of the 12-month period, the decrease in weight was found to be 20 percent. The resorption rates in diced capsule grafts were 14 percent of volume and 8.6 percent of weight. The volume-based rate of resorption was even lower (63 percent) for the capsule than for the fat, and the weight-based rate of resorption was even lower (70 percent) for the capsule. CONCLUSIONS: The low rate of resorption in capsule grafts was attributed to the environmental conditions that triggered the potential cause of resorption, such as inflammation in the localization conditions when it is was carried from the region where it was formed. The results indicate that in the new localization of the capsule tissue that is developed against silicone, it behaves as an autogenous graft that it is resorbed at a lower rate.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1988

Penetration of immunoglobulins through the Klebsiella capsule and their effect on cell-surface hydrophobicity.

The ability of antibodies to cell-surface components of Klebsiella to increase surface hydrophobicity and to gain access to antigens potentially masked by the capsule was investigated. Treatment of capsulate or non-capsulate strains with the respective autologous antiserum resulted in a marked increase in surface hydrophobicity. Antisera raised against a rough non-capsulate (K-O-) strain had little effect on the surface hydrophobicity of either of the capsulate strains K1+O1+ and K2+O1+, or of the non-capsulate K-O1+ strain. Whereas anti-K-O1+ sera or anti-K2+ sera increased the surface hydrophobicity of the K2+O1+ strain, only antisera containing anti-K1+ antibodies increased the hydrophobicity of the K1+O1+ strain. Immunoadsorption of anti-K-O1+ serum by whole capsulate cells revealed that neither the K1 nor the K2 capsular polysaccharide acted as a barrier to anti-O antibodies but that the K1 capsular polysaccharide masked the presence of the immunoglobulin at the cell surface. The Klebsiella capsular polysaccharide does not appear to present a permeability barrier to immunoglobulins although failure to detect outer-membrane proteins in the immune complexes of either of the capsulate strains or of the K-O1+ strain suggests that the O antigen may prevent access of antibodies to these antigens.

Antibodies, Bacterial↗

PubMed2006

Monoclonal antibodies can affect complement deposition on the capsule of the pathogenic fungus Cryptococcus neoformans by both classical pathway activation and steric hindrance.

The capsule of the human pathogenic fungus Cryptococcus neoformans presents the immune system with a formidable problem for phagocytosis. Capsule-mediated activation of the alternative complement (C) pathway results in component 3 (particularly, C3) binding to the capsule near the cell wall surface. Hence, for cells with large capsule, C3 cannot interact with the complement receptor (CR) and is not opsonic. However, C activation in either immune serum or in the presence of monoclonal antibody (mAb) to capsular polysaccharide localizes C3 to the capsular edge. When C. neoformans cells were coated with both C and antibody (Ab) opsonins, Ab bound first and promoted C3 deposition at the edge of the capsule. The mechanism for the Ab-mediated change in C3 localization to the capsule edge involved both classical C pathway activation and steric hindrance preventing C3 penetration into the capsule. The change in C3 localization changed the mode of phagocytosis in macrophages, such that localizing C3 at the edge of the capsule allowed phagocytosis through C3-CR3 and C3-CR4 interactions, which did not occur in serum without Ab. These findings reveal a new mechanism of Ab action whereby Abs affect the location of C3 and its interaction with its receptor in macrophages depending on the immunoglobulin concentration.

Antibodies, Fungal↗

PubMed1991

Loss of capsule expression by Haemophilus influenzae type b results in enhanced adherence to and invasion of human cells.

Haemophilus influenzae type b is a common cause of systemic bacterial disease in children, and the serotype b capsule is a major determinant of virulence. Nevertheless, as a consequence of the genetic configuration of the capb locus, type b strains become capsule deficient at a high frequency. To investigate the potential biological relevance of the predisposition to capsule loss, we compared the adherent and invasive abilities of several strains of H. influenzae type b and their isogenic capsule-deficient mutants by using cultured human epithelial cells. In all cases the capsule-deficient mutant demonstrated significantly greater adherence and invasion than the encapsulated parent. Transformation of one capsule-deficient mutant to restore encapsulation resulted in a marked decrease in adherence and invasion. All strains were capable of adherence and invasion by a pilus-independent mechanism. We conclude that capsule loss by H. influenzae type b results in enhanced in vitro adherence and invasion, properties that may be relevant to colonization of the nasopharynx and persistence within the respiratory tract. These observations suggest an explanation for the evolution of the capb locus as directly repeated segments of DNA with a consequent predisposition to recombination resulting in capsule loss.

Bacterial Adhesion↗

PubMed1996

Influence of opsonization conditions on C3 deposition and phagocyte binding of large- and small-capsule Cryptococcus neoformans cells.

Previous studies demonstrated that, following opsonization with normal human serum (NHS), phagocytes bind greater numbers of small-capsule Cryptococcus neoformans cells than yeast cells with large capsules. The present study tested the hypothesis that suboptimal deposition of opsonic C3 fragments contributes to this disparity. C neoformans was grown under conditions promoting large or small capsules and was incubated at various concentrations in NHS. At low concentrations of yeast cells (125 cells per microl of NHS), the deposition of C3 fragments per unit of capsule volume and the binding of yeast cells to cultured human monocytes were similar for yeast cells having large and small capsules. However, at higher cell concentrations, large-capsule cells exhibited suboptimal coating with C3 fragments and markedly diminished monocyte binding compared with small-capsule cells. Thus, the inverse correlation between capsule size and phagocyte binding can be overcome by conditions promoting optimal C3 deposition.

Complement C3↗

PubMed1964

PATHWAYS FOR BIOSYNTHESIS OF A BACTERIAL CAPSULAR POLYSACCHARIDE. IV. CAPSULE RESYNTHESIS BY DECAPSULATED RESTING-CELL SUSPENSIONS.

Juni, Elliot (Emory University, Atlanta, Ga.), and Gloria A. Heym. Pathways for biosynthesis of a bacterial capsular polysaccharide. IV. Capsule resynthesis by decapsulated resting-cell suspensions. J. Bacteriol. 87:461-467. 1964.-Methods were devised for stripping capsules from encapsulated bacteria. By use of stripped resting-cell suspensions of a gram-negative capsule-forming coccus, it was shown that polysaccharide capsule resynthesis depends upon the presence of air and an oxidizable substrate. Capsule resynthesis proceeds linearly with time. For a given quantity of stripped cells, the net amount of polysaccharide capsule synthesized is a linear function of the amount of substrate oxidized. The only factor that appears to limit the extent of capsule synthesis by resting cells is the amount of substrate utilized. A series of photomicrographs of wet mounts made in India ink show the appearance of stripped cells and resynthesized capsules formed during oxidation of pyruvate and glucose by stripped resting-cell suspensions.

Acetates↗

PubMed1996

Shoulder capsulitis in type I and II diabetic patients: association with diabetic complications and related diseases.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between shoulder capsulitis and chronic diabetic complications and diseases closely related to diabetes. METHODS: A cross sectional study in 291 type I [mean (SD) age 33.2 (9.9) years] and 134 type II [61.1 (12.4) years] diabetic patients. The presence of shoulder capsulitis, Dupuytren disease, and limited joint mobility was sought. The patients were assessed for background and proliferative retinopathy, nephropathy, autonomic neuropathy, and peripheral symmetrical somatic polyneuropathy. Diseases closely related to diabetes (hypertension, history of myocardial infarction, coronary heart disease, and peripheral vascular disease) were also recorded. RESULTS: Prevalence of shoulder capsulitis was 10.3% in type I and 22.4% in type II diabetic subjects. Shoulder capsulitis was associated with the age in types I (P < 0.01) and II (P < 0.05) diabetic patients, and with the duration of diabetes in type I patients (P < 0.01). Odds ratios for autonomic neuropathy in type I and type II diabetic subjects with shoulder capsulitis were 4.1 (95% confidence interval, 1.6 to 10.9) and 2.7 (95% CI, 1.1 to 7.0), respectively, after controlling for age and duration of diabetes. Odds ratio for history of myocardial infarction in type I diabetic subjects with shoulder capsulitis was 13.7 (95% CI, 1.3 to 139.5) after controlling for age, duration of diabetes, hypertension, and smoking habits. Other associations between shoulder capsulitis and diabetic complications, related diseases, and other hand abnormalities were fully explained by age and the duration of diabetes. CONCLUSIONS: Shoulder capsulitis is common in type I and type II diabetic patients. It is associated with age in type I and II diabetic patients and with the duration of diabetes in type I patients. It is associated with autonomic neuropathy in type I and II diabetic patients and with history of myocardial infarction in type I diabetic patients, independently of time related variables.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

Poly-gamma-glutamate synthesis during formation of nematocyst capsules in Hydra.

Nematocysts are explosive organelles found in all Cnidaria. Explosion of nematocyst capsules is driven by the high pressure within the capsule formed by the high concentration of poly-gamma-glutamate in the capsule matrix. Poly-gamma-glutamate is a polyanion that binds cations tightly, including the fluorescent cationic dyes acridine orange and DAPI (4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole). We have used acridine orange and DAPI staining to localize poly-gamma-glutamate within capsules and to follow the biosynthesis of poly-gamma-glutamate during capsule formation. The results indicate that poly-gamma-glutamate biosynthesis occurs late in capsule formation after invagination of the tubule and that it is accompanied by swelling of the capsule due to increasing osmotic pressure. The matrix in all four capsule types is homogeneously filled with poly-gamma-glutamate. In vivo this poly-gamma-glutamate is complexed with monovalent cations. In addition, poly-gamma-glutamate is formed within the tubule lumen of stenoteles. We argue that this poly-gamma-glutamate is required to drive the two-step explosion process in stenotele nematocysts.

Acridine Orange↗

PubMed2004

Experimental modulation of capsule size in Cryptococcus neoformans.

Experimental modulation of capsule size is an important technique for the study of the virulence of the encapsulated pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans. In this paper, we summarize the techniques available for experimental modulation of capsule size in this yeast and describe improved methods to induce capsule size changes. The response of the yeast to the various stimuli is highly dependent on the cryptococcal strain. A high CO(2) atmosphere and a low iron concentration have been used classically to increase capsule size. Unfortunately, these stimuli are not reliable for inducing capsular enlargement in all strains. Recently we have identified new and simpler conditions for inducing capsule enlargement that consistently elicited this effect. Specifically, we noted that mammalian serum or diluted Sabouraud broth in MOPS buffer pH 7.3 efficiently induced capsule growth. Media that slowed the growth rate of the yeast correlated with an increase in capsule size. Finally, we summarize the most commonly used media that induce capsule growth in C. neoformans.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1993

Developmentally regulated changes in the glycoproteins of the equine embryonic capsule.

The embryonic capsule, which covers the equine blastocyst after it loses its zona pellucida, is composed of mucin-like glycoproteins. In the present study, we investigated both macroscopic and molecular changes in the capsule during development. The weight of the capsule increased from day 11-12 of pregnancy and reached a maximum at about day 18, coinciding with the time during which the conceptus migrates extensively throughout the uterus. The sialic acid content of the capsule declined markedly from about day 16, the time of conceptus 'fixation' in the uterus, which suggests a unique developmentally regulated mechanism for the control of embryo mobility. These results lead us to propose that the capsule may have an anti-adhesion function in the developing conceptus, and that this effect could be regulated by the sugar side chains of the capsular glycoproteins. The glycosylation characteristics of the blastocyst coverings also underwent changes at about day 9 of pregnancy, which may be related to loss of the zona pellucida. An anti-capsule monoclonal antibody was raised and shown to recognize a tissue-specific antigen present only on the capsule and trophoblast. This antigen was present on the trophoblastic cells soon after the blastocyst is formed, reached a maximum concentration at about day 18, and was absent after day 22, coinciding with the disappearance of the capsule. Immunohistochemical studies indicate that the mucin-like capsular glycoproteins are secreted, at least in major part, by the trophoblast.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Amino Acids↗

PubMed1993

A comparison of the capsules around smooth and textured silicone prostheses used for breast reconstruction. A light and electron microscopic study.

A total of 18 women who had undergone modified radical mastectomy and tissue expansion for breast reconstruction were studied. When the expanders were replaced, nine patients had received smooth, gel-filled permanent prostheses and nine had received textured, gel-filled permanent prostheses. For medical reasons, e.g. capsular contraction, incorrectly placed or sized implant, an additional operation was performed, and then biopsy specimens from the capsules around the prostheses were taken and subsequently examined with the aid of the light and transmission electron microscope (TEM). A histologist was able to classify blindly 11 capsules out of 13 which were investigated by light microscopy in the correct groups and several differences between the capsules were found. Capsules around the smooth implants had a clear line of separation between the inner surface and the prosthesis, and formed a single collageneous layer. They were sparse in fibroblasts, which were long and thin. Capsules around textured implants consisted of two layers, the outer layer being compact with long, slender fibroblasts, and the inner one looking rugged with wavy bundles of collagen often splitting from each other, and with shorter and more rounded fibroblasts. The overall thickness seemed greater compared to the capsules around the smooth prostheses, which, on the other hand, showed a greater variation in thickness. To analyze collagen fibril diameters, sample sections were photographed at magnification 22,000 x in the TEM. The fibril diameters were measured with an interactive image analysis system (IBAS). The mean diameter of the collagen fibrils was 47.2 nm in the capsules around the smooth prostheses and 51.7 nm in the capsules around the textured prostheses.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Neural response of cervical facet joint capsule to stretch: a study of whiplash pain mechanism.

Cervical facet joints are implicated as a major source of pain after whiplash injury. The purpose of this study was to investigate the proposed capsule strain injury mechanism of whiplash pain using neurophysiologic methods. Strain thresholds, threshold distribution, saturation strains and afterdischarge responses of capsule neural receptors were characterized in vivo. Goat C5-C6 facet joint capsules were used to identify and characterize capsule receptors in response to controlled uniaxial stretch by recording C6 dorsal rootlet nerve discharge. The joints were stretched at 0.5 mm/sec in a series of tests with 2 mm increments until the capsule ruptured. Ninety-two identified units were responsive to physiologic or noxious stretch while 28 were silent receptors. Among the 50 characterized responsive units, 42 showed low strain thresholds at 10.2+/-4.6% while 8 had high strain thresholds at 47.2+/-9.6%. Further, 35 of the 42 low-threshold units displayed discharge saturation at various strains (44.2+/-16.7%). A significant finding was that twelve low-threshold units exhibited afterdischarge for greater than 30 sec after stretch release at 36.6+/-12.5% strains, and displayed longer-lasting afterdischarge (greater than 4 min) at higher strains (39.0+/-14.4%) with significant difference (p = 0.019) in strains. Two high-threshold units had afterdischarges for greater than 30 sec or 4 min at 50.3+/-5.9% and 57.7+/-10.6% strains, respectively. In addition, the spatial distribution of the 42 low-threshold receptors demonstrated that the receptors on the joint gap were more strain-sensitive, with significantly lower strain thresholds compared to the rostral and caudal regions. No significant difference in strain threshold was observed in the medial-lateral direction. When compared to the reported strains that facet joint capsules experienced in whiplash (35-60%) and the reported capsule subfailure strains (35-67%), the low strain thresholds are substantially lower whereas the high thresholds and afterdischarge strains are within that range. Thus, low threshold units appear to signal proprioception within the physiologic range. High threshold units likely signal nociception (pain sensation) while afterdischarge may signal capsule strain injury and contribute to persistent pain.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2004

Capsule endoscopy and push enteroscopy in the diagnosis of obscure gastrointestinal bleeding.

BACKGROUND: In obscure gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding, it is often difficult to detect the bleeding sites located in the small bowel with conventional radiological, scintigraphic or angiographic techniques. Push enteroscopy and capsule endoscopy are currently considered to be the most effective diagnostic procedures. The aim of this study was to compare the detection rates between capsule endoscopy and push enteroscopy. METHODS: From May 2002 through January 2003, we prospectively examined by capsule endoscopy 39 patients with suspected small bowel diseases, in particular GI bleeding of unknown origin in Renji Hospital. Among them, 32 complained of obscure recurrent GI bleeding. Between January 1993 and October 1996, we used push enteroscopy on 36 patients who suffered from unexplained GI bleeding. All patients had prior normal results on gastroscopy, colonoscopy, small bowel barium radiography, scintigraphy and/or angiography. RESULTS: M2A capsule endoscopy disclosed abnormal small bowel findings in 26 (82%) out of 32 patients. Twenty-one of them had significant pathological findings explaining their clinical disorders. Diagnostic yield was therefore 66% (21 of 32 patients). Definite bleeding sites diagnosed by capsule endoscopy in 21 patients included angiodysplasia (8), inflammatory small-bowel (5), small-bowel polyps (4), gastrointestinal stromal tumour (2), carcinoid tumour and lipoma (1), and hemorrhagic gastritis (1). Push enteroscopy detected the definite sources of bleeding in 9 (25%) of the 36 patients. Patients with definite bleeding sources included angiodysplasias (2), leiomyosarcoma (2), leiomyoma (1), lymphoma (1), Crohn's disease (1), small-bowel polyps (1) and adenocarcinoma of ampulla (1). Suspected bleeding sources were shown by push enteroscopy in two additional patients (6%), and in other five patients (16%) by capsule endoscopy. CONCLUSIONS: The present study of patients with obscure GI bleeding showed that capsule endoscopy significantly superior to push enteroscopy in detecting GI bleeding (P < 0.001). Capsule endoscopy is safe and painless, and should become the initial diagnostic choice for patients with obscure GI bleeding.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1991

Mechanism of fibrous capsule formation surrounding hepatocellular carcinoma. Immunohistochemical study.

In 14 cases of hepatocellular carcinoma with capsule, we studied the mechanism of capsule formation by the immunoperoxidase technique using antibodies to types I, III, and IV collagen, antilaminin antibody, and anti-prolyl hydroxylase antibody. Marked round cell infiltration was observed in the noncancerous side of the capsule and around compressed hepatocytes near the capsule. Thin capsules were composed primarily of type III collagen produced by an increased number of fibroblasts, transitional Ito cells, and hepatocytes near the capsule. In thickened capsules, the noncancerous side consisted primarily of type III collagen and the cancerous side of types I and III collagen. Type I as well as type III collagen was produced by fibroblasts, transitional Ito cells, and hepatocytes. The capsule thus formed is suggested to be part of the defense mechanisms against the growth of hepatocellular carcinoma.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Memory deficits following internal capsule lesions in rats and their improvement by L-6-ketopiperidine-2-carbonyl-L-leucyl-L-proline amide (RGH-2202), a thyrotropin-releasing hormone analogue.

A memory deficit model has been developed following bilateral internal capsule lesions in rats. During 12-49 days after internal capsule lesions, the rats showed a marked impairment of active avoidance acquisition in a step-through apparatus, while they exhibited no observable change in native behaviors, except a slight increase in exploratory activity. A passive avoidance task in the same apparatus was also impaired in internal capsule lesioned rats when examined after one-trial training, though the task was gradually acquired by repeated trainings. Moreover, the retention of both the active and passive avoidance responses in well-trained rats deteriorated after internal capsule lesions. On the other hand, internal capsule-lesioned rats did not perform any worse than sham-operated rats in a T-maze spontaneous alternation behavior and in a habituation response to a novel environment. In the frontal cortex and striatum of internal capsule-lesioned rats, there was a significant decrease of dopamine, serotonin and their metabolites, but no change of acetylcholine levels. The acquisition deficit of active avoidance in internal capsule-lesioned rats was improved by thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH, 10 mg/kg, i.p.) and L-6-ketopiperidine-2-carbonyl-L-leucyl-L-proline amide (RGH-2202, 10 mg/kg, i.p., 0.2 and 1 mg/kg i.v.), but not by physostigmine sulfate (0.2 mg/kg, i.p.). These results indicate that bilateral internal capsule lesions in rats induce long-term memory deficits which are paralleled with a decrease of the contents of monoamines and their metabolites and improved by TRH and RGH-2202.

Animals↗

PubMed1988

Relative contributions of the nasal septum and airways to total nasal capsule volume in normal and cleft lip and palate fetal specimens.

The present study examines the relative contributions of the nasal septum and airway volumes to the total volume of the fetal nasal capsule. For comparative purposes, 29 human fetal specimens (20 "normal" and 9 with cleft lip and palate (CLP] were celloidin embedded, sectioned, and stained with hemotoxylin and eosin. The specimens ranged from 8 to 21 weeks in postmenstrual age. Photomicrographs of the serial sections allowed selected anatomic structures to be computer digitized, reconstructed as three-dimensional computer representations, and quantified. Various nasal capsule component measurements were compared with overall nasal capsule size values, producing relative size indices. Significant differences (p less than 0.05) were noted between the "normal" and CLP fetal samples in the relative sizes of the nasal capsule, airways, and septum. Relative mean CLP nasal capsule volume was 14% smaller than normal, relative mean CLP airway volume was approximately 43% smaller than that of the normal specimens, whereas relative mean CLP septum volume was approximately 45% larger. Aspect ratios (i.e., height:width ratios) were utilized for shape analysis of the nasal septal cartilage and indicated that the CLP septal shape was one of increased width relative to height compared with normal specimens. Results were consonant with clinical impressions of nasal capsule deficiency in the CLP nasal capsule and revealed some new structural associations in the fetal nasal capsule.

Airway Obstruction↗

PubMed1984

Water flow in Tenon's capsule and subconjunctival tissue of rabbit.

The mode of water flow in the Tenon's capsule and the subconjunctival tissue was studied in the rabbit. Carbon-black ink injected under the Tenon's capsule was found to move along the plane of the capsule posteriorly toward the optic nerve sheath and also along the direction of the corneal limbus, but a very little amount moved through the layers of the capsule. The flow rates of physiological saline through the capsule were determined under various hydrostatic pressures, and the water flow conductivity through the capsule averaged 8.8 +/- 5.5 X 10(-12) cm4 dyne-1 sec-1 in 7 eyes. The Tenon's capsule offered a considerable resistance to water flow through its layers. The upper conjunctiva was dissected to the limbus and the wound was closed 1) after subconjunctival injection of saline and 2) after injection of concentrated sodium hyaluronate. One month later, a needle connected to a saline reservoir was inserted into the subconjunctival tissue of the treated area and the rate of water flow into the tissue was determined under various hydrostatic pressures. The results were compared with those in the normal eye. The water flow rate was significantly less in the treated eye than in the normal eye. The eyes treated with sodium hyaluronate tended to show a higher flow rate than those treated with saline. Histological examinations revealed that an intensive scar formation took place in the dissected area, indicating that scar formation greatly reduces water flow in the Tenon's capsule and subconjunctival tissue.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Yeast capsule ultrastructure].

The ultrastructure of capsules was studied in 12 yeast species producing extracellular polysaccharides and belonging to ascomycetous, basidiomycetous and asporogenous organisms using the method of ultrathin sections. On the whole, the structure of capsules was similar in these organisms: the capsules are formed by fibrils radially coming out of the outer surface of the cell wall. Unlike those of basidiomycetous yeasts, the capsules of ascomycetous organisms are characterized by a more ordered orientation of fibrils which run strictly parallel to one another. In the capsules of basidiomycetous organisms, fibrils usually interweave, often producing a fibrillar network; in certain species, fibrils stick together forming thick threads on the periphery of the capsule. Moreover, as a rule, these yeasts possess a distinct bright zone (halo) above the outer surface of the cell wall. These results as well as data available about the chemical composition and functions of the capsule indicate that there are radical differences the latter and the cell wall which make it possible to regard the capsule as an individual organelle of the yeast cell rather than as part of the cell wall.

Basidiomycota↗