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PubMedDate not supplied

[Technique evaluation for orthopedic use of Robodoc].

AIM: The aim of this study was to assess the clinical benefit and rate of complications of robot-assisted primary total hip replacement. METHODS: Electronic bibliographic databases, the reference lists of relevant articles and various health services research-related resources were analysed and selected studies were assessed using defined quality criteria. RESULTS: 57 publications and three HTA-reports were assessed. Only two prospective randomised controlled studies could be identified. There was no proof of clinical benefit but rather an increased incidence of complications. CONCLUSION: Patients must be informed on the risks, complications, benefits and especially alternatives to a robot-assisted operation. The importance of HTA reports to evaluate new or established procedures will even increase in Germany especially in the recent medico-legal context.

Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip↗

PubMed2001

Professional information about urinary incontinence on the World Wide Web: is it timely? Is it accurate?

OBJECTIVE: Access to timely and accurate information about urinary continence and incontinence is important to the assessment and treatment of adults with urinary incontinence. The aims of this study were to identify current Web sites containing information about urinary continence that are easily accessible to health care providers and to determine the timeliness and accuracy of the information included on these Web sites. METHODS: The World Wide Web was searched for sites devoted to health care provider information about urinary continence and incontinence. Two external content reviewers evaluated content in terms of timeliness and accuracy. A table outlining each sites credibility, content, and function was constructed. RESULTS: Two hundred sixty-five sites were located, but only 15 met the inclusion criteria. Readability levels ranged from 6.2 to 14.5 years. All sites provided links, and 53% had internal search engines. Most information located was accurate; however, some sites contained dated information. Forty percent of the sites were not dated, and thus determining the currency of the information was impossible. CONCLUSIONS: The World Wide Web is a valuable tool containing state-of-the-art knowledge about urinary continence that WOC nurses can use to educate themselves and others. However, using critical skills to evaluate the information posted on these and any other sites is essential.

Authorship↗

PubMed2003

Specific dermatoses of pregnancy: an evidence-based systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: We conducted an evidence-based systematic analysis of the literature on specific dermatoses of pregnancy. STUDY DESIGN: The bibliographic databases MEDLINE and EMBASE were screened for studies and reports in all languages about herpes gestationis, pruritic urticarial papules and plaques of pregnancy, pruritic folliculitis of pregnancy, and prurigo of pregnancy from January 1962 to January 2002. As main index terms, including analogs and derivatives, we used the names of specific dermatoses of pregnancy. Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy, not a primary dermatosis, was included herein because this disorder is associated with pregnancy and its secondary skin manifestations must be differentiated from specific dermatoses of pregnancy. Other sources were abstract books of symposia and congresses, theses, textbooks, monographs, reviews, editorials, letters to the editor, free or rapid communications, and the reference lists from all the articles that were retrieved. All articles selected for inclusion in this review were evaluated critically with regard to their impact factor and evidence-based contribution to this field, as measured by their citation index and impact factor of the journal in which they were published. Approximately 39% of articles met the selection criteria. RESULTS: The clinical features and prognosis of the specific dermatoses of pregnancy have been delineated through a number of retrospective and cohort studies. The molecular biologic and immunogenetic properties of herpes gestationis, pruritic urticarial papules and plaques of pregnancy, and intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy have been further clarified. A meta-analysis in this review reveals a higher prevalence of multiple gestation pregnancy (11.7%) among patients with pruritic urticarial papules and plaques of pregnancy. Several investigations have unraveled the fetal complications in intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy and herpes gestationis. New treatment modalities in intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (cholestyramine, ursodeoxycholic acid) and herpes gestationis (cyclosporin, intravenous immunoglobulin, and tetracyclines postpartum) have shown promise and warrant further evaluation. CONCLUSION: During the past few decades, a significant amount of new data has provided new insights into the classification, pathogenesis, treatment, prognosis, and fetal risks that are associated with the specific dermatoses of pregnancy.

Cholestasis, Intrahepatic↗

PubMed2001

Comparison of monopolar and bipolar electrosurgical modes for restorative dentistry: a review of the literature.

This review of the literature was undertaken as part of a wider investigation of effective hemostasis in vital pulp therapy. Two general types of electrosurgical units are available: monopolar and bipolar. This review compares the features of both systems. An important hazard referred to as channeling, funneling, or current crowding is described and associated with pulp therapy injury for the first time. Important safety features of bipolar electrocoagulation are identified and applied to dental procedures. Articles were selected by means of a search of MEDLINE, the U.S. National Library of Medicine's bibliographic database, for literature published between 1966 and 2001 on the topics of electrosurgery, electrocautery, electrolysis, and lasers. A search also was completed from a pulp therapy perspective to determine the use of electrosurgery on the pulp. Numerous articles and texts published between 1900 and 1965 had been reviewed previously; their bibliographies were explored and cross-referenced for pertinent reports. Laparoscopic applications of electrosurgery were reviewed for general background information and for clarification of safety and hazard issues; no exclusionary criteria or date limitations were imposed. Beyond the literature review, numerous authors and developers in the field of electrosurgery were contacted for clarification of concepts and controversies. More than 120 articles and texts related to electrosurgery were reviewed, and another 100+ articles were reviewed in the area of pulp therapy.

Dental Pulp↗

PubMed2004

Coauthorship networks and patterns of scientific collaboration.

By using data from three bibliographic databases in biology, physics, and mathematics, respectively, networks are constructed in which the nodes are scientists, and two scientists are connected if they have coauthored a paper. We use these networks to answer a broad variety of questions about collaboration patterns, such as the numbers of papers authors write, how many people they write them with, what the typical distance between scientists is through the network, and how patterns of collaboration vary between subjects and over time. We also summarize a number of recent results by other authors on coauthorship patterns.

Authorship↗

PubMed2004

An unsupervised method for the extraction of propositional information from text.

Recent developments in question-answering systems have demonstrated that approaches based on propositional analysis of source text, in conjunction with formal inference systems, can produce substantive improvements in performance over surface-form approaches. [Voorhees, E. M. (2002) in Eleventh Text Retrieval Conference, eds. Voorhees, E. M. & Buckland, L. P., http://trec.nist.gov/pubs/trec11/t11_proceedings.html]. However, such systems are hampered by the need to create broad-coverage knowledge bases by hand, making them difficult to adapt to new domains and potentially fragile if critical information is omitted. To demonstrate how this problem might be addressed, the Syntagmatic Paradigmatic model, a memory-based account of sentence processing, is used to autonomously extract propositional knowledge from unannotated text. The Syntagmatic Paradigmatic model assumes that people store a large number of sentence instances. When trying to interpret a new sentence, similar sentences are retrieved from memory and aligned with the new sentence by using String Edit Theory. The set of alignments can be considered an extensional interpretation of the sentence. Extracting propositional information in this way not only permits the model to answer questions for which the relevant facts are explicitly stated in the text but also allows the model to take advantage of "inference by coincidence," where implicit inference occurs as an emergent property of the mechanism. To illustrate the potential of this approach, the model is tested for its ability to determine the winners of tennis matches as reported on the Association of Tennis Professionals web site.

Databases, Bibliographic↗

PubMed2004

Mixed-membership models of scientific publications.

PNAS is one of world's most cited multidisciplinary scientific journals. The PNAS official classification structure of subjects is reflected in topic labels submitted by the authors of articles, largely related to traditionally established disciplines. These include broad field classifications into physical sciences, biological sciences, social sciences, and further subtopic classifications within the fields. Focusing on biological sciences, we explore an internal soft-classification structure of articles based only on semantic decompositions of abstracts and bibliographies and compare it with the formal discipline classifications. Our model assumes that there is a fixed number of internal categories, each characterized by multinomial distributions over words (in abstracts) and references (in bibliographies). Soft classification for each article is based on proportions of the article's content coming from each category. We discuss the appropriateness of the model for the PNAS database as well as other features of the data relevant to soft classification.

Biology↗

PubMed2004

The human plasma proteome: a nonredundant list developed by combination of four separate sources.

We have merged four different views of the human plasma proteome, based on different methodologies, into a single nonredundant list of 1175 distinct gene products. The methodologies used were 1) literature search for proteins reported to occur in plasma or serum; 2) multidimensional chromatography of proteins followed by two-dimensional electrophoresis and mass spectroscopy (MS) identification of resolved proteins; 3) tryptic digestion and multidimensional chromatography of peptides followed by MS identification; and 4) tryptic digestion and multidimensional chromatography of peptides from low-molecular-mass plasma components followed by MS identification. Of 1,175 nonredundant gene products, 195 were included in more than one of the four input datasets. Only 46 appeared in all four. Predictions of signal sequence and transmembrane domain occurrence, as well as Genome Ontology annotation assignments, allowed characterization of the nonredundant list and comparison of the data sources. The "nonproteomic" literature (468 input proteins) is strongly biased toward signal sequence-containing extracellular proteins, while the three proteomics methods showed a much higher representation of cellular proteins, including nuclear, cytoplasmic, and kinesin complex proteins. Cytokines and protein hormones were almost completely absent from the proteomics data (presumably due to low abundance), while categories like DNA-binding proteins were almost entirely absent from the literature data (perhaps unexpected and therefore not sought). Most major categories of proteins in the human proteome are represented in plasma, with the distribution at successively deeper layers shifting from mostly extracellular to a distribution more like the whole (primarily cellular) proteome. The resulting nonredundant list confirms the presence of a number of interesting candidate marker proteins in plasma and serum.

Biomarkers, Tumor↗

PubMed2001

An overview of the health status of migrants in France, in relation to their dietary practices.

OBJECTIVE: To review studies on the morbidity, mortality and nutrition of migrant populations in France. DESIGN: A systematic search of the bibliographic database Medline, and direct contact with associations and institutions concerned with migrants' health. RESULTS: In France, as in other host countries, migrants belong to the lowest socio-economic strata. They have on average better health and lower mortality than the local-born population. Health benefits are particularly noticeable in Mediterranean men, especially for affluence-related diseases such as cancer and cardiovascular diseases. North African men smoke as heavily as the local-born of the same occupational categories, and yet their mortality rates from lung cancer are notably lower. Such a paradox may be the result of a synergy between different phenomena such as the selection of the fittest applicants for immigration and the maintenance of healthy lifestyles from the countries of origin. In contrast, migrant women do not enjoy the same health advantages, possibly because they are less likely to be selected on the basis of their health and because they are often non-working. Adult migrants from southern Europe and North Africa report dietary practices consistent with the typical Mediterranean diet, which is renowned for its positive effects on health. CONCLUSIONS: The diet of Mediterranean adults living in France may partly explain the low rates of chronic diseases and high adult life expectancy observed in migrant men from northern Africa. Information about their diets might provide clues for the design of nutritional education campaigns aimed at low-income people.

Africa, Northern↗

PubMed2002

Food security and nutrition -- the Ethiopian case for action.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the 1999-2000 food security situation and the food relief programmes in Ethiopia, and evaluate the need for a national food and nutrition policy. DESIGN: A systematic search of data sources from the Ethiopian Disaster Prevention and Preparedness Commission (DPPC), the Ethiopian Central Statistical Authority, the World Food Programme (WFP) and United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), the bibliographic database Medline and direct contacts with associations, institutions and people concerned with food security in Ethiopia. SETTING: Consultations to WFP Ethiopia. RESULTS: Food availability was severely restricted due to recurrent disasters such as drought, flood, war and a lack of diversity of food items. Food accessibility was limited due to a weak subsistence-agriculture-based economy, depletion of assets, absence of income diversity and a lack of alternative coping mechanisms. Food intake adequacy was rarely achieved due to food shortages, improper diet and poor sanitary conditions. There was a lack of early warning data to monitor food security indicators. Food aid programmes did not meet the requirements for food quantities and composition, and faced major obstacles in logistics and targeting of the vulnerable population. CONCLUSIONS: Improvements in food security and the eradication of famine will require investment in sustainable projects. There is an immediate need for better planning and targeting of food aid and a national food security monitoring system. A national food and nutrition policy is recommended, focusing both on relief efforts and on underlying factors contributing to the famine.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

Tropical medicine, the Internet and current trends in biomedical communication.

Largely unknown only a decade ago, the Internet has now become totally indispensable to biomedical practice and research, as a means of disseminating and retrieving information. Electronic mail, list servers and newsgroups make rapid, personal, targeted and broadcast communication around the globe possible. Hundreds of millions of World Wide Web pages, organized by hierarchically structured web directories, and dissected by general web indexes, give access to an unprecedented amount of information. More and more scientists find their way to factual and bibliographical databases using the Internet. In addition to outlining some of the more relevant resources for the tropical-medicine and international-health communities, this review pays special attention to recent and future changes in the transfer of formal biomedical information. An interesting issue is the future role and position of the published article--either in electronic editions of traditional, peer-reviewed journals, or in even more revolutionary formats, such as electronic preprint servers--and the implications for authors, reviewers, editors, publishers and, ultimately, the readers.

Communication↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Beliefs of mothers in Asian countries and among Hmong in the United States about the causes, treatments, and outcomes of acute illnesses: an integrated review of the literature.

An understanding of mothers' beliefs regarding the causes of illness, treatment, and outcome is an important component of culturally competent care. However, little is known about the beliefs of Asian parents related to acute illnesses. The purpose of our article is to synthesize what is known about the beliefs of mothers regarding the causes, treatment, and outcome of acute illnesses in Asian countries and Hmong in the United States. The literature review covers the period from 1990-2000. The electronic bibliographic databases explored included Pub Med, MEDLINE, HealthSTAR, CINAHL, and PsycINFO. Keywords used were beliefs, health beliefs, mothers or parents, cause of illness or etiology, treatment, diarrhea, acute respiratory infection, measles, Asia, and Hmong. A total of 15 articles were retrieved and examined. Using the matrix method, each article was evaluated according to five frames of reference: journal, purpose, sample, method, and findings. Content analysis was used to generate themes. Expressions of belief related to the causes of illnesses among mothers from Asian countries and Hmong who have emigrated from Laos to the United States of America were found to be quite similar. Beliefs about practices were primarily related to feeding and home care. The majority of mothers first provided treatment for their children using traditional practices. When the child did not recover, the mother sought medical advice.

Acute Disease↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Internet-based innovations for the prevention of eating disorders: a systematic review.

The objective of this systematic review was to compare the results of studies of Internet-based eating disorder prevention programs. Eight electronic bibliographic databases, three key journals, and study reference lists were searched. This method yielded five published studies: four experimental and one quasi-experimental. A meta-analysis of the study results indicated no statistical significance for pooled study outcome data. No robust evidence exists on the impact of Internet-based prevention strategies on eating disordered symptomatology and on putative factors that contribute to eating disorder development. Further intervention development and consideration to study design are needed to move this field forward.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Studies evaluating current field triage: 1966-2005.

The American College of Surgeons (ACS) field triage guidelines are used to determine which patients require prompt transport to a trauma center and which can be transported to a lower-level facility. The objective of this report was to conduct a literature review to determine the sensitivity and specificity of the ACS field triage criteria and each step of the criteria. The bibliographic database MEDLINE was used to conduct a literature search for relevant English-language articles published between 1966 and 2005. The search was conducted by combining the Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) "emergency medical services," "triage," and "wounds and injury." To ensure that the search was comprehensive, the reference sections of all selected articles were searched for additional relevant references and searches by other organizations were reviewed to identify additional relevant articles. The MEDLINE search identified 542 titles. The author reviewed the titles, and 107 abstracts were selected for further review. Through the MEDLINE search, the reference section review, and the review of other searches, 80 articles were identified as relevant. Of those, five studies evaluated the full ACS criteria. Two of these calculated the specificity (8%) and/or sensitivity (95%-97%) of the ACS criteria. The remaining studies looked at the percentage of patients transported or admitted to a trauma center. Three studies looked at the predictive value of the physiologic step, and one of these calculated the sensitivity (56%) and specificity (86%). Two studies specifically analyzed the anatomic step. One of these calculated the sensitivity (45%). This search found that there is insufficient evidence to support the overall ACS field triage criteria. However, of the various steps, the physiologic and anatomic steps had the best evidence to support them.

Humans↗

PubMed2005

Depressive disorders in caregivers of dementia patients: a systematic review.

Although depressive symptomatology has been well studied in caregivers of patients with dementia, depressive disorders have been examined much less. We conducted a systematic literature search in major bibliographical databases (Medline, Psychinfo, Dissertation Abstracts), and included studies examining caregivers of dementia patients that reported the prevalence of major depressive disorder, according to diagnostic criteria as assessed with a standardized psychiatric diagnostic interview. Ten studies with a total of 790 caregivers were identified (sample sizes: 22-147). In only one of the studies, a representative community sample was used. A total of 176 subjects (22.3%) had a depressive disorder (prevalence range from 0.15-0.32). In the three studies reporting differential prevalence rates for men and women somewhat smaller prevalence rates were found for men than for women. In six studies caregivers were compared to a (mostly matched) control group. The relative risks of having a depressive disorder in caregivers ranged from 2.80-38.68 (all RR's were significant). In the three prospective studies relatively high incidence rates were found (0.48). This study made it clear that prevalence and incidence of depressive disorders are increased in caregivers of dementia patients. More research is clearly needed in this population.

Aged↗

PubMed2006

Religion, spirituality and the well-being of informal caregivers: a review, critique, and research prospectus.

The purpose of this article is to review and critique the published literature examining the relationships between religion/spirituality and caregiver well-being and to provide directions for future research. A systematic search was conducted using bibliographic databases, reference sections of articles, and by contacting experts in the field. Articles were reviewed for measurement, theoretical, and design limitations. Eighty-three studies were retrieved. Research on religion/spirituality and caregiver well-being is a burgeoning area of investigation; 37% of the articles were published in the last five years. Evidence for the effects of religion/spirituality were unclear; the preponderance (n = 71, 86%) of studies found no or a mixed association (i.e., a combination of positive, negative, or non-significant results) between religion/spirituality and well-being. These ambiguous results are a reflection of the multidimensionality of religion/spirituality and the diversity of well-being outcomes examined. They also partially reflect the frequent use of unrefined measures of religion/spirituality and of atheoretical approaches to studying this topic. Investigators have a fairly large number of studies on religion/spirituality and caregiver well-being on which to build. Future studies should be theory driven and utilize psychometrically sound measures of religion/spirituality. Suggestions are provided to help guide future work.

Caregivers↗

PubMed2006

Mood and anxiety disorders in widowhood: a systematic review.

The association between widowhood and mental health problems, such as depressive symptomatology and anxiety, has been examined extensively. Few studies, however, have explored the prevalence and incidence of mood and anxiety disorders based on diagnostic criteria after the loss of the partner. We conducted a systematic review, and searched major bibliographical databases for studies examining mood and anxiety disorders in widowhood. We included all studies examining the prevalence or incidence of mood and anxiety disorders in the widowed, according to diagnostic criteria as assessed with a structured diagnostic interview. Eleven studies were identified, exploring the prevalence and incidence of mood and anxiety disorders in 3,481 widowed individuals and 4,685 non-widowed controls. As expected, the prevalence of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and anxiety disorders were considerably elevated in widowed individuals, especially in the first year after the loss of a spouse. During the first year of bereavement, almost 22% of the widowed were diagnosed as having MDD; almost 12% met diagnostic criteria for Post Traumatic Stress Disorder; and there were higher risks of Panic Disorder and Generalized Anxiety Disorder. The incidence rate of MDD and several anxiety disorders ranged from 0.08-0.50. The relative risk of developing a mood or anxiety disorder ranged from 3.49-9.76, in the widowed, compared to control subjects.

Aged↗

PubMed2005

The barriers to clinical coding in general practice: a literature review.

Clinical coding is variable in UK general practice. The reasons for this remain undefined. This review explains why there are no readily available alternatives to recording structured clinical data and reviews the barriers to recording structured clinical data. Methods used included a literature review of bibliographic databases, university health informatics departments, and national and international medical informatics associations. The results show that the current state of development of computers and data processing means there is no practical alternative to coding data. The identified barriers to clinical coding are: the limitations of the coding systems and terminologies and the skill gap in their use; recording structured data in the consultation takes time and is distracting; the level of motivation of primary care professionals; and the priority within the organization. A taxonomy is proposed to describe the barriers to clinical coding. This can be used to identify barriers to coding and facilitate the development of strategies to overcome them.

Family Practice↗