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PubMed2004

Chicken extract affects colostrum protein compositions in lactating women.

This study investigated the effect of supplementation with chicken extract on plasma and colostrum protein compositions in lactating women. Thirty healthy pregnant women were evenly divided into the control (n = 15) or chicken extract (CE) group (n = 15). The CE group was given one bottle (70 mL/bottle) of chicken extract three times a day to provide 18 g protein from the 37th week pregnancy to 3 days postpartum. All women in the CE group consumed chicken extract at least for 2 weeks (18 +/- 5 days). High protein supplement was restricted in the control group. Blood samples were collected during the 37th week pregnancy and 3-day postpartum, and milk was collected during 3-day postpartum. The results showed that plasma total protein was significantly lower by 14% in the CE group compared with that in the control group during 3-day postpartum. Plasma epidermal growth factor (EGF) significantly elevated by 236% during 3-day postpartum compared with those during the 37th week pregnancy in the CE group. The levels of lactoferrin, EGF, and transforming growth factor-beta2 (TGF-beta2) in colostrum significantly increased by 34%, 62%, and 196%, respectively, in the CE group compared with those in the control group. However, the levels of total protein, casein, lactalbumin, and secretory immunoglobulin A in colostrum did not significantly differ between two groups. Therefore, supplementation with chicken extract increased colostrum levels of lactoferrin, EGF, and TGF-beta2, which are important for the growth and immune functions of the infants, in lactating women.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Colostrum intake by dairy calves.

AIMS: To determine which clinical parameters could be used to identify calves with low serum immunoglobulin levels and to examine the influence of cow and calf behaviour on colostrum intake. METHODS: Blood samples were taken from 74 dairy calves after they were separated from their dams, and analysed for serum gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT) activity. Physical and behavioural measurements were taken for 57 of these calves at this time. The behaviour of 2 1 dairy cows and their calves was observed between birth and the time the calves were separated when a blood sample was taken from 17 of them and analysed for GGT. RESULTS: Low serum GGT activities (below 200 U/l GGT), indicating low serum immunoglobulin levels, were found in 45% of the group of 74 calves. The calves which had not received colostrum were not easy to distinguish from those that had on the basis of physical or behavioural features. The amount of time that the 2 1 calves spent with their dams before being separated ranged from 1.2 to 24.9 hours. Thirty-three per cent of these calves had not sucked within this time. Of the calves that did suck, 79% did so within 6 hours of birth. CONCLUSIONS: About one half of New Zealand dairy calves may not receive colostrum from their dams even when they are together for up to 24 hours. Most calves that are going to suck of their own accord will do so within 6 hours of birth. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Dairy calves should be removed from their dams after 6 hours and fed colostrum to guarantee that they receive sufficient immunoglobulins.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1982

Detection of human cytomegalovirus- specific IgA antibodies in colostrum by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

Fifty women were examined after delivery for the prevalence of antibodies to human cytomegalovirus in colostrum and sera. Eighty percent of them had specific CMV IgG antibodies in the sera, as determined by the immunoperoxidase antibody to membrane antigen (IPAMA) technique. Of the CMV-seropositive women, 60% had specific CMV IgA antibodies in high titer in the colostrum as determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In only two of the seropositive women were specific CMV IgA antibodies detected in the sera as well. The significance of specific CMV IgA antibodies in colostrum as protection against perinatal infection and the mechanism of this production will be discussed.

Antibodies, Viral↗

PubMed1979

The serum-free growth of Balb/c 3T3 cells in medium supplemented with bovine colostrum.

Bovine milk contains growth promoting factors that stimulate DNA synthesis and cell division in confluent monolayers of quiescent Balb/c 3T3 cells. The growth factor activity was highest in colostrum obtained within 24 hours after birth of a calf. Samples of milk obtained 32 hours and 60 hours after birth were 20% and 1% as active respectively as was a sample obtained 8 hours after birth in stimulating DNA synthesis. No activity was detectable 3 days after birth or thereafter. A similar temporal dependence was found in sheep's milk. Bovine colostrum obtained on the day of a calf's birth can be substituted for serum and will support the growth of sparse Balb/c 3T3 cells to confluence. In Dulbecco's modified Eagles's medium (DMEM) supplemented with 2.5% (vol/vol) bovine colostrum, the number of Balb/c 3T3 cells in a dish increased 35-fold, from 2.0 X 10(4) cells to 7 X 10(5) cells. The generation time was approximately 38 hours. Proliferation of cells was characterized by formation of clusters of confluent Balb/c 3T3 cells which were smaller in size and more tightly packed than were Balb/c 3T3 cells grown to confluence in serum. No proliferation was detected in DMEM supplemented with milk obtained 10 days after birth of a calf or in DMEM supplemented with bovine serum albumen.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Therapeutic potentials of bovine colostrums.

Colostrum is the first milk produced by mammals for their young ones. This transfers the passive immunity gained by the mother to the baby. The bovine colostrum (BC) can be obtained in large quantity and has properties similar to human colostrum. It has been used for various disorders of the body. It has properties to stimulate immune system, contains growth factors and many bioactive substances needed for the body to combat with wear and tear. The BC has been used for various gastrointestinal disorders, respiratory tract infection, rheumatoid arthritis, healing injured tissues of body etc. There are not much double blind placebo-controlled trials to prove its efficacy, though a lot of experience about its good effects in various disorders is available in the literature. The dosage and duration of therapy need to be worked up. The BC has potential to treat as well to prevent certain diseases in the body. In future this will prove to be a very useful product to treat and control diseases in a natural way.

Abdomen↗

PubMed2007

Synergistic effects of Lactobacillus rhamnosus ZDY114 and bovine colostrums on the immunological function of mouse in vivo and in vitro.

The synergistic effects of Lactobacillus rhamnosus and bovine colostrums on the immunity of mice in vivo and in vitro were investigated. Eight- to ten-week-old mice were used for two series experiments; one part of mice were immunocompromised by intraperitoneal injections of cyclophosphamide. In series I, immunocompromised mice were continuously fed with diet A (L. rhamnosus ZDY114 5 x 10(7) CFU/kg), B (bovine colostrums 0.5 g/kg), C (combination of diet A and B), and D (sterile saline) for 4 weeks and killed. Thereof, phagocytosis ratio and index of macrophage to chicken red blood cells in abdominal cavity and lymphocyte transformation rate were determined. In series II, both normal and immunocompromised mice were used to investigate the in vitro stimulation of lymphocyte proliferation by substances from the overnight culture of L. rhamnosus ZDY114 by the MTT colorimetric method. Compared with diet D, in the diet A, B, and C groups, the phagocytosis ratio of macrophages increased by 1.63, 1.54, and 2.3-fold, respectively, and the lymphocyte transformation ratio by 1.78, 2.08, and 2.35-fold, respectively. In vitro test with MTT showed that 3, 10, 50 kD substances from the overnight culture of L. rhamnosus ZDY114 significantly increased the growth of lymphocyte by 1.63, 1.53, and 1.34-fold, respectively. In conclusion, L. rhamnosus and bovine colostrums can enhance the functions of immune system supported by lymphocytes and peritoneal macrophages either in vivo or in vitro.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Concentrated bovine colostrum protein supplementation reduces the incidence of self-reported symptoms of upper respiratory tract infection in adult males.

BACKGROUND: Anecdotal reports suggest that bovine colostrum may prevent upper respiratory tract infection (URTI). There is scant evidence to support such claims, although salivary IgA protects against URTI, and it was recently shown that bovine colostrum increases salivary IgA. AIM OF THE STUDY: The present invesigation examined whether concentrated bovine colostrum protein (CBC) affected the incidence or duration of self-reported symptoms of URTI in adult males. METHODS: We examined logbooks containing self-reported symptoms of illness from previous studies which examined physiological effects of CBC. In these double-blind, placebo controlled studies, subjects had been randomly allocated to consume 60g. day(-1) of CBC (n = 93) or whey protein (WP) (n = 81) for eight weeks. Symptoms were coded using established criteria to identify those related to URTI. Since the incubation period for an URTI is up to five days, symptoms reported during the first week of supplementation (PRE-EXP) were analysed separately to preclude those arising from infection prior to study commencement. RESULTS: During PRE-EXP, there was no difference in the proportion of subjects taking the different supplements who reported symptoms of URTI (CBC, 11%,WP, 5%; 95% Confidence Interval (95% CI) -14% to 2%; P = 0.16). During the subsequent seven weeks (i. e. the experimental period), a significantly lesser proportion of subjects taking CBC reported symptoms of URTI compared with those taking WP (CBC, 32%,WP, 48%, P = 0.03; 95 % CI -30 % to -2 %), but symptom duration did not differ (CBC, 6.8 +/- 4.2 days,WP, 6.0 +/- 4.4 days; P = 0.27). CONCLUSION: This study provides preliminary evidence that CBC may enhance resistance to the development of symptoms of URTI.

Adult↗

PubMed1991

Clone-specific immune colostrum induces increased resistance in goat kids challenged with Trypanosoma congolense.

The course of infection and the humoral immune response to Trypanosoma congolense clone ILNat 3.1 were studied in test goat kids receiving colostrum from dams immunized with the surface coat of ILNat 3.1 and control kids that received colostrum from nonimmunized dams. At 24-48 h after birth, all test kids had detectable serum antibodies to the trypanosome clone. There was no difference in the prepatent period between the test and control kids following challenge with 10(3) T. congolense ILNat 3.1 trypanosomes 8 days after birth. After the first 7 days of the experimental period, significantly lower parasitemia was recorded in test kids than in control kids. The mean packed red cell volume of test kids was not significantly different from that of control kids 7 days after infection. The test kids gained as much weight as noninfected control kids; both groups gained twice as much weight as infected control kids. Following infection, all kids developed antibodies against the infecting trypanosome clone. Fifteen test kids had titers equal to or greater than 1280 compared to only two control kids. The test kids survived longer after infection compared to control kids. The results suggest that colostrum from does immunized with the surface of a T. congolense clone did not prevent infection, but decreased parasitemia and prolonged survival of kids challenged with the same clone.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Relationships between acid-base balance, serum composition and colostrum absorption in newborn calves.

Twenty-seven newborn Holstein bull calves were bottle-fed 2 litres of pooled colostrum which had been stored at -20 degrees C. Blood gas analysis before feeding showed a partially compensated respiratory acidosis in most of the calves, although they all appeared to be clinically normal. Mean venous blood pH was 7.346, carbon dioxide tension (PCO2) was 57.5 mmHg (7.6 kPa), bicarbonate was 30.6 mmol/l and base excess was 3.82 mmol/l. Mean serum IgG1 increased to 8.1 g/l after feeding colostrum. Several significant positive correlations were observed between post-absorptive serum protein, IgG1, IgM, gamma-glutamyltransferase (gamma GT) and D-xylose. Calves with either low serum albumin, high serum CK or low serum gamma GT before feeding tended to have less absorption of colostral protein. It was concluded that reduced absorption of IgG1 from colostrum is associated with hypercapnia in apparently healthy newborn calves.

Acid-Base Equilibrium↗

PubMed1992

Effect of colostrum intake on alpha-lactalbumin concentrations in serum of calves.

Seven Friesian calves were fed colostrum for four days beginning within 24 hours of birth, and milk thereafter. The concentration of alpha-lactalbumin in serum was measured by specific radioimmunoassay and compared to IgG assayed by electroimmunodiffusion. Serum concentrations of alpha-lactalbumin peaked at 387 +/- 85 ng ml-1 within eight hours of initial intake of colostrum, declining to 12 +/- 3 ng ml-1 by day 6. IgG rose steadily to 17 mg ml-1 by 48 hours of birth and remained relatively constant thereafter. The temporal pattern of alpha-lactalbumin in serum following colostrum intake confirms previous studies suggesting reduced absorption of colostral proteins between 24 and 36 hours. The presence of variable amounts of alpha-lactalbumin in serum even after 17 days, however, indicates limited transfer of milk-derived proteins across the gut at this time. The data further show that cessation of maximal gut transfer does not relate to molecular weight of transferred protein.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

A study by flow cytometry of lymphocytes in sow colostrum.

Mammary secretions contain leucocytes which may be of value to the neonate. The cells obtained from sow colostrum (1 to 2.5 x 10(6) ml-1) are mainly lymphocytes (10 to 25 per cent) and epithelial cells (more than 20 per cent). In milk, there are few lymphocytes (0.5 to 2 per cent) and mostly alveolar epithelial cells. The study of lymphocytes in the mammary secretions of sows has been made difficult by the high proportion of epithelial cells, which could not be separated from lymphocytes, and by a high background in membrane immunofluorescence labelling. This paper describes a method for the study of the cells in the mammary secretions of sows by flow cytometry. It showed that 70 to 90 per cent of colostral lymphocytes were T lymphocytes, with T8 lymphocytes predominating over T4, and that the ratio T4/T8 was significantly lower in colostrum (0.57) than in blood (0.80). There were no lymphocytes expressing interleukin-2-receptors in the colostrum of sows.

Animals↗

PubMed1984

The efficacy of colostrum from cows vaccinated with rotavirus in protecting calves to experimentally induced rotavirus infection.

Calves which were continuously fed colostrum from vaccinated cows for the first ten days of life, were fully refractory to experimental infection with strain 81/36 F of bovine rotavirus. By contrast, the response to virus exposure of calves which were treated with normal colostrum was identical to that of the control calves, in that they underwent severe diarrhea and a significant slowing of the growth rate. The antibody titer in the milk of vaccinated cows tends to decline rapidly so that it no longer provides any protective effect. Two alternatives were considered feasible in improving prophylaxis for rotavirus infections: (a) the continuous feeding of calves with 1st day colostrum as part of the ration throughout the period of greatest risk (first week of life), or (b) enhancing the efficacy of the vaccine in pregnant cows to the point where antibody concentration in the milk would remain at a protective level.

Animals↗

PubMed1980

Prevention of infectious bursal disease (IBD) by feeding IBD virus-immune bovine colostrum.

Addition of 5% freeze-dried IBD virus (IBDV)-immune bovine colostrum to the diet of chickens prevented infection when housed in an IBDV-contaminated environment. Four of five chickens receiving 2.5%, and all chickens receiving 0.5% or no IBDV-immune colostrum were infected. No interference with development of an active immunity was found in chickens receiving 5% IBDV-immune colostrum in their diet and vaccinated intramuscularly with modified IBDV.

Animals↗

PubMed1986

Intestinal antibody response after vaccination and infection with rotavirus of calves fed colostrum with or without rotavirus antibody.

The intestinal and systemic antibody response of calves vaccinated and/or challenged with rotavirus was studied employing isotype-specific ELISAs for the detection of IgG1, IgG2, IgM and IgA antibodies to rotavirus. Monoclonal antibodies to bovine immunoglobulin isotypes of proven specificity were used as conjugated or catching antibody. Five days after oral inoculation (dpi) of a 5-day-old gnotobiotic calf with rotavirus, IgM rotavirus antibodies were excreted in faeces, followed 5 days later by IgA rotavirus antibodies. The increase in IgM rotavirus antibody titre coincided with the inability to detect further rotavirus excretion. Faeces IgM and IgA rotavirus antibody titres fell to low levels within 3 weeks post infection. IgG1 and IgG2 rotavirus antibodies were not detected in faecal samples. In serum, antibodies to rotavirus of all four isotypes were detected, starting with IgM at 5 dpi. Two SPF-calves, which were fed colostrum free of rotavirus antibodies, were vaccinated with a modified live rotavirus vaccine and challenged with virulent rotavirus 6 days later. Upon vaccination, the calves showed an antibody response similar to the response of the infected gnotobiotic calf. Intestinal IgM rotavirus antibodies were excreted before or on the day of challenge and appeared to be associated with protection against challenge infection with virulent virus and rotavirus-induced diarrhoea. In 3 control calves, which were challenged only, the antibody patterns also resembled that of the gnotobiotic calf and again the appearance of IgM rotavirus antibodies coincided with the end of the rotavirus detection period. Two other groups of 3 SPF-calves were treated similarly, but the calves were fed colostrum with rotavirus antibodies during the first 48 h of life. These calves excreted passively acquired IgG1 and IgG2 rotavirus antibodies in their faeces from 2 to 6 days after birth. After vaccination, no IgM or IgA antibody activity in serum or faeces was detectable. Upon challenge, all calves developed diarrhoea and excreted rotavirus. Seven to 10 days after challenge low levels of IgM rotavirus antibody were detected for a short period. These data indicate that the intestinal antibody response of young calves to an enteric viral infection is associated with the excretion of IgM antibodies, immediately followed by IgA antibodies. This response is absent or diminished in calves with passively acquired specific antibodies which may explain the failure to induce a protective intestinal immune response by oral vaccination with modified live rotavirus of calves fed colostrum containing rotavirus antibodies.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed1983

The effect of trypsin and chymotrypsin on the in vitro antimicrobial and iron-binding properties of lactoferrin in human milk and bovine colostrum. Unusual resistance of human apolactoferrin to proteolytic digestion.

The susceptibility of lactoferrin in bovine colostrum and human milk to digestion by trypsin and chymotrypsin has been investigated. Neither enzyme had much effect on the lactoferrin-mediated antimicrobial activity of human milk, and the iron binding capacity of lactoferrin in the milk was only slightly reduced. Likewise both enzymes had only a slight effect on the iron-binding capacity of purified lactoferrin. Although iron-free (apo)lactoferrin was slightly more susceptible to digestion, especially by chymotrypsin, than the iron-saturated form, the difference was much less than has been found in earlier studies with other proteins of the transferrin class. In contrast, trypsin destroyed the antimicrobial activity of bovine colostrum, and, in line with earlier studies, appreciably reduced the iron-binding capacity of both colostrum and purified bovine apolactoferrin. Bovine iron-saturated lactoferrin was more resistant to digestion. The unusual resistance of human apolactoferrin to proteolysis may reflect an evolutionary development designed to permit its survival in the gut of the infant.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

Structural determination of three neutral oligosaccharides in bovine (Holstein-Friesian) colostrum, including the novel trisaccharide; GalNAc alpha 1-3Gal beta 1-4Glc.

Two trisaccharides, and a pentasaccharide were obtained from bovine colostrum. Their chemical structures were determined by using methylation and 13C-NMR analyses as follows: GalNac alpha 1-3Gal beta 1-4Glc, Gal alpha-1-3Gal beta 1-4Glc, GaL beta 1-3[Gal beta 1-4GlcNAc beta 1-6]Gal beta 1-4Glc. GalNAc alpha 1-3Gal beta 1-4Glc, which was identified in this study, is a novel oligosaccharide from natural sources. Gal alpha 1-3Gal beta 1-4Glc and Gal beta 1-3[Gal beta 1-4GlcNAc beta 1-6]Gal beta 1-4Glc (lacto-N-novopentaose) have been already found in ovine colostrum, and in horse colostrum and marsupial milk, respectively.

Acetylgalactosamine↗

PubMed2004

Differential c-Fos expression in the newborn lamb nucleus tractus solitarius and area postrema following ingestion of colostrum or saline.

Visceral stimuli and the gut-brain axis play a crucial role in the control of ingestion even in the neonate. The aim of this study was to assess the neuronal activation in the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) and the area postrema (AP) following nutritional and non-nutritional stimulations. Lambs received a single gastric infusion of colostrum or saline at 5% birth weight or were sham infused. Infusion of either liquid led to c-Fos-like immunoreactivity (c-FLI) in the NTS and AP. Differences were observed along the sections of the NTS rostro-caudal axis according to the nature of the stimulation, suggesting a specificity of certain afferents and/or NTS areas for nutritional or non-nutritional signals. In the AP, the neuronal activation induced by colostrum was much higher than that induced by saline. A higher number of TH-immunoreactive cells were activated following colostrum infusion, suggesting a specific involvement of the catecholaminergic pathway in the treatment of meal-related stimuli. In spite of functional convergence, the two medullary structures observed responded differently according to the stimulation, indicating a complementary role in the integration of visceral signals.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Persistency of high proinflammatory cytokine levels from colostrum to mature milk in preeclampsia.

OBJECTIVES: Recent evidence suggests a role of an excessive maternal inflammatory response in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia. Whether this imbalance can be transferred from mother to breast milk remains to be established. DESIGN AND METHODS: 15 preeclamptic and 15 healthy pregnant women were recruited in this study. Colostrum and milk samples were collected postpartum in the first 48 h and at 30 days, respectively. Samples were analyzed for interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and soluble IL-2R (sIL-2R) levels with chemiluminescence enzyme immunometric assays. RESULTS: Colostrum cytokine levels corrected for gestational age and type of delivery were not significantly different in the two groups. Cytokine levels significantly decreased in mature milk versus colostrum in the control group (P < 0.05), but did not significantly decrease in the preeclampsia group (P > 0.05), except for TNF-alpha (P < 0.05). Mature milk IL-8 and TNF-alpha levels were higher in the preeclampsia group versus controls (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Results of this study show that proinflammatory cytokines in breast milk exhibit biological variation at different periods of human lactation. In preeclampsia, high cytokine levels persist at least for 30 days. These results suggest that preeclampsia may affect milk cytokine balance and offer an immunological signal for the host defense in high-risk neonates.

Adult↗