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PubMed2005

Domestic violence in pregnancy in North Indian women.

BACKGROUND: Domestic violence against pregnant women in the Indian context, violence against women is frequently by family members other than the spouse/intimate partner/husband. AIMS: To study the incidence of domestic violence in pregnant North Indian women and the demographic features which put women at high risk for domestic violence. STUDY DESIGN: A prospective study at the Government Medical College and Hospital, Chandigarh from January 2004 to December 2004. PARTICIPANTS: Nine hundred and ninety-one pregnant women admitted to the pregnant women admitted to the antenatal ward were interviewed. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Test of significance used was Chi-square test. Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated. RESULTS: The incidence of domestic violence in this study was 28.4%. The violence was more when the husband was educated up to Class 10 level or lower (OR 2.07 (95%) CI 1.54 to 2.79), was habituated to alcohol (OR 2.31 (95%) CI 1 - 71 to 3.11) or to chewing tobacco (OR 2.77 (95%) CI 1.46 to 3.27) or to smoking cigarettes (OR 2.23 (95%) CI 1.59 to 3.11). The incidence of domestic violence was drastically high in women who were socially unsupported (OR 98.9 (95%) CI 43.65 to 235.68). The level of education and employment of the woman had no effect on the incidence of the abuse. The perpetrator of the abuse was the intimate partner (husband) in 48.2%, the husband's mother in 61.3%, and the husband's sister in 22.6%. Most often the abuse was by more than one person. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of abuse was more when the male partner was less educated or in the habit of taking alcohol, opium or tobacco and in socially unsupported women. The level of education and employment of the woman had no effect on the incidence of abuse.

Educational Status↗

PubMed2005

[Genetic differentiation of domestic goose breeds in China].

The 1 042 bp control region of mitochondrial DNA from 84 geese of 15 domestic goose breeds was sequenced and genetic differentiation was analysed. Results showed that the interpopulation nucleotide divergence was highest (3.805% -4.067%) between Yili and the other 14 breeds. The average nucleotide diversity variation within different domestic breeds was 0 - 0.116%. Excluding the Yili, the interpopulation nucleotide divergence between Huoyan and the remaining breeds, was 0.211% - 0.272%, which was significantly higher than that between any other two breeds (0 -0.094%). During the formation of domestic breeds in China,there is an association between the genetic differentiation of domestic geese and their geographic distribution. The divergence time of Huoyan breed was relatively earlier and genetic drift may have been the main factor to affect the genetic differentiation of the Huoyan breed (Nm = 0.02 -0.54). On the other hand, gene flow is the main reason for the lack of a clear differentiation among the remaining 13 Chinese domestic geese breeds (Nm = 12.0 - 65.33).

Animals↗

PubMed2005

The lived experience of women subjected to domestic violence and abuse.

The number of incidents of domestic violence appears to be continually on the increase. Domestic violence and repeated victimisation and offending can even give rise to fatality. Evaluation of the quality of service delivery and understanding of domestic violence by community members and health care workers show poor results with some people still clinging to myths coming from cultural beliefs. The goal of this article is to explore and describe the lived experience of women subjected to domestic violence and abuse; and to make recommendations for nursing practice, nursing education and nursing research to support women who were subjected to domestic violence and abuse, in facilitating their mental health and optimising their ability to terminate the abusive situation. The framework of the Theory for Health Promotion in Nursing (Rand Afrikaans University, 2000) was used. A qualitative, explorative, descriptive and contextual research design and in-depth, semi-structured, qualitative research interviews were used. Guba's model of trustworthiness (Poggenpoel, 1998: 348-350) was applied. Guba's model for trustworthiness was used (Poggenpoel, 1998: 348-350) Data analysis was done according to Tesch's method (Poggenpoel, 1998: 343-352). The target population of this study was white women in Middelburg, Mpumalanga Province, that experienced abuse for at least the last year and were still married to or in the process of divorcing the abuser. The researcher used a sample of nine participants of which one was involved in the pilot study.

Battered Women↗

PubMed1989

[Children and domestic fights. A review of 105 social reports].

The object of this investigation was to describe the conditions for children in families with domestic rows on the basis of 105 social reports made by the Copenhagen police during a period of one year. A total of 162 children were involved in domestic rows. The typical family had 1-2 children. In 14% of the cases, the domestic rows were reported by the child. In connection with the domestic rows, violence to the women occurred in just under half of the cases and to the children in 6%. In 77% of the cases of domestic rows, at least one of the adults was under the influence of alcohol/medicine/narcotics. The mental and somatic conditions of the children were not fully described in the social reports. The investigation revealed that the children were primarily the victims of passive violence which may damage their ability to form emotional relationships with others and thus may injure development of their personalities. The legal compulsory notification according to Danish Law is emphasized and it is pointed out that notification is only relevant in this connection when it results in action from the social and health authorities.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1988

Spouse abuse and other domestic violence.

Concern about the different forms of domestic violence continues to escalate. Beginning with identification of child abuse in the 1960s; spouse abuse, primarily of women, in the 1970s; and, most recently, identification of the rising incidence of elder abuse and neglect, the medical community, state, local, and federal governmental agencies and the public continue to promote joint programs to identify, guide to treatment, and simultaneously develop prevention and early intervention programs. Emphasis initially on the use of legal systems to stop, the abuse must almost be mandatory, because numerous studies show that treatment is most successful when abusers are forced to admit to themselves and others that they have, in fact, committed crimes. For women victims, safe refuge, self-help, and advocacy-support groups were found to be effective, whereas children first need the same protection and a great deal of empathy and explanation. Psychiatrists' roles lie in the important area of early diagnosis and treatment, as most domestic abuse victims do not readily admit to this violence, primarily out of shame, guilt, and fear. Numerous studies demonstrate that following a protocol with every patient, in every setting and under every circumstance, psychiatrists must ask about domestic violence when they least suspect it and when other diagnoses are obvious. The multiple etiologies include general sociocultural pressures, such as poverty and crowding, stereotypic sex role socialization, alcohol and drug abuse, history of head injury, and personal childhood abuse. Psychiatric treatment modalities must occur within a framework of acknowledging that domestic violence victims suffer from post-traumatic stress disorder. Psychiatrists can serve as leaders in coordinating multi-pronged treatment options for the victims: advocacy groups; alcohol and drug detoxification; and individual, couple, and family therapy. Psychiatrists can also serve as consultants, leaders, and educators in prevention and early intervention programs to educate the public and all levels of professionals who work with victims: police and legal systems, social service workers, teachers, religious leaders, essentially all who touch the lives of people of all ages who are supposed to live together in domestic mutual respect and caring but do not.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1994

Domestic violence in America.

Domestic violence is an underrecognized problem of immense cost. It is a crime; its victims must be identified and protected. The medical and judicial communities share responsibility in addressing this issue and providing support for victims. The role of health care workers in recognizing and preventing domestic violence cannot be overestimated. Direct questioning of patients, especially about the source of any injuries and about safety at home, is the first step in uncovering abuse. Educational programs for health care providers and the general public can change society's view and tolerance of this problem. Physicians must take an active role in changing community attitudes about domestic violence and in instituting programs to reduce its incidence. Medical treatment of the injuries resulting from domestic violence is not sufficient. Abused women need the care of a team of professionals who can address psychological, emotional, and physical injuries. They must also be provided with safe housing and financial and legal assistance in order to escape the abusive relationship. Physicians and legislators must work together to effect change. Domestic violence is a public health menace. We need to break the cycle of abuse that has become an integral part of our society.

Female↗

PubMed1997

Seroepidemiological survey of sympatric domestic and wild dogs (Lycaon pictus) in Tsumkwe District, north-eastern Namibia.

Disease is a potential threat to many endangered populations and may originate from sympatric domestic species. This paper describes a cross-sectional serological survey of canine pathogens carried out in domestic (n = 70) and wild dogs (Lycoan pictus) (n = 6), in Tsumkwe District, northeastern Namibia. Evidence of past exposure to canine distemper virus, canine adenovirus and parainfluenza virus was evident in both wild and domestic dogs with this, the first, documented exposure of free-living wild dogs to canine distemper. Domestic dogs were also exposed to rabies virus, canine parvovirus and coronavirus. There was no pathogen to which wild dogs, but not domestic dogs, were exposed. With wild dogs known to be susceptible to rabies and canine distemper, these may be the greatest threat to this population of wild dogs, although some wild dogs can clearly survive infection with canine distemper.

Adenoviruses, Canine↗

PubMed1998

Screening for domestic violence in the emergency department.

The objective of this study was to determine whether two brief screening questions at the time of emergency department triage can increase the detection of domestic violence. Two questions concerning domestic violence were asked by emergency department personnel (registered nurses, licensed practising nurses, physician assistants) to all adult patients presenting to an urban level one trauma centre from 1 January 1993 to 31 December 1993. Patients were excluded if they were in extremis, or active labour. All potential abused patients were referred to a social worker for verification and intervention. A total of 59,405 patients were seen during the study period, and (79%) 46,929 participated. Of these, 132 (0.3%) total cases of domestic violence were identified. Of these 132 cases, 123 (93%) of them were available for follow-up and social worker intervention. Of these 123 cases, 17 (14%) were identified by the initial screening questionnaire. Screening questions concerning domestic violence can identify a small number of otherwise occult cases. Simply asking about domestic violence by emergency department triage personnel is insufficient. Further study is needed to identify the presumed greater number of unrecognized cases.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

Origin, genetic diversity, and population structure of Chinese domestic sheep.

To characterize the origin, genetic diversity, and phylogeographic structure of Chinese domestic sheep, we here analyzed a 531-bp fragment of mtDNA control region of 449 Chinese autochthonous sheep from 19 breeds/populations from 13 geographic regions, together with previously reported 44 sequences from Chinese indigenous sheep. Phylogenetic analysis showed that all three previously defined lineages A, B, and C were found in all sampled Chinese sheep populations, except for the absence of lineage C in four populations. Network profiles revealed that the lineages B and C displayed a star-like phylogeny with the founder haplotype in the centre, and that two star-like subclades with two founder haplotypes were identified in lineage A. The pattern of genetic variation in lineage A, together with the divergence time between the two central founder haplotypes suggested that two independent domestication events have occurred in sheep lineage A. Considerable mitochondrial diversity was observed in Chinese sheep. Weak structuring was observed either among Chinese indigenous sheep populations or between Asian and European sheep and this can be attributable to long-term strong gene flow induced by historical human movements. The high levels of intra-population diversity in Chinese sheep and the weak phylogeographic structuring indicated three geographically independent domestication events have occurred and the domestication place was not only confined to the Near East, but also occurred in other regions.

Animal Migration↗

PubMed2006

Maternal mental health, substance use, and domestic violence in the year after delivery and subsequent behavior problems in children at age 3 years.

CONTEXT: Mental health disorders, substance use, and domestic violence often occur together. However, studies examining the impact of these conditions in mothers on the well-being of their children have focused only on isolated conditions. OBJECTIVE: To examine the cumulative effect of maternal mental health disorders, substance use, and domestic violence on the risk of behavior problems in young children. DESIGN: A birth cohort (1998-2000) followed up to age 3 years. SETTING: Eighteen large US cities. PARTICIPANTS: At 3 years, 2756 (65%) were followed up from the population-based birth cohort of 4242. Thirty-six percent had annual incomes below the poverty threshold. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: One year after delivery, mothers were asked questions about conditions in 3 categories: (1) mental health (major depressive episode and generalized anxiety disorder), (2) substance use (smoking, binge drinking, and illicit drug use), and (3) domestic violence (emotional and physical). At 3 years, mothers completed questions from the Child Behavior Checklist. RESULTS: Fifty percent of mothers had a condition in at least 1 of the 3 categories. The prevalence of child behavior problems increased with the number of categories (0, 1, 2, or 3) in which the mother reported a condition: respectively, 7%, 12%, 17%, and 19% for aggression (P<.001); 9%, 14%, 16%, and 27% for anxious/depressed (P<.001); and 7%, 12%, 15%, and 19% for inattention/hyperactivity (P<.001). This graded risk persisted after adjustment for sociodemographic and prenatal factors and for paternal mental health and substance use. CONCLUSIONS: The risk of child behavior problems increased with the number of areas--mental health, substance use, or domestic violence--in which the mother reported difficulties. Preventing behavior problems in young children requires family-oriented strategies that address the needs of both parents and their children.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Mandatory reporting of domestic violence injuries to the police: what do emergency department patients think?

CONTEXT: Laws requiring mandatory reporting of domestic violence to police exist in 4 states. Controversy exists about the risks and benefits of such laws. OBJECTIVE: To examine attitudes of female emergency department patients toward mandatory reporting of domestic violence injuries to police and how these attitudes may differ by abuse status. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Cross-sectional survey conducted in 1996 of 1218 women patients (72.8% response rate) in 12 emergency departments in California (a state with a mandatory reporting law) and Pennsylvania (without such a law). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Opposition to mandatory reporting to police and the characteristics associated with this belief. RESULTS: Twelve percent of respondents (n = 140) reported physical or sexual abuse within the past year by a current or former partner. Of abused women, 55.7% supported mandatory reporting and 44.3% opposed mandatory reporting (7.9% preferred that physicians never report abuse to police and 36.4% preferred physicians report only with patient consent). Among nonabused women, 70.7% (n = 728) supported mandatory reporting and 29.3% opposed mandatory reporting. Patients currently seeing/living with partners (odds ratio [OR], 1.5; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1-2.0), non-English speakers (OR, 2.1; 95% CI, 1.4-3.0), and those who had experienced physical or sexual abuse within the last year (OR, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.6-2.9) had higher odds of opposing mandatory reporting of domestic violence injuries. There were no differences in attitudes by location (California vs Pennsylvania). CONCLUSIONS: The efficacy of mandatory reporting of domestic violence to police should be further assessed, and policymakers should consider options that include consent of patients before wider implementation.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

A walk from the wild side: the genetics of domestication of livestock and crops.

The phenotypic variation found in domesticated plants and animals is striking, so much so that Darwin used it to illustrate the power of selection to effect change. Recent developments in genomics technologies are leading to dramatic progress in elucidating the genetic changes that occur during domestication. The Genetics Society Autumn Meeting on the genetics of domestication took place in November 2004 at the Royal Society in London, and was organised by Helen Sang (Roslin Institute, UK) and Jonathan Jones (John Innes Centre, UK). The meeting brought together many of the leading researchers on livestock and crop domestication and provided a timely and exciting account of recent progress in the field.

Adaptation, Physiological↗

PubMed2003

Variations in the morphology, distribution, and arrangement of feathers in domesticated birds.

Domesticated birds exhibit a greater diversity in the morphology of their integument and its appendages than their wild ancestors. Many of these variations affect the appearance of a bird significantly and have been bred selectively by poultry and pigeon fanciers and aviculturists for the sake of visual appeal. Variations in feather distribution (e.g., feathering of legs and feet, featherless areas in normally feather-bearing skin) are widespread in chickens and pigeons. Variations in the number of feathers (e.g., increased number of tail feathers, lack of tail feathers) occur in certain pigeon and poultry breeds. Variations in feather length can affect certain body regions or the entire plumage. Variations in feather structure (e.g., silkiness, frilled feathering) can be found in exhibition poultry as well as in pet birds. Variations in feather arrangement (e.g., feather crests and vortices) occur in many domesticated bird species as a results of mutation and intense selective breeding. The causes of variations in the structure, distribution, length and arrangement of feathers is often unknown and opens a wide field for scientific research under various points of view (e.g., morphogenesis, pathogenesis, ethology, etc.). To that extent, variations in the morphology, distribution and arrangement of feathers in domesticated birds require also a concern for animal welfare because certain alleles responsible for integumentary variations in domesticated birds have pleiotropic effects, which often affect normal behaviour and viability.

Animals↗

PubMed1989

Blood biochemical polymorphisms as markers for genetic characteristics of wild Spanish and domestic rabbits.

Seventeen blood proteins were studied in a sample of 412 Spanish wild rabbits and in 598 domestic rabbits belonging to various breeds. The wild rabbit populations showed a high level of genetic polymorphism. Six loci were monomorphic, while the remaining ten loci were segregating for at least two alleles. Two of the loci that were polymorphic in the wild rabbits were monomorphic in the domestic ones. Wright's inbreeding coefficient in the total Spanish wild rabbit population was F = 5.66, indicating subdivision of the total population. Inbreeding coefficients, estimated by Kidd et al.'s method (Anim. Blood Grps, Biochem. Genet. 11: 21-38), differed significantly from zero, being 15.62%, in wild rabbits and 6-12% in domestic breeds, indicating consanguinity. Genetic distances between wild rabbit populations showed that factors other than geographic distance (e.g., bottlenecks, barriers such as rivers, mountains, etc.) may explain the result that a northern population forms a cluster with two central populations whereas the northeastern populations form a different cluster with another central population. Populations of the first cluster are more closely related to the captive populations than others. There are three population clusters of domestic rabbits, namely (1) New Zealand White and a hybrid combination; (2) Spanish Common, Butterfly, Burgundy, and Californian; and (3) Spanish Giant.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

Identifying domestic violence in primary care practice.

OBJECTIVE: To improve detection of domestic violence as a problem for women seeking primary care, we compared the addition of a single question about domestic violence on an existing self-administered health history form, to discretionary inquiry alone. We studied 689 consecutive new women patients in an internal medicine practice. Domestic violence identification rose from 0% in the control group with discretionary inquiry alone to 11.6% (95% confidence interval 8.8-14.4%) when the health history form included the following question: "At any time has a partner ever hit you, kicked you, or otherwise physically hurt you?" The addition of a single question can increase identification of domestic violence as a problem in patients' lives.

Domestic Violence↗

PubMed2002

Prehistoric introduction of domestic pigs onto the Okinawa Islands: ancient mitochondrial DNA evidence.

Ancient DNAs of Sus scrofa specimens excavated from archaeological sites on the Okinawa islands were examined to clarify the genetic relationships among prehistoric Sus scrofa, modern wild boars and domestic pigs inhabiting the Ryukyu archipelago, the Japanese islands, and the Asian continent. We extracted remain DNA from 161 bone specimens excavated from 12 archaeological sites on the Okinawa islands and successfully amplified mitochondrial DNA control region fragments from 33 of 161 specimens. Pairwise difference between prehistoric and modern S. scrofa nucleotide sequences showed that haplotypes of the East Asian domestic pig lineage were found from archaeological specimens together with Ryukyu wild boars native to the Ryukyu archipelago. Phylogenetic analysis of 14 ancient sequences (11 haplotypes; 574 bp) indicated that S. scrofa specimens from two Yayoi-Heian sites (Kitahara and Ara shellmiddens) and two Recent Times sites (Wakuta Kiln and Kiyuna sites) are grouped with modern East Asian domestic pigs. Sus scrofa specimens from Shimizu shellmidden (Yayoi-Heian Period) were very closely related to modern Sus scrofa riukiuanus but had a unique nucleotide insertion, indicating that the population is genetically distinct from the lineage of modern Ryukyu wild boars. This genetic evidence suggests that domestic pigs from the Asian continent were introduced to the Okinawa islands in the early Yayoi-Heian period (1700-2000 BP), or earlier.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

Evidence for the involvement of central serotonin in mechanism of domestication of silver foxes.

Silver foxes selected for more than 30 years for tame behavior and displaying no defensive reaction to human contact were shown to have a higher serotonin level in midbrain and hypothalamus, and a higher 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (5-HIAA) content in midbrain, hypothalamus and hippocampus in comparison to nonselected wild silver foxes bred in captivity over the same time span. Tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) activity in midbrain and hypothalamus in domesticated foxes was increased as compared with their aggressive/defensive counterparts. Monoamine oxidase type A (MAO A) activity was was decreased with an increased Km and unchanged Vmax in domesticated foxes. No changes in specific [3H]ketanserin or [3H]8-OH-DPAT binding in frontal cortex was revealed. A reduced density (Bmax) of 5HT1A receptors in hypothalamic membranes in domesticated foxes was shown. It is suggested that the brain serotonergic system is involved in the mechanism of domestication converting wild aggressive/defensive animals into tame ones.

Aggression↗

PubMed1989

Coccidia of domestic and feral goats in South Australia.

Faecal samples were examined from 497 domestic and 318 feral goats in South Australia. Oocysts of Eimeria species were detected in 97% of the domestic goats and 3% of the feral goats. The species of Eimeria identified from domestic goats (and their prevalences) were E. hirci (82%), E. arloingi (81%), E. ninakohlyakimovae (51%), E. alijevi (49%), E. caprina (32%), E. christenseni (29%), E. caprovina (12%), E. jolchijevi (9%) and E. apsheronica (6%). Two of these species, E. caprina and E. jolchijevi, were not found in the feral goats. E. christenseni, E. caprovina and E. jolchijevi were more prevalent in domestic goats less than 12 months old than in adults.

Animals↗