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PubMed1978

Immunoglobulin metabolism in sheep infected with the small intestinal nematode Trichostrongylus colubriformis.

Radiotracer techniques were used to compare the kinetics of IgG1 and IgG2 metabolism in sheep (1) prior to parasite exposure, (2) during an initial patent infection with Trichostrongylus colubriformis, and (3) during continuous exposure to the parasite when the animals were exhibiting resistance. Plasma concentrations of IgG1, IgG2, IgA and IgM were also monitored throughout the experiment. Plasma IgG1 concentration increased significantly during the development of resistance and maintained this higher level on further exposure to the parasite. IgA concentration was also elevated during the development of resistance to a level approximately three times that observed prior to initial infection, but this increase was only transitory. No significant changes in either IgG2 or IgM concentration occurred. Analysis of the radiotracer data for IgG1 and Ig G2 was based on a two compartment model comprising intravascular and extravascular protein pools with reversible exchange between them and irreversible loss from the intravascular site. No significant changes in compartment sizes or rates of exchange between compartments were recorded during measurement periods (1), (2) and (3) for either IgG1 or IgG2. Rates of irreversible loss of IgG2 were similar during (1), (2), and (3); the irreversible loss of IgG) was unaltered following the initial infection but increases by approximately 50% during period (3). It is concluded that increased synthesis of IgG1 in resistant sheep continually exposed to T. colubriformis occurs as a result of antigenic stimulation rather than as a consequence of increased loss of plasma into the intestine.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Intestinal capillariasis.

What started out as an isolated report of an unknown intestinal parasitic disease has emerged as another disease of worldwide significance. Capillaria philippinensis was found in the intestines of a Filipino who suffered from an intractable diarrhoea and died in 1963. A few years later epidemics of intestinal cappillariasis erupted and spread to many parts of the Philippines. Thailand was also found to be endemic for the disease and in recent years, a few case reports have come from Japan, Iran and Egypt too. Since small freshwater and brackish water fish are considered to be the natural intermediate hosts, and fish-eating birds potential definitive hosts, John Cross suggests that the spread of the parasite may be attributable to migratory birds.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1992

Comparison of anthelmintic control programs for sheep in Virginia.

Haemonchus contortus is the most serious parasitic problem encountered by sheep producers in southwestern Virginia. Four anthelmintic control programs for grazing lambs were tested. Group TR received monthly SC injections of ivermectin (200 micrograms/kg of body weight). Group SI received the same dose of ivermectin at 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 weeks after the start of the grazing season. Group SL was given levamisole (8 mg/kg, PO) 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 weeks after the start of the grazing season, and group TA received ivermectin (200 micrograms/kg) 0, 8, 16, 20, and 24 weeks after the beginning of grazing. None of the 4 programs provided satisfactory control of parasites as indicated by fecal egg counts and serum pepsinogen concentrations, although group-TR lambs gained significantly more weight than lambs in groups SI and TA. Group-TA lambs developed clinical haemonchosis in early August and required additional treatment at that time. These findings suggest that reliance on anthelmintics alone may not provide the most effective and economic control of parasitic infection.

Abomasum↗
PubMed1990

Villous atrophy, crypt hyperplasia, cellular infiltration, and impaired glucose-Na absorption in enteric cryptosporidiosis of pigs.

Intestinal morphology and fluid and electrolyte transport were examined in a neonatal porcine model of cryptosporidiosis. Sections of jejunum, ileum, and colon were obtained for morphometric analysis on days 3, 6, 9, and 12 postinfection, and in vivo perfusion studies of jejunum and ileum were conducted on days 3 and 4 postinfection. The most severe morphologic lesion was seen in the ileum on day 3, and consisted of villous atrophy, crypt hyperplasia, and cellular infiltration. Villous surface area was reduced from 2.1 +/- 0.4 x 10(5) microns2 in control ileum to 0.8 +/- 0.1 x 10(5) microns2 in infected ileum, a result associated with enterocytes that were fewer in number and reduced in cross-sectional area. Conversely, the number of inflammatory cells in the lamina propria of the villus increased from 456 +/- 116 in control to 1014 +/- 187 in infected villus without a significant change in the volume of the lamina propria. At the height of infection, there was an approximate 1:2 ratio of both organisms and inflammatory cells to villous enterocytes. In contrast, organisms were not observed in the crypts, and the concentration of inflammatory cells in crypt lamina propria was unaltered. Disappearance of organisms and polymorphonuclear cells from the ileum was associated with restoration of normal structure and was complete by day 12. Although organisms were seen in the colon, the general architecture was not severely affected. On days 3 and 4 postinfection, there was a complete impairment of the glucose-stimulated Na and water absorption in both jejunum and ileum of infected pigs; however, absorption of electrolytes and water from a basic Ringer's solution, in the absence of glucose, was not significantly affected. These results are consistent with a malabsorptive diarrheal disease associated with the morphological damage and are very similar to those seen in enteric viral disease in pigs, except that the upper intestine is more severely affected in the latter.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Intestinal pathology associated with Trichostrongylus colubriformis infection in sheep: histology.

Observations were made on the histology of tissues from the first 6-10 m of the small intestine from both sheep infected with Trichostrongylus colubriformis and from uninfected controls. In uninfected animals, and in distal samples from infected lambs, villi were tall and covered by tall columnar epithelium, the intestinal crypts were convoluted and the lamina propria was only moderately cellular. In tissues with sub-total villus atrophy and a convoluted surface, the superficial epithelium was usually low columnar, often with an indistinct brush border. More severely affected mucosa was flat, with low surface epithelium and protruding crypt openings. The flat surfaces frequently had leaks of eosinophilic material and polymorphonuclear cells between enterocytes, or through erosions in the epithelium. Such defects were smaller and less frequent in mucosa with a convoluted surface. There were increased mitoses in intestinal crypts and a heavy inflammatory cell infiltrate in the lamina propria. Mast cell, globule leucocyte and theliolymphocyte numbers were not increased in infected sheep.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Coccidia of the domestic goat Capra hircus, with notes on Eimeria ovinoidalis and E. bakuensis (syn. E. ovina) from the sheep Ovis aries.

Eimerian oocysts were found in 98% of 422 faeces samples from goats in SE England. It was found that 74% of the samples contained thousands or tens of thousands of oocysts/g. Kids less than 1 year old had higher oocyst counts than yearling or adult goats. Nine species of Eimeria were identified, and 65% of the samples contained 3-5 species. The most prevalent species were E. arloingi (94%), E. hirci (69%), E. christenseni (64%) and E. caprina (55%). E. ninakohlyakimovae (48%), E. alijevi (42%) and E. apsheronica (23%) were common, and E. jolchijevi (8%) and E. caprovina (4%) were comparatively rare. Developmental stages of E. caprina destroyed the crypt epithelium in the mucosa of the large intestine, causing severe haemorrhagic enteritis similar to that produced by E. ninakohlyakimovae. The literature on Eimeria species in sheep and goats is reviewed and, on the grounds of priority, E. bakuensis is the correct name for E. ovina in sheep.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Identification and quantification of granulocytes in caecal mucosa and submucosa of chickens experimentally infected with Eimeria tenella and Salmonella enteritidis.

1. Poultry granulocytes are not clearly distinguished from each other with haematoxylin-eosin (HE) stain; thus, histochemical techniques must be used. Three experiments were carried out using 4-week-old Leghorn chickens. 2. Three, 80-chicken groups were orally infected with (1) 10(8) colony forming units (CFUs) Salmonella enteritidis, or (2) 10(4) Eimeria tenella oocysts, or (3) 10(8) CFUs S. enteritidis + 10(4) E. tenella oocysts. Ten chickens from each group were euthanased and caecum samples obtained. Caecum samples were fixed in 10% formalin (buffered, pH 7.4) at 4, 8, 12 h, 1, 3, 5, 7, and 14 d post-inoculation (PI). 3. Samples were stained using three different staining techniques: HE for the identification of heterophils and eosinophils, Ziehl-Neelsen for mast cells, and p-phenilenediamine dihydrochloride plus pyrocatechol (PPD + PC) for eosinophils. 4. Birds from Experiment 1 showed no changes in the numbers of granulocytes. Birds from Experiments 2 and 3 showed higher numbers of heterophils in caecal mucosa and submucosa separately, on d 5 and 7. In Experiment 3, a decrease was observed in submucosal mast cells on d 3. Chickens from Experiments 2 and 3 showed increased numbers of mucosal mast cells between d 7 and 14. 5. PPD + PC positively stained eosinophils, but not heterophils. 6. Numbers of heterophils and mast cells were increased during the acute inflammatory process caused by E. tenella. Therefore, mast cells could play a role as primary inflammatory cells. Eosinophils seem not to be part of the inflammatory process caused by E. tenella.

Animals↗