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At least 451 records · Page 25Linked to original sources
PubMed1998

Survey of cadaveric donor application files: 1978-1993.

Information derived from application files of potential cadaveric donors to our body donation program from the period of 1978-1993 was entered into a customized database to assess the characteristics of people contributing to such a program. A total of 1,267 application files were reviewed and the following information analyzed: 1) year of application submission, 2) age, 3) sex, 4) race, 5) marital status, 6) education, 7) occupation, and 8) disposition of cremains (return or not to family). Overall the typical body donor applicant to our program was likely to be a white married female homemaker of about 70 years of age. She was a high school graduate and chose not to have her cremains returned to her family. The males closely follow the above mentioned characteristics (with the exception of occupation), but were outnumbered by females in nearly every category throughout the span of our analysis. An analysis of the application numbers over the 15 year period of our survey indicated a reduction in applications during the period of 1982-1984 and a linear increase of applicant numbers from 1989 to 1993. Finally, we observed a tendency for married couples to donate together with 32.1% of our married applicants showing this phenomenon.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

The Vikings bare their filed teeth.

Finds of deliberate dental modification have for the first time been found in archaeological human skeletal material from Europe. The type of modification is a horizontally filed furrow on the frontal upper part of the tooth crown. The furrows are single or, more usually, multiple, and are found on the front teeth in the maxilla. The affected individuals are 24 men from the Viking Age (ca. 800-1050 AD), found in present day Sweden and Denmark. The marks are so well-made that it is most likely they were filed by a person of great skill. The reason for, and importance of, the furrows are obscure. The affected individuals may have belonged to a certain occupational group (such as tradesmen), or the furrows could have been pure decoration.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Aging mechanisms in fruit files.

Genetic analysis of Drosophila has provided evidence in support of two proposed evolutionary genetic mechanisms of aging: mutation accumulation and antagonistic pleiotropy. Both mechanisms result from the lack of natural selection acting on old organisms. Analyses of large numbers of files have revealed that mortality rates do not continue to rise with age as previously thought, but plateau at advanced ages. This phenomenon has implications both for models and for definitions of aging, and may be explained by the evolutionary theories. The physiological processes and genes most relevant to aging are being identified using Drosophila lines selected in the laboratory for postponed senescence. Oxidative stress and insufficient metabolic reserves/capacity may be particularly important factors in limiting the fruitfly lifespan. Genes which exhibit aging-related changes in expression are now being identified. Transgenic files are being used to analyze the mechanisms of such aging-related gene expression, and to test the effects of specific genes on aging and aging-related deterioration.

Aging↗
PubMed2004

MS1, MS2, and SQT-three unified, compact, and easily parsed file formats for the storage of shotgun proteomic spectra and identifications.

As the speed with which proteomic labs generate data increases along with the scale of projects they are undertaking, the resulting data storage and data processing problems will continue to challenge computational resources. This is especially true for shotgun proteomic techniques that can generate tens of thousands of spectra per instrument each day. One design factor leading to many of these problems is caused by storing spectra and the database identifications for a given spectrum as individual files. While these problems can be addressed by storing all of the spectra and search results in large relational databases, the infrastructure to implement such a strategy can be beyond the means of academic labs. We report here a series of unified text file formats for storing spectral data (MS1 and MS2) and search results (SQT) that are compact, easily parsed by both machine and humans, and yet flexible enough to be coupled with new algorithms and data-mining strategies.

Database Management Systems↗
PubMed1993

Interfacing U.S. census map files with statistical graphics software: application and use in epidemiology.

In 1990, the United States Bureau of the Census released detailed geographic map files known as TIGER/Line (Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing). The TIGER files, accessible through purchase or federal repository libraries, contain 24 billion characters of data describing various geographic features including coastlines, hydrography, transportation networks, political boundaries, etc. for the entire United States. Many of these physical features are of potential interest in epidemiological case studies. Unfortunately, the TIGER data base only provides raw alphanumeric data; no utility software, graphical or otherwise, is included. Recently, the S statistical software package has been extended to include a map display function. The map function augments S's high-level approach towards statistical analysis and graphical display of data. Coupling this statistical software with the map data base developed for U.S. Census data collection will facilitate epidemiological research. We discuss the technical background necessary to utilize the TIGER data base for mapping with S. Two types of S maps, segment-based and polygon-based, are discussed along with methods to construct them from TIGER data. Polygon-based maps are useful for displaying regional statistical data, such as disease rates or incidence at the census tract level. Segment-based maps are easier to assemble and are appropriate when the data are not regionalized. Census tract data of AIDS incidence in San Francisco and lung cancer case locations relative to petrochemical refinery sites in Contra Costa County are used to illustrate the methods and potential uses of interfacing the TIGER data base with S.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1999

Kinetic models and phenomenological analysis of passive lipid translocation in single-file.

Passive movement of lipids through a membrane-embedded pore is analysed with kinetic equations of transport in single-file. The number of lipids arranged along the translocation coordinate in the pore is not limited in the calculations. The assumption is made that the energetic state of a pore is independent of the sequence of lipids contained in it. The results are valid for an arbitrary number of species with identical kinetic constants. It is shown that infinitely fast diffusion of one vacant site is equivalent to the filled pore approximation, which has been used here. We introduce the concept of non-strict single-file, which allows also for exchanges of neighbouring lipids inside the pore at specified rates. The model successfully simulates the redistribution of lipids between the monolayers of red blood cell plasma membranes under operation of an active aminophospholipid translocase. Kinetic equations are related to linear flux force relations. Phenomenological coefficients are expressed and analysed in terms of kinetic constants. Plausible kinetic pore model parameters are derived from comparison with a reference simulation of a thermodynamic model of the erythrocyte transmembrane lipid distribution. Mechanical forces due to differences in compressions of the lipid molecules between the monolayers are incorporated in kinetic rate constants. It is seen how the active inward transport of aminophospholipids causes an unsymmetrical passive redistribution of the other components due to mechanical effects and cross-coupling of fluxes.

Biological Transport↗
PubMed1983

Multioccupancy models for single filing ionic channels: theoretical behavior of a four-site channel with three barriers separating the sites.

A procedure is developed for dealing with multioccupancy in single-filing channels having any number of sites internal to the barriers at the channel ends but having the outermost sites in equilibrium with the bathing solutions. Using this procedure, a general theory is developed for a single-filing channel having three barriers and four sites, the outermost of which are in equilibrium with the bathing solutions. By introducing a vectorial representation, it is shown that the four-site model can be reduced to an equivalent two-site model with respect to the number of possible transitions, thereby simplifying the algebraic steps required to solve transport equations for the system. The transport coefficients are derived and expressed in terms of the energy levels of the peaks and the wells for the different occupancy configurations. An explicit solution to the transport equations is given in a comprised form for a single permeable species. The solution allows some important properties for the system to be deduced, specifically with regard to the conductance at zero current, the correlation factor between electrical conductance and tracer flux, and the current-voltage relationship. Examples are given for the use of the present results in a physical interpretation of the data from the gramicidin A channel.

Biophysical Phenomena↗
PubMed1997

Radiology teaching file cases on the World Wide Web.

The presentation of a radiographic teaching file on the World Wide Web can be enhanced by attending to principles of web design. Chief among these are appropriate control of page layout, minimization of the time required to download a page from the remote server, and provision for navigation within and among the web pages that constitute the site. Page layout is easily accomplished by the use of tables; column widths can be fixed to maintain an acceptable line length for text. Downloading time is minimized by rigorous editing and by optimal compression of image files; beyond this, techniques like preloading of images and specification of image width and height are also helpful. Navigation controls should be clear, consistent, and readily available.

Computer Communication Networks↗
PubMed1999

Interactive web-based radiology teaching file.

This multimedia radiology teaching file was developed for medical students, residents, physicians, and researchers to present teaching components related to clinical studies. Patient studies are used to create teaching cases, user can also create lecture series and custom presentations (catalogs) by linking related text and images. The user is able to make and preserve his/her own notes related to reviewed information. From the computer workstation, the user can perform search our case library by American College of Radiology (ACR) codes, keywords, modalities, or text. Results are presented in custom pages and include text lists, thumbnails lists, rescaled images, and full-size images. Text can be easily printed in custom format or exported to an ASCI file. To preserve the privacy of the student, access to our database is granted to the web browser by log-in panel. Image and text can be imported from Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM)-compatible devices or entered by using web forms. In conclusion, we developed a multifunctional interactive teaching environment accessible for multiplatform internet users.

Computer Security↗
PubMed1980

Ion movements in gramicidin pores. An example of single-file transport.

Experimental results on ion movement through gramicidin membrane channels are presented and discussed in terms of ion transport in the simplest single-file pore (for review see Urban, B.W. and Hladky, S.B. (1979) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 554, 410-429). Single-channel conductance and bi-ionic potential data for Na+, K+, Cs+, NH4+ and Tl+ are used to assign values to the rate constants of the model. Not all of the rate constants can be determined uniquely and simplifications are introduced to reduce the number of free parameters. The simplified model gives good quantitative fits to the experimental results for Na+, K+, Cs+ and NH4+. For Tl+, although the model accounts qualitatively for the salient features of the results, the quantitative agreement is less satisfactory. Predictions calculated from the model and the fitted rate constants are compared with independent data from blocking and tracer-flux measurements. In agreement with experiment, the model shows that only Tl+ blocks the Na+ conductance significantly. Furthermore, the exponent, n, in the tracer flux ratio rises, as observed, well above unity. The values for the rate constants suggest internal consistency of the model in that entry is always slower to singly occupied pores than to empty pores while exit is always faster from doubly as compared to singly occupied pores. The agreement between model prediction and experimental results suggests that the main features of ion transport in the gramicidin channel arise from cation-cation interaction in a single-file pore.

Cations, Monovalent↗
PubMed1988

An image filing system for the implementation of image processing algorithms in a research environment.

An image filing system (IFS) has been written to facilitate the implementation and testing of image processing algorithms in a research environment. A programming substrate has been developed to provide applications with routines for acquiring, displaying, and manipulating images without regard for the underlying information format. Images of diverse modalities are cataloged and tracked through a series of image operations with descriptive pointers to all antecedents. This paper presents the design and implementation of the image filing system and describes one of the major image processing applications developed in the IFS environment.

Algorithms↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Clinical application of a magneto-optical disk image filing system/image save and carry (ISAC) system.

We propose the utilization of portable magneto optical disks for image filing. The main problems in PACS are the need for a high-speed local area network (LAN) and a large mass storage device. An image filing system--image save and carry (ISAC)--is one solution for these problems in present PACS and requires minimal additional hardware and cost for the installation. Whenever a patient is examined, the clerk carries the medical record and the ISAC magneto-optical disk for recording image data, and after inspection records the image data into the magneto-optical disk. We investigated the number of image retrievals done for inpatients and outpatients in 1988 at our radiation therapy department. The data storage requirements were on the average 18.5 MB for outpatients and 173.9 MB for inpatients. An ISAC display console needs also an easy-to-use man/machine interface for specifying images and image display characteristics in order to realize the ISAC system.

Computer Systems↗
PubMed1992

Oral diagnostic reporting and synchronized image filing using magneto-optical disks.

An experimental radiologic reporting system has been developed and tested. The rewritable and compact magneto-optical disk (MOD) is applied to storing medical images with oral diagnostic reports of these radiologic images. The disk is 5.25 inches in diameter, has 600 MB memory capacity, is erasable, light and compact. Advantages are simultaneous recording of radiologic images and their oral reports by radiologists, and application to circulation of media inside the hospital as well as to filing of medical images. The MOD has a multimedia function of communication and filing. When medical images are taken and stored, oral interpretation by radiologists can be simultaneously added. Physicians can get information of the images and their reports by oral speech at the same time in front of computer workstation. Furthermore, integration of a voice recognition capability is now being undertaken.

Image Processing, Computer-Assisted↗
PubMed1992

Identification of fractures from computerized Medicare files.

Study of non-hip fractures, which are a serious public health problem for persons greater than or equal to 65 years of age, has been hindered by the absence of an economical method for case identification. We assessed the utility of computerized Medicare inpatient, emergency room, hospital outpatient department and physician claims for identifying fractures in an elderly Tennessee Medicaid population. We used these files for 1987 to identify 3086 possible fractures and reviewed medical records for a sample of 1440. Using this sample, we developed a definition of probable fractures that excluded claims unlikely to represent newly diagnosed fractures. For all fractures, this definition had a positive predictive value of 94%, which for individual fracture sites, ranged from 79% (tibia/fibula) to 98% (hip). Of fractures in the reviewed sample, 91% were identified as probable fractures; this upper bound for sensitivity varied between 75% (femoral shaft) and 100% (patella). These data suggest that computerized Medicare files can be used for rapid and economical fracture ascertainment among persons greater than or equal to 65 years of age. However, further work is needed to obtain better estimates of sensitivity.

Aged↗
PubMed1996

Vital status ascertainment through the files of the Department of Veterans Affairs and the Social Security Administration.

Veterans of US military service are a valuable resource for epidemiologic studies, and the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) files provide an effective way to gather mortality information on veterans, so long as these files provide reasonably complete death reporting. To determine the completeness of VA death reporting, we assembled an independent sample of known veteran deaths among males born between 1936 and 1955 and assessed the performance of VA death reporting in this sample. We also compared VA death ascertainment to Social Security Administration (SSA) ascertainment. Based on the more than 4300 deaths in our study, we found VA death reporting to be approximately 90% complete by itself and 96% complete when used in conjunction with SSA death reporting. In addition, we found no evidence that VA death reporting changed substantially after passage of the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1981, which limited eligibility for VA death benefits. Because veterans make up a large segment of the US population, our findings have particular relevance for studies in which mortality is a primary end point.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Radiological digital teaching file development: an overview.

Radiologists are collectors of interesting films for teaching purposes or for use in presentations and publications. Traditionally, hard copies of films have been stored in an organized fashion, usually in a filing cabinet or film library. This system has inherent limitations, such as the physical space required. Many of the shortcomings can be circumvented by development of an electronic teaching file. Whereas the implementation of an institutional radiological digital image database can require significant developmental effort and programming expertise, there are a number of web-based solutions which are freely available and can be relatively easily employed to establish a contemporary electronic image library. This article will review the various options and discuss the process of developing a digital image database.

Computer-Assisted Instruction↗
PubMed2005

DICOM demystified: a review of digital file formats and their use in radiological practice.

Digital imaging and communications in medicine (DICOM) is the standard image file format used by radiological hardware devices. This article will provide an overview of DICOM and attempt to demystify the bewildering number of image formats that are commonly encountered. The characteristics and usefulness of different image file types will be explored and a variety of freely available web-based resources to aid viewing and manipulation of digital images will be reviewed. How best to harness DICOM technology before the introduction of picture archiving and communication systems (PACS) will also be described.

Humans↗