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PubMedDate not supplied

Lack of effect of short-term fasting on cognitive function.

In a study designed to assess the effects of short-term food deprivation on cognitive function, a sample of female subjects (N = 21) was tested on a number of measures of cognitive function after three levels of food deprivation (miss one meal, miss two meals or miss all food for 24 h prior to testing) and a condition in which they ate normally for 24 h prior to testing. There was found to be no significant effects of food deprivation on sustained attention, attentional focus, simple reaction time or immediate memory. However, performance on a low processing load tapping task was significantly poorer when the subjects were deprived of food for 24 h prior to testing, and heart rate was significantly higher when they were non-deprived. These results stand in contrast to the impairments in cognitive function previously found to be associated with spontaneous dieting behaviour (using essentially the same task battery).

Adolescent↗

PubMed1979

The effect of regular exercise on cognitive functioning and personality.

The effect of regular exercise on cognitive functioning and personality was investigated in 32 subjects representing 4 discrete groups based on sex and age. Before and after a 10 week exercise programme of jogging, calisthenics, and recreational activities, a test battery was administered to assess functioning in a number of domains: intelligence (WAIS Digit Symbol and Block Design); brain function (Trail-Making); speed of performance (Crossing-Off); memory and learning (WMS Visual Reproduction and Associate Learning); morale and life satisfaction (Life Satisfaction and Control Ratings); anxiety (MAACL); and depression (MAACL). Improvement was observed on several physiological parameters. ANOVA revealed significant sex and age differences on Digit Symbol and Block Design and age differences on Trail-Making, Crossing-Off, Associate Learning, and anxiety. Regardless of sex and age, significant improvement in performance was observed from pre to post-test on Digit Symbol, Block Design, Trail-Making, Crossing-Off, and on Associate Learning. In addition, an increase on health status rating (p less than .01) and decrease in anxiety were observed from pre to post-test. These data illustrate beneficial effects of exercise on certain measures of cognitive functioning and personality.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Validation analysis of informant's ratings of cognitive function in African Americans and Nigerians.

OBJECTIVES: To examine informant validity using the Community Screening Interview for Dementia (CSI 'D') both cross-sectionally and longitudinally in two very different cultures and to explore the effects of informants and study participants' characteristics on the validity of informants' reports. METHODS: Elderly African Americans age 65 years and older residing in Indianapolis, USA and elderly Yoruba Nigerians age 65 years and older residing in Ibadan, Nigeria were assessed on cognitive functioning using the CSI 'D' at baseline (1992-1993) and five-year follow-up (1997-1998). At baseline, the informant validity in both samples was evaluated against participants' cognitive tests using Pearson correlation and regular regression models. At follow-up, informants ratings on cognitive decline were assessed against participants' cognitive decline scores from baseline to follow-up using biserial correlation and logistic regressions. RESULTS: At baseline, informants' reports on cognitive functioning significantly correlated with cognitive scores in both samples (Indianapolis:r = -0.43, p < 0.001; Ibadan:r = -0.47, p < 0.001). The participant-informant relationships significantly affected the informants' reports in the two samples with different patterns (p = 0.005 for Indianapolis and p < 0.001 for Ibadan) at a given level of cognitive functioning. African Americans spouses reported more cognitive problems, while siblings reported more problems for the Yoruba Nigerians. At follow-up, informants' ratings on cognitive decline significantly correlated with the cognitive decline scores (Indianapolis r = 0.38, p < 0.001; Ibadan r = 0.32, p < 0.001). The characteristics of study participants and informants had little impact on the informants' ratings on cognitive decline. CONCLUSIONS: Informant reports are valid in assessing the cognitive functioning of study participants both cross-sectionally and longitudinally in two very different cultures, languages and environments.

Black or African American↗

PubMed1997

Birth weight and cognitive function in young adult life: historical cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the relation between birth weight and cognitive function in young adult life. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study based on birth registry data and cognitive function measured during evaluation for military service. SUBJECTS: 4300 Danish conscripts born between 1973 and 1975. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Mean score in the Boerge Prien test of cognitive function; score is the number of correct answers to 78 questions and correlates with full scale intelligence quotient (IQ). RESULTS: Mean score in the Boerge Prien test increased from 39.9 at a birth weight of < or = 2500 g to 44.6 at a birth weight of 4200 g even after adjustment for gestational age and length at birth, maternal age and parity, and other variables. Above a birth weight of 4200 g the test score decreased slightly. CONCLUSION: Birth weight is associated with cognitive performance in young adult life. Interference with fetal growth may influence adult cognitive performance.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Cognitive function in dialysis patients.

There are few detailed studies of cognitive function in dialysis patients. However, appreciating the prevalence and risk factors for cognitive impairment is important because cognitive impairment may decrease an individual's quality of life, increase resource utilization, and result in suboptimal medical care because of difficulty following caregiver recommendations. Cognitive impairment also is likely to become more of a problem as the dialysis population ages. In this review, we argue that cerebrovascular disease is an important cause of cognitive impairment in dialysis patients and discuss risk factors specific for vascular disease, as well as other factors that may influence cognitive function. We describe the structural brain abnormalities frequently seen in dialysis patients and the specific neurocognitive changes noted in prior studies. We explore potential measures to reduce cognitive impairment in this population. We conclude that additional research is needed in this area.

Aluminum↗

PubMed1977

The relationship of perceptual field orientation to measures of cognitive functioning and current adaptive abilities in alcoholics and nonalcoholics.

The present study investigated the influence of perceptual field orientation, as measured by the Group Embedded Figures Test (GEFT), on cognitive functioning among alcoholics and nonalcoholics. The subjects were classified as field dependent, intermediate, or field independent based upon their GEFT scores. Cognitive function was assessed by the Wechsler-Bellevue Intelligence Scale as well as the Category Test. Tactual Performance Test, and Trail Making Tests of the Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery. Three primary findings emerged. First, the alcoholics appeared to be significantly impaired on measures of abstraction, problem solving, and adaptive abilities relative to nonalcoholics. Second, a direct relationship was found between GEFT scores and level of cognitive function within both alcoholic and nonalcoholic samples, with field-dependent subjects evidencing the most impaired performance. Third, the level of perceptual field orientation accounted for a large portion of the variance between the alcoholic and nonalcoholic samples, with field-independent alcoholics performing at a level comparable to or greater than other nonalcoholic subroups on a number of the cognitive variables. These results provide validational support for the GEFT and indicate that field orientation may be a relevant variable in the assessment of cognitive function in both alcoholics and nonalcoholics.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Gender differences in level and change in cognitive functioning. Results from the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam.

BACKGROUND: Gender differences in level of cognitive functioning are frequently observed, but little is known about gender differences in rate of decline of cognitive functioning. OBJECTIVE: The present study aims to describe variability between and within men and women specified for four different cognitive abilities at baseline, and variability in change in these abilities among men and women over 6 years. METHODS: We started with a study sample of 1132 men and 1175 women, with a measurement interval of 3 years. At wave 3 of the study, 1552 of the respondents from wave 1 were still present. Differences in level and rate of change were estimated with latent change models. RESULTS: Women have higher levels of memory functioning then men, but no gender differences were observed for speed or non-verbal reasoning changes. CONCLUSION: In spite of evidence for a stronger age-related atrophy of the brain structure of men, no gender differences in decline of cognitive functions could be observed.

Aged↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Cognitive function and glycosylated hemoglobin in older patients with type II diabetes.

The purpose of this study was to assess whether there is a relationship between diabetes control and cognitive function in older persons with type II diabetes. Seventy-seven patients with type II diabetes mellitus-none of whom were taking insulin-were given two cognitive function tests (the Modified Mini-Mental State and the Delayed Word Recall Test) and a HbA1C assay. All patients were living independently at home in rural communities, and under the care of their family doctor. The mean age of the subjects was 67.6 years; the sample consisted of 23 males and 54 females. The mean glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C) level was 8.4 (range from 3.1 to 20.0). There was a nonsignificant trend for persons with extreme lower or higher HbA1C levels to have poorer cognitive function as assessed by the Modified Mini-Mental State but not the Delayed Word Recall Test. The effect of glycemic control on cognitive function may not be as clinically relevant as other factors in elderly persons with type II diabetes.

Aged↗

PubMed2005

The efficacy of omega-3 fatty acids on cognitive function in aging and dementia: a systematic review.

We systematically reviewed the published literature on the effects of omega-3 fatty acids on measures of cognitive function in normal aging, incidence and treatment of dementia. Computerized databases were searched for published literature to identify potentially relevant studies with the intent to conduct a meta-analysis. We screened 5,865 titles, reviewed 497 studies of which 49 underwent a detailed review, and found 5 studies that pertained to our objectives. We included controlled clinical trials and observational studies, including prospective cohort, case-control, and case series designs; we excluded case reports. We had no language restrictions. We abstracted data on the effects of omega-3 fatty acids and on study design, relevant outcomes, study population, source, type, amount, and duration of omega-3 fatty acid consumption, and parameters of methodological quality. A single cohort study has assessed the effects of omega-3 fatty acids on cognitive function with normal aging and found no association for fish or total omega-3 consumption. In four studies that assessed the effects of omega-3 fatty acids on incidence and treatment of dementia, a trend in favor of omega-3 fatty acids (fish and total omega-3 consumption) toward reducing risk of dementia and improving cognitive function was reported. The available data are insufficient to draw strong conclusions about the effects of omega-3 fatty acids on cognitive function in normal aging or on the incidence or treatment of dementia. However, limited evidence suggests a possible association between omega-3 fatty acids and reduced risk of dementia.

Aging↗

PubMed1998

Benzodiazepine use and cognitive function among community-dwelling elderly.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the relation between benzodiazepine use and cognitive function among community-dwelling elderly. METHODS: This prospective cohort study included 2765 self-reporting subjects from the Duke Established Populations for Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly. The subjects were cognitively intact at baseline (1986-1987) and alive at follow-up data collection 3 years later. Cognitive function was assessed with the Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire (unimpaired versus impaired and change in score) and on the basis of the number of errors on the individual domains of the Orientation-Memory-Concentration Test. Benzodiazepine use was determined during in-home interviews and classified by dose, half-life, and duration. Covariates included demographic characteristics, health status, and health behaviors. RESULTS: After control for covariates, current users of benzodiazepine made more errors on the memory test (beta coefficient, 0.35; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.10 to 0.61) than nonusers. Further assessment of the negative effects on memory among current users suggested a dose response in which users taking the recommended or higher dose made more errors (beta coefficient, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.26 to 0.88) and a duration response in which long-term users made more errors (beta coefficient, 0.39; 95% CI, 0.05 to 0.73) than nonusers. Users of agents with long half-lives and users of agents with short half-lives both had increased memory impairment (beta coefficient, 0.32; 95% CI, 0.01 to 0.64 and beta coefficient, 0.38; 95% CI, 0.02 to 0.75, respectively) relative to nonusers. Previous benzodiazepine use was unrelated to memory problems, and current and previous benzodiazepine use was unrelated to level of cognitive functioning as measured with the other 4 tests. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggested that current benzodiazepine use, especially in recommended or higher doses, is associated with worse memory among community-dwelling elderly.

Aged↗

PubMed1987

Sparing of cognitive function in mild hypoglycemia: dissociation from the neuroendocrine response.

Central nervous system function during insulin-induced reductions in plasma glucose was studied by measuring plasma epinephrine concentrations and testing cognitive function. Mild glucose reduction [mean plasma glucose, 62 +/- 3 (+/- SEM) mg/dL (3.4 +/- 0.2 mmol/L)] was induced with an iv insulin infusion at the rate of 40 mU/kg.h for 180 min in 7 normal subjects. Despite a marked increase in mean plasma epinephrine concentrations, which peaked at 426 +/- 68 pm/mL (2325 +/- 371 pmol/mL; P less than 0.001), no significant differences in cognitive function occurred as determined by a series of trail-making tests compared with the results of serial tests in a group of 17 control subjects. In contrast, when hypoglycemia was induced (plasma glucose, less than 42 mg/dL; 2.3 mmol/L) by bolus injection of insulin in 4 normal subjects, cognitive function was impaired in every subject, as demonstrated by a delay in completion of the trail-making test. The mean completion time was prolonged to 107 +/- 16% of the baseline at the time of hypoglycemia vs. 74 +/- 4% in control subjects (P less than 0.01). These findings suggest that cognitive function may be spared during mild plasma glucose reductions and is dissociated from the neuroendocrine adrenergic response that is activated under these conditions. This dissociation may be part of a homeostatic process in which overall brain function is maintained during glucoprivation, although counterregulation has already been triggered to prevent a further decrease in plasma glucose.

Adult↗

PubMed1990

Cognitive functioning in long-term survivors of childhood leukemia: a prospective analysis.

Treatment-related cognitive impairments have been reported for survivors of childhood leukemia following prophylactic central nervous system (CNS) treatment with 2400 cGy craniospinal irradiation and intrathecal chemotherapy. The present study was designed to prospectively evaluate cognitive functioning of 24 children prior to CNS prophylaxis of 1800 cGy of craniospinal irradiation and intrathecal drugs, and at intervals of 1 and 4-5 years. At diagnosis, prior to CNS treatment, all 24 subjects performed in the average range of intelligence, as measured by the Wechsler Intelligence Scales. Subjects continued to perform in the average range with no significant declines at the 1-year follow-up. Significant declines in cognitive functioning, however, were found at the 4- to 5-year follow-up period, with five subjects (21%) performing in the low average or borderline levels of intelligence. Of the 19 subjects performing in the average range, five showed significant discrepancies between Verbal and Performance IQ scores. Nine subjects exhibited poor performance on a subtest cluster assessing perceptual and attentional processes. With regard to school experiences, 50% of the subjects had received some type of special education services. The findings indicate the need for annual evaluations of cognitive functioning in long-term survivors of childhood leukemia who received 1800 cGy craniospinal irradiation, to identify potential cognitive late effects of treatment requiring appropriate special education services.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2026

Comparing trajectories of cognitive functioning in treatment-resistant and non-resistant depression: a multicentre linear mixed-effects analysis.

BACKGROUND: Impaired cognitive functioning is a severe symptom in major depressive disorder (MDD). Recent evidence suggests it may be a central characteristic in its treatment resistant form (TRD), potentially constituting a clinical marker for treatment resistance and a target amenable to intervention. To date, cognitive functioning in TRD remains poorly understood and longitudinal investigations are scarce. METHODS: This observational prospective cohort study, including 320 patients diagnosed with MDD from the multicentre PROMPT study, examined differences in cognitive functioning between 118 TRD and 202 non-TRD patients over a period of twelve weeks in a real-world setting, using linear mixed modelling. Patients that failed to respond to at least two prior antidepressants trials at baseline were classified as TRD. RESULTS: TRD patients showed significantly poorer baseline performances than non-TRD patients in attention/processing speed (β = -0.45; 95%CI[-0.70, -0.19]; FDR-p = 0.003) and verbal memory (β = -0.45; 95%CI[-0.72, -0.18]; FDR-p = 0.003). Significant time × group interactions were observed in motor speed and verbal fluency tasks. Post-hoc-analyses revealed stagnation in TRD patients and significant improvement in non-TRD patients. Across all other tasks improvement was observed in both groups, and random effects showed large heterogeneity between patients, indicating notable individual differences in cognitive performances. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest distinct recovery patters between non-TRD and TRD patients, and diminished functioning in TRD patients at the domain level. However, intact and diminished performances likely occur in both groups, warranting further investigation of cognitive heterogeneity. These short-term findings highlight the need for more comprehensive longitudinal research on cognition in TRD.

Humans↗

PubMed1997

Drug use and cognitive function in residents of homes for the elderly.

In order the investigate the relationship between cognitive function and daily used drugs in the elderly we performed an observational, cross-sectional study in 5 homes for the elderly in the region of Nijmegen, the Netherlands. Participants were 497 residents of these homes. For all these subjects the daily used drugs, classified according to the Anatomical Therapeutic Classification system were registered and global cognitive function was measured as the total score on the Mini Mental State Examination. Adjusting for age and education, there was a small but significant and positive correlation between the use of metoprolol and the total MMSE score. The use of CNS drugs was not related to the total MMSE score. All eleven most frequently used drugs together explained 2.9% of the variance in the MMSE scores. These results indicate that there is a negligible association between daily drug use and cognitive function in these subjects.

Aged↗

PubMed2005

Measures of physical and cognitive function and work status among individuals with multiple sclerosis: a review of the literature.

The purpose of this review was to critically evaluate the multiple sclerosis (MS) literature that has examined physical and cognitive function in relation to ability to work. Although numerous factors may be considered when determining work ability, physical and/or cognitive functional limitations associated with MS are presumably the primary determinants of work capacity. An exhaustive search of the literature produced 20 research articles that described 18 studies. Findings from these studies support that limitations in physical or cognitive function can hinder one's ability to work; however, ability to work could not be based solely on these measures of function. Work ability among individuals extended beyond measures of impairment to include level of education, job characteristics, and disease symptoms such as fatigue. In summary, measures of physical and cognitive function can guide physicians when clinically evaluating an individual with MS, but are poor indicators for precluding an individual from working.

Cognition↗

PubMed1999

Gender differences in cognitive function with age: the Rancho Bernardo study.

BACKGROUND: Estrogen deficiency has been proposed as a cause of memory loss in postmenopausal women. If true, men should have less memory loss with age than women. The present study is designed to examine the postulated effect of estrogen on memory by studying the effect of gender on the age-related decline in cognitive function. METHODS: Cross-sectional study of 800 women and 551 men aged 65 to 95 years, members of the community-based Rancho Bernardo Study (begun in 1972 and 1974) who completed the Beck Depression Inventory in 1984-1987 and 12 standardized tests of cognitive function in 1988-1991. All participants were white, middle to upper-middle class, relatively well educated, and ambulatory. At all visits, use of estrogen therapy was ascertained and validated. RESULTS: Test performance worsened with age in both sexes, with similar patterns in men compared with women who were current, past, or never users of estrogen. Between-gender comparisons of the slope for age on each cognitive function test after adjustment for education, depressed mood, and estrogen use (in women) indicated that men had a significantly steeper decrement with age than women on the Buschke total recall and long-term memory tests (P <. 001), on the immediate and delayed recall tasks of the visual reproduction tests (P < .01 and .05, respectively), and on category fluency (P < .05). Similar results were obtained when gender comparisons included only women who had never used estrogen. CONCLUSION: These weak or absent gender differences in decline in cognitive function with age do not support the thesis that estrogen deficiency is associated with a decline in cognitive function in postmenopausal women.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Alcohol drinking and cognitive functions: findings from the Cardiovascular Risk Factors Aging and Dementia (CAIDE) Study.

BACKGROUND: Moderate alcohol drinking is suggested to be beneficial for cognitive functions, but the results of previous studies have varied greatly. Little is known about the effects of midlife alcohol drinking on the cognitive functions later in life. METHODS: Participants were derived from random, population-based samples studied in Eastern Finland in 1972, 1977, 1982, or 1987. A total of 1,341 participants were reexamined in 1998, after an average follow-up period of 21 years, at ages 65-79 years. RESULTS: The participants who did not drink alcohol at midlife had a poorer performance in episodic memory, psychomotor speed, and executive function in late life as compared with infrequent and frequent drinkers, adjusted for sociodemographic and vascular factors. Also late-life nondrinkers had poorer psychomotor speed and executive function. These findings were evident especially among nonsmokers. Further, no interactions between apolipoprotein E4 and alcohol or sex and alcohol were found. CONCLUSIONS: Alcohol drinking both at midlife and later is favorably related to the function in several cognitive domains, including episodic memory, psychomotor speed, and executive function, in late life. However, it is not clear whether the association is causal, what is the possible mechanism, and what would be a safe limit of drinking for the best cognitive function.

Aged↗

PubMed1990

Antiepileptic drugs, cognitive function, and behavior in children: evidence from recent studies.

The effects of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) on cognitive function and behavior in children are reviewed on the basis of published studies. Individual AEDs have been shown to differ--the deleterious effects of phenytoin generally contrasting with the relatively minimal effects of valproate and carbamazepine. Some of the differences between results may be attributed to the psychological tests used and to age differences. However, there appears to be a dissociation between AEDs that affect higher cognitive function, e.g., phenytoin, and those mainly affecting motor function, e.g., carbamazepine, which appears to increase speed of performance, AEDs should be prescribed with care in children with epilepsy, taking account of their differing effects on cognitive function and behavior.

Adult↗