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PubMed2003

Postnatal depression and infant growth and development in low income countries: a cohort study from Goa, India.

BACKGROUND: Postnatal depression is a recognised cause of delayed cognitive development in infants in developed countries. Being underweight is common in South Asia. AIMS: To determine whether postnatal depression contributes to poor growth and development outcomes in Goa, India. METHODS: Cohort study for growth outcomes with nested case-control study for developmental outcomes. A total of 171 babies were weighed and measured at 6-8 weeks following birth. The following measures were used: Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale for maternal mood, and sociodemographic and infant health variables. Outcome measures were: weight (<5th centile), length (<5th centile), and Developmental Assessment Scale for Indian Infants scores at six months. RESULTS: Postnatal depression was a strong, and independent, predictor of low weight and length and was significantly associated with adverse mental development quotient scores. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides evidence for the first time that postnatal depression, a potentially treatable disorder, is a cause of poor growth and development in South Asia.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Isomeric fatty acids: evaluating status and implications for maternal and child health.

"Isomeric fatty acids" is a term that refers to the trans- and positional isomers formed during hydrogenation of naturally occurring oils. The purposes of this paper are as follows: (i) to summarize potential exposure of infants to isomeric fatty acids by reviewing estimates of isomeric fatty acids in the maternal diet, in human milk, and in infant formula/infant foods, and (ii) to evaluate the evidence for adverse effects of isomeric fatty acids on infant development with respect to growth and essential fatty acid status. Estimates of the intake of trans-fatty acids vary widely both within and across populations. Current estimates of trans-fatty acids in the North American population are 4-11% of total fatty acids or 3-13 g/(person x d), whereas in Mediterranean countries in which olive oil is the primary fat and in Far Eastern countries in which little commercially hydrogenated fat is consumed, per capita consumption of trans-fatty acids is <1-2 g/d. The trans-fatty acid content of human milk reflects the cross-cultural variation in the maternal diet, with trans-fatty acids in human milk samples ranging from 6 to 7% in North America to <0.5% in Hong Kong. Trans-fatty acids are transferred from the maternal diet through the placenta to the developing fetus or through milk to the breast-fed infant. In some studies, plasma trans-fatty acids are inversely related to birth weight and head circumference. The hypothesis that dietary trans-fatty acids could inhibit biosynthesis of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids with 20 and 22 carbon atoms and thus affect infant development is supported by studies demonstrating an inverse correlation of plasma trans-fatty acids with n-3 and n-6 longchain polyunsaturated fatty acids in infants. However, no such relationship has been observed in human milk. A definitive answer concerning a potentially adverse effect of dietary trans-fatty acids on infant development awaits future studies.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Early diet of preterm infants and development of allergic or atopic disease: randomised prospective study.

OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of early diet on the development of allergic reactions in infants born preterm. DESIGN: Two randomised prospective trails. In trail A infants were randomly allocated banked donor milk or preterm formula as their sole diet or (separately randomised) as a supplement to their mother's expressed breast milk. In trial B infants were allocated term or preterm formula. A blind follow up examination was done 18 months after the expected date of birth. SETTING: Neonatal units of hospitals in Cambridge, Ipswich, King's Lynn, Norwich, and Sheffield. Outpatient follow up. PARTICIPANTS: 777 Infants with a birth weight less than 1850 g born during 1982 to 1984. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Development of eczema, allergic reactions to food or drugs, and asthma or wheezing by nine and 18 months after term. Whenever possible the observations were confirmed by rechallenge or clinical examination. RESULTS: At 18 months after term there was no difference in the incidence of allergic reactions between dietary groups in either trial. In the subgroup of infants with a family history of atopy, however, those in trial A who received preterm formula rather than human milk had a significantly greater risk of developing one or more allergic reactions (notably eczema) by 18 months (odds ratio 3.6; 95% confidence interval 1.4 to 9.1). CONCLUSIONS: Feeding neonates on formulas based on cows' milk, including those with a high protein content, did not increase the overall risk of allergy. Nevertheless, in the subgroup with a family history of atopy early exposure to cows' milk increased the risk of a wide range of allergic reactions, especially eczema.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Physical growth and psychomotor development of infants exposed to antiepileptic drugs in utero.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluates the physical growth and psychomotor development of infants born to women with epilepsy on regular Anti Epileptic Drugs (AEDs). SETTING: Govt. Stanley Medical College and Hospital, Tertiary care referral centre, Chennai. DESIGN: Open prospective cohort study with a control group. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Consecutive women with epilepsy who were on regular anticonvulsants were followed up from their first trimester. Their babies were examined at birth and anthropometric measurements including anterior fontanelle size were noted. They were followed up till one year and periodically evaluated at 1st, 6th and 12th month of age. Development testing using Griffith scale was done at 2nd, 6th and 12th month. An equal number of control babies were also studied using the same scale for one year at the specified intervals. The results in both the groups were compared. RESULTS: 30 babies were enrolled in the case and control group. The AEDs received by the mothers with epilepsy were Phenytoin, Carbamazepine, and Sodium valproate. At birth and 1st month the weight, head circumference and length of case and control babies were equal. At 6th and 12th month reduction in the above 3 parameters were noted in the case babies ( P < 0.01). Area of anterior fontanelle (AF) was larger in the study group particularly in those exposed to phenytoin in utero (P < 0.001). In the case babies reduction in the sitting, prone and erect progression of the locomotor scores was observed at 2nd month (P < 0.001). Prone progression alone improved by 12th month and other two remained less than the control (P < 0.001). No difference was observed in reaching behaviour and personal/social scores in both groups. Infants exposed to Phenytoin monotherapy had a negative impact on sitting progression. CONCLUSION: Among infants exposed to AEDs in utero physical growth was equal to that of control at birth but reduced at 6th and 12th month probably due to extraneous factors. The Locomotor scores showed reduction in all areas in 2nd, 6th and 12th month except prone progression which alone improved by 12th month. Phenytoin exposure in utero resulted in large AF and it had a negative impact on sitting progression in comparison with Carbamazepine and Sodium valproate.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Infant motor development and adult cognitive functions in schizophrenia.

BACKGROUND: Childhood neuromotor dysfunction is a risk factor for schizophrenia, a disorder in which cognitive deficits are prominent. The relationship between early neurodevelopment and adult cognition in schizophrenia remains unclear. METHODS: We examined the associations between infant motor development and adult cognitive functions in schizophrenia (n = 61) and the general population (n = 104) in a sample drawn from the The Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort. Data on ages of learning to stand and walk with or without support were obtained at age 12 months by health visitor assessment. Neurocognitive measures at age 33-35 included executive function, verbal and visual episodic memory, and visuo-spatial working memory. RESULTS: The schizophrenia group achieved neuromotor milestones later and performed significantly worse than the control group on all measures of cognition. In pooled analyses there were associations between infant motor development and adult cognition in the domains of executive function, verbal learning and visuospatial working memory, but not in visual object learning. The pattern of associations between development and cognition was similar in schizophrenia and the general population. CONCLUSIONS: These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that in schizophrenia mild infant motor developmental delay and adult cognitive deficits (at least in some domains) are age dependent manifestations of the same underlying neural process. Thus, they may be better considered as part of a single longitudinal syndrome.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Father's influence in the development of infant's relationships.

Recent research on the father infant interaction has challenged the long held belief that the "most important thing a father can do for his children is to love their mother". Fathers have significant influences on the development of the infant's relationships both directly and indirectly. Certainly his greatest indirect influence is through supporting, protecting, and facilitating the maternal infant dyad when it is the primary nurturing relationship. New research from a variety of perspectives in Europe and the United States have begun to document the powerful impact that fathers have on their children directly, and not just mediated through the maternal infant dyad. The Nordic family study in Europe, and clinical research by Parke, Lamb, Yogman, and Pruett in the United States have all documented the impact on the infant of increased paternal involvement in the early years, thanks to a variety of influences. Evidence now suggests that infants are able to make direct use of the father's unique contribution to their growth and development. This contribution not only increases the repertoire of available to the infant, but appears to have its own unique meaning to the infant, who often seeks it out quite directly and aggressively. Stylistic differences between paternal and maternal nurturing, appear to be of great interest and use to the child. The close contact between father and infant does not appear to threaten maternal infant attachment. Data from an ongoing longitudinal study of primary care giving fathers in the intact families will be presented. The impact of such a rare but theoretically highly interesting phenomenon on the capacity of the infant to develop useful relationships will be highlighted with clinical materials. Finally, we shall conclude with a discussion of the question in reverse, i.e., how does the infant influence the development of the father's relationships?

Child Development↗
PubMed1981

The relationship between physical growth and infant behavioral development in rural Guatemala.

The present study investigated the relationship between a number of anthropometric indices and behavioral development during the first 2 years of life in rural Guatemala. Length and weight were the indices most strongly correlated with behavioral development. If the effect of the infant's length and weight was statistically controlled for, none of the other anthropometric variables explained a significant proportion of the variance in behavioral development. Controlling the length (or weight) assessed at the same age as the behavioral assessment, length (or weight) for younger ages was not significantly correlated with behavioral development. Changes in length or weight over time correlated with changes in behavioral performance. We were unable to explain the association between physical growth and behavioral development by a number of variables including gestational age, nutrient intake, prevalence of disease, and familial characteristics.

Body Height↗
PubMed1994

[Iron deficiency anemia and psychomotor development in infants].

During the last few years, several studies have indicated a strong correlation between iron-deficiency anaemia and a delay in the psychomotor development of infants. It is suggested that controlled studies should be carried out in order to reveal the prevalence of iron-deficiency anaemia among Norwegian infants, and that screening of the haemoglobin of the infants should be seriously considered as part of the routine health control of mother and child.

Anemia, Hypochromic↗
PubMed2003

[Developing the brain--proposal to child neurologists: how to nurture and stimulate brain development].

Infants achieve remarkable functions during the first year of life. Dendrites and synaptic connections grow and subcortical myclination takes place. In recent years, we have witnessed remarkable progress in the field of neuroscience. It has become clear that the human brain shows maximal plasticity in infancy and early childhood. This plasticity provides a golden window of opportunity to maximize human development. Excess synaptic connections are eliminated during late childhood, a phenomenon that appears to be influenced at least to some extent by the environment. In many years of clinical practice as a pediatrician, I have observed the growth and development of both normal children and those challenged with developmental disabilities. Parents need to spend time responding to and playing with their young children. The plasticity of the human brain in early life is not only an opportunity; it is also responsibility. We must provide all children with the optimal environment for both intellectual and psychological development. It seems that sensitive and sympathetic responses from caretakers are of critical importance. Physicians and basic investigators have the responsibility of further elucidating brain function, as means of discovering how to optimize the environment for development of the human brain.

Brain↗
PubMed1997

Development of infants and toddlers with clefts from birth to three years of age.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to use caregiver report measures to describe the developmental status of infants and toddlers with clefts. METHOD: Developmental assessment data were obtained on 186 infants and toddlers with cleft lip (n = 48), cleft palate (n = 46), and cleft lip/palate (n = 92) at one of the following age categories: 5 months (n = 47), 13 months (n = 46), 25 months (n = 47), and 36 months (n = 46). Developmental assessment measures used were the Kent Infant Developmental Scale and the Minnesota Child Development Inventory, both caregiver reports. Data were analyzed in separate 2-between ANOVAs (age x cleft type) for each developmental domain according to developmental assessment measure. Further, results were examined relative to the normative sample. RESULTS: The ANOVA results indicated that at 5 months, lower motor and self-help developmental quotients (DQs) were evident compared to the 13-month-old level. When compared to the normative sample, the 5-month-old infants exhibited 'at-risk/delayed' development on the motor, self-help, and cognitive domains, and as reflected on their full-scale scores, depending on the cleft type. Infants at 13 and 25 months were within normal limits in all developmental domains, with the exception of the 13-month-old infants with cleft palate, who demonstrate 'at-risk' development in the motor domain. At 36 months of age, all toddlers demonstrated significantly lower developmental performance in the fine motor, gross motor, and expressive language domain compared to the 25-month-old toddlers. Toddlers with cleft palate exhibit 'at-risk/delayed' development in the expressive language domain at 36 months. CONCLUSION: Data are discussed relative to the events surrounding team management of clefts, including surgery, middle-ear problems, and feeding difficulty.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1989

Visual field development in infants with stage 3 retinopathy of prematurity.

Binocular visual field development was measured in 11 infants who had stage 3 ROP in early infancy and in 11 infants without ROP, matched for birthweight and gestational age. Kinetic perimetry was used to measure visual fields along the 45 degree, 135 degree, 225 degree and 315 degree half-meridia. Infants were tested at 4, 9, and 18 months from due date. Analyses of variance were used to compare results of the two groups for each age tested. Results at the 4-month test age indicated that both groups had visual fields within the normal range for their age. However, at the 9-month test age the ROP group showed a significantly (P less than 0.05) smaller visual field than the control group. At 18 months, the ROP group still showed smaller visual fields than the control group, but the difference was not significant. The results suggest that dysfunction of the peripheral retina associated with ROP may produce a constriction of the visual field or a delay in visual field development.

Aging↗
PubMed1998

Nutrition of the fetus and the premature infant.

Developments in fetal and placental nutrition have highlighted the interaction of the placenta and fetal liver for the exchange and metabolism of nutrients. Of particular importance is the exchange of serine and glycine and their interconversion within these two organs and the exchange of glutamine and glutamate. Placental metabolism of nutrients and the placenta's role in the production and utilization of certain amino acids alters significantly the delivery rate of nutrients into the fetal circulation. Postnatal nutrition has focused on the role of early nutritional intervention in the extremely low birth weight infants and the recognition of the category of semi-essential amino acids in these infants. The role of minimal enteral feedings in small babies and the changes in nutritional requirements induced by medical complications has also received increasing attention.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Interleukin-1 balance in the lungs of preterm infants who develop bronchopulmonary dysplasia.

BACKGROUND: The local pulmonary balance between the agonist and antagonist of interleukin-1 (IL-1) may influence the development of inflammatory disease and resultant structural damage in a variety of human diseases including adult respiratory distress syndrome and asthma. OBJECTIVES: We tested the hypothesis that IL-1 cytokines are early markers for bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), when measured in tracheal aspirates (TAs) obtained from premature infants being ventilated for respiratory distress syndrome during the first week of life. METHODS: Serial TAs were collected on days 1, 3, 5 and 7 from 35 preterm infants (16 BPD, 19 non-BPD) in the absence of chorioamnionitis, and were assayed for IL-1 cytokines and leukocytes. RESULTS: In spite of comparable maternal demographic and clinical characteristics, premature infants who developed BPD had higher levels of IL-1 receptor antagonist (Ra) in their airways on the first day of life. This antagonist IL-1Ra was an early and persistent marker for BPD during the first week of life. The agonist IL-1beta also increased significantly for BPD patients early, both compared to non-BPD patients, and also within the BPD group. While the early (day 1) IL-1 antagonist/agonist molar balance offered protection, by days 5 and 7, a threshold for IL-1Ra in the presence of increasing IL-1beta expression-favored pro-inflammation in the BPD group. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that a strong and early expression of airway antagonist (IL-1Ra) proves ultimately to be sub-optimal and non-protective due to the robust expression of airway agonist (IL-1beta) seen by day 5 in premature infants who develop BPD.

Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Developmental and temperament outcomes of sensory stimulation in healthy infants.

Eighty-one healthy, full-term infants were randomly assigned to a control group or one of three experimental conditions: daily administration of a cephalocaudal stroking procedure; placement on a multisensory hammock that provided auditory, vestibular, and tactile stimulation during expected sleep cycles; and a combination of the prior two treatments. All interventions were given during the first 3 months of life. Infants in the control group received the natural stimulation provided in their home environments without additional supplementation. Four- and 8-month assessments were done using the Bayley Scales of Infant Development and the Revised Infant Temperament Questionnaire. There were no significant treatment effects on weight or psychomotor development. Although infants receiving unimodal stimulation obtained lower 8-month cognitive development scores than infants in other experimental and control groups, their scores were within normal range. Control group infants achieved the most optimum mood and distractibility scores at both 4 and 8 months.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

The immunological components of human milk and their effect on immune development in infants.

There have been considerable advances in our understanding of the diverse mixture of bioactive components in human milk that influence the immune status of infants by not only providing protection but also facilitating development, tolerance, and an appropriate inflammatory response. It could be suggested that milk is the communication vehicle between the maternal immune system and the infant, a system actively directing and educating the immune, metabolic, and microflora systems within the infant, while conferring multiple means of protection from pathogens. The physiological and protective functions of many of the immune components in human milk have been deduced not from studies in infants but from what is known in other species and in vitro models. This update briefly reviews immune development in infants and focuses on current knowledge of how both the "classical" immune and the nonimmune ingredients found in mature human milk promote immune development, facilitate the development of tolerance, and regulate the inflammatory response of infants.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2006

Judgements of facial and vocal signs of emotion in infants with Down syndrome.

We address how adults perceive facial and vocal signs of emotions in infants with and without Down syndrome. A set of naturalistic data from infants with trisomy 21 and typically developing infants (joy expression of young infants, 3.8-4.4 months, and anger and neutral expressions of older infants, 6.8-12.8 months) was rated by adult judges categorically or dimensionally. Facial signs alone, vocal signs alone, and both facial and vocal signs were presented for each expression. Raters were university students who did not have regular contact with infants, nor with people with mental retardation. Young infants' joy expressions were correctly recognized more frequently for typically developing infants than for infants with Down syndrome and, specifically, joy vocalizations in infants with Down syndrome were not identified. Facial signs were also more communicative than vocal signs in the case of older infants' anger and neutral expressions. These results are relevant to the way infant emotion is perceived by others, and may be particularly useful in facilitating interaction between adults and infants with Down syndrome.

Anger↗
PubMed1997

Sociobiological factors and physical development of newborn infants in Plovdiv.

On the basis of data from a study, conducted in 1995 in Plovdiv, the correlation between newborn infants' physical development characteristics and some biological and social factors (maternal age, number of pregnancies, birth order, social class and educational level) was analyzed. Four basic anthropometric indices--height, body weight, head and chest circumferences were examined. The anthropometric indices of newborn infants in Plovdiv are the highest in second or third pregnancies. Birth order exerts significant influence on the physical development of newborn infants--the highest values are recorded at the second birth. The anthropometric indices are clearly dependent on mother's age. They increase with maternal age and reach their maximum in age group 30-34 years. The anthropometric indices values equalized in newborn infants from mothers--white and blue collar workers, while the values are significantly lower in newborns of unemployed mothers. Newborn infants' physical development of mothers with primary and high-school education is significantly inferior compared to children of mothers with higher educational levels.

Adult↗