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The famous Wolf-Man case described by Freud is re-examined. Evidence of a recurrent affective disorder, which appears to have been neglected in previous assessments, is presented. The evidence is derived from the patient's own memoirs, comments by therapists and others, and from the family history. A plea is made for a multidimensional conceptualization of this and other complex and influential cases.
BACKGROUND: Some call it "medical bigotry," and others describe it as the "hidden curriculum," but, by any name, the superficial and demeaning comments that students hear about particular career choices are thought to play a major role in discouraging the selection of primary care careers. This paper explores the frequency and effect of "badmouthing" on career choice with the hypothesis that it is more frequently heard about primary care disciplines but has relatively little influence on actual career choice. METHOD: In 1993, 129 (79%) of the 163 University of Washington School of Medicine graduates responded to a two-page questionnaire about badmouthing. This information was used to refine the questionnaire. In 1994, 1,447 graduating students from nine medical schools were surveyed with the revised questionnaire. The schools were chosen to represent schools that had high, medium, and low proportions of students going into primary care careers. RESULTS: A total of 1,114 questionnaires were returned, for a response rate of 77%. Badmouthing was heard frequently (76% of the responding students) and often occurred as early as the first and second years of medical school. The students heard badmouthing about their career choices most frequently when they selected surgery (91%) and family medicine (87%) and least frequently when they chose pediatrics (57%), p < .001. The students reported that the influence on career choice was low in general, but 186 students (17% of all respondents) did report altering their choices based on badmouthing. CONCLUSION: Primary care fields and non-primary care fields were equally affected by career changes due to badmouthing. This study indicates that badmouthing, while pervasive across all disciplines and an unattractive aspect of the educational experience, cannot alone account for the low proportion of graduates choosing primary care careers.
Some of the views of the Royal Dutch Medical Association on end-of-life decisions in cases of people suffering from Alzheimer disease and related disorders are presented. The focus of the present report is on the views of the commission regarding active life termination of demented patients with or without an actual and explicit request from the patient. Some comments on these views are made, particularly regarding the notion of "loss of human dignity" (ontluistering) with respect to dementia.
In our work [Phys. Rev. E 58, R5245 (1998)] we introduced a dynamic phenomenological approach to model propagation of localized wetting fronts in porous media. Gray and Miller in their Comment [Phys. Rev. E 61, 2150 (2000)] criticize our approach on several issues. The main criticism addresses the problem of mass conservation in our model. In this Reply we argue that their criticism is incorrect.
Sheehan [Phys. Rev. E 57, 6660 (1998)] recently discussed the possibility of establishing a dynamically maintained, steady-state pressure gradient in a gas filling a cavity. In this Comment it is pointed out that the pressure gradients in such a system, if attainable in the laboratory, could be used to violate the second law of thermodynamics.
A reply is made to Duncan's Comment [T. L. Duncan, Phys. Rev. E 61, 4661 (2000)] on my earlier paper [D. P. Sheehan, Phys. Rev. E 57, 6660 (1998)] in which he raises an apparent second-law paradox arising from dynamically maintained, steady-state pressure gradients. Resolutions to this paradox are considered in light of current theoretical and experimental understanding.
The measure of complexity recently proposed by Shiner, Davidson, and Landsberg [Phys. Rev. E 59, 1459 (1999)] does not adequately describe the transition from regular to indexed languages observed at the period-doubling accumulation points of quadratic maps. This Comment points to a generic inadequacy of that measure.
In their Comment [Phys. Rev. E 62, 8842 (2000)] Szalai et al. use the "Fourier-transform-convolution method" to correct the two three-body integrals entering our algebraic perturbation theory for polar fluids [Phys. Rev. E 59, 5085 (1999)]. We present an alternative analytical calculation of these integrals that is more transparent than that of Szalai et al. Compared with the original expression for the dielectric constant [Phys. Rev. E 59, 5085 (1999)] the corrected one demonstrates a better agreement with the simulation data for low and moderate values of the coupling constant.
Contrary to the findings of Mülders, Toxvaerd, and Kneller [Phys. Rev. E 58, 6766 (1998)] (MTK), we are unable to discern any difference in the behavior of long chain alkanes simulated by molecular dynamics at constant pressure using either atomic or molecular scaling schemes. This result confirms our previous study [M. Marchi and P. Procacci, J. Chem. Phys. 109, 5194 (1998)] on hydrated proteins published at the same time as the MTK's paper. This Comment indicates that errors in the calculation of the pressure tensor might be responsible for at least a part of the MTKs results.
In this Comment we point out that the semi-Poisson is well suited only as a reference point for the so-called "intermediate statistics," which cannot be interpreted as a universal ensemble, like the Gaussian orthogonal ensemble or the Poissonian statistics. In Ref. 2 it was proposed that the nearest-neighbor distribution P(s) of the spectrum of a Poissonian distributed matrix perturbed by a rank one matrix is similar to the semi-Poisson distribution. We show, however, that the P(s) of this model differs considerably in many aspects from the semi-Poisson. In addition, we give an asymptotic formula for P(s) as s-->0, which gives P'(0)=pisqrt[3]/2 for the slope at s=0. This is different not only from the GOE case, but also from the semi-Poisson prediction.
Recently Nieh et al. [Phys. Rev. E 57, 1145 (1998)] have considered a version of derivation of the Ward identities for scalar and vector classical wave field propagation in random media and noted that their results are in contradiction with those obtained by Barabanenkov and Ozrin [Phys. Lett. A 154, 38 (1991)]. In this Comment we show that the derivation given by Nieh et al. is based on an incorrect equation for the energy-vertex function where the term that takes into account the contributions of the scatterer polarization to the field energy is lost. Restoring this term removes the above-noted contradiction.
Lam and Tan [Phys. Rev. E 62, 6246 (2000)] recently studied the extremal-point densities of interface fluctuations in a quenched random medium. In this Comment we show that their results for systems on a lattice contain algebraic errors leading to invalid conclusions. Further, while most of their calculations for the continuum case are correct, they misinterpret the result to come to an agreement with the (erroneous) lattice calculations. We derive the correct expressions for the lattice, which agree with the correct interpretation of the continuum case.
In a recent paper, de Freitas et al. [Phys. Rev. E 61, 6330 (2000)] presented simulational results for the critical exponents of the two-species reaction-diffusion system A+B-->2B and B-->A in dimension d=1. In particular, the correlation length exponent was found as nu=2.21(5) in contradiction to the well-known relation nu=2/d. In this Comment, the symmetry arguments leading to exact critical exponents for the universality class to which this reaction-diffusion system belongs are concisely reconsidered.
We address the issues raised in the preceding comment by Mandelshtam and Carrington [Phys. Rev. E 65, 028701 (2002)], concerning the eigenvalue determination by the spectral filter methods. We argue that the Fourier transformation is the building block of all currently known time-domain spectral filter algorithms, and, therefore, the time-energy uncertainty principle affects them all in a similar manner. We also explain the situation when the correlation function method may be less suitable, in comparison to the filter diagonalization method, for the determination of eigenvalues, even though both share the same fundamental principles.
We reply to the Comment by Zhdanov [preceding paper, Phys. Rev. E 65, blacksquare, square, filled (2002)] on our recent paper [G. Zvejnieks and V. N. Kuzovkov, Phys. Rev. E 63, 051104 (2001)]. We demonstrate that our quite different viewpoints result, in fact, entirely from nonunique definitions of the master equation, which has nothing to do with neglecting important physical principles, as Zhdanov claims.
Instabilities of plastic flow in alloys and the associated deformation patterns are currently attracting a lot of attention. We comment on a recent investigation by Franklin et al. [Phys. Rev. E 62, 8195 (2000)] on one such type of instability, the Portevin-Le Chatelier effect, attempting to clarify a few points about the instability mechanism as well as the reported experimental results.
The shift of hydrogen and hydrogenlike spectral lines in dense plasmas, calculated with the full computer simulation method, in nonquenching, classical path, dipole approximation for plasma-emitter interaction, is equal to zero. In the paper commented on, Escarguel et al., Phys. Rev. E 62, 2667 (2000) the electron concentrations N(e) and the corresponding temperature values T are shown to have been determined incorrectly.
In his Comment to an earlier paper [Phys. Rev. E 67, 051906 (2003)]] Lam points out an error in Eq. (20) of the original paper. Here we show that use of the corrected expression produces results very similar to those presented in our original paper, so our qualitative conclusions are unchanged.