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At least 451 records · Page 25Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

Current status and future prospects of needle-free liquid jet injectors.

Needle-free liquid jet injectors have been used for more than 50 years for parenteral delivery of vaccines and drugs. Although excellent bioavailability has been reported for a number of drugs, occasional pain and bruising have limited wide acceptance of jet injectors. This article reviews jet injectors with respect to their current clinical applications, emerging applications, mechanistic understanding and future prospects.

Drug Delivery Systems↗
PubMed2000

Airway ignition during CO2 laser laryngeal surgery and high frequency jet ventilation.

We present a case of a patient submitted for extirpation of a neoplasm of the larynx, by means of carbon dioxide laser surgery. High frequency jet ventilation was applied by means of orotracheal intubation with two Teflon catheters, 2 mm in external diameter and 30 cm in length, attached with three equally placed strips of adhesive paper tape. One catheter was used to inject the jet volume and the other used to measure the airway pressure. The adhesive strips were moistened and FiO2 was lower than 50%. After 30 min using the laser, an airway fire was noticed. Ventilation was interrupted and the catheters were removed. The patient was reintubated with an endotracheal tube of 6 mm ID and the surgical procedure was continued until the tumour was removed. Two factors contributed to the airway fire: the ignition of the lowest adhesive strip that had dried and the use of the laser in the mode of continuous pulsation.

Fires↗
PubMed1989

Increase in tracheal pressure during jet ventilation.

Gas injection systems used in several techniques of ventilation cause increases in airway pressure and physiological changes which are frequently overlooked. The momentum flux theory describes such phenomena most appropriately. We have defined and measured the characteristics of such increases in airway pressure, using a lateral tracheal injection system which has been described previously. In such a system, wall friction is a major source of loss in jet momentum flux, in contrast with the changes in axis-symmetrical systems. This process results in a potentially beneficial increase in airway pressure and in greater mixing, which might be clinically useful.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

High frequency jet ventilation: the influence of different methods of injection on respiratory parameters.

Fourteen critically ill patients with ventilatory failure were ventilated with HFJV using a constant driving pressure of 3 atm and a constant I:E ratio of 0.43. In six (group I) HFJV, using a frequency of 100 b.p.m., was delivered via a proximal injector cannula. Four injector cannulae (i.d. 1.8, 1.6, 1.4 and 1.2 mm, respectively) were used at random. In eight patients (group II), HFJV using three frequencies (100, 300 and 600 b.p.m.) was administered either via a 1.8-mm i.d. proximal injector cannula (proximal injection), for via a Hi-Lo jet tracheal tube (distal injection). The following indices were measured in vivo: mean airway pressure (Paw), mean pulmonary volume above apnoeic FRC (delta V), mean alveolar pressure (clamps method) and arterial blood-gas tensions. Injected volume (Vinj), entrainment (E) and tidal volume (VT) were measured in vitro using a water-sealed spirometer. Operating pressure (the pressure in the connecting tube) was measured directly using a high pressure calibrated transducer. In group I, Paw, delta V, PaO2, Vinj and VT significantly decreased whereas operating pressure and E significantly increased when the internal diameter of the injector cannula was reduced. In group II, Paw, delta V, E, VT and operating pressure significantly decreased, whereas Vinj increased and PaO2 and PaCO2 remained unchanged, when proximal injection was switched to distal injection. In both groups, a significant relationship was found between operating pressure and E. At a constant driving pressure, operating pressure increased with narrow injector cannulae and increased frequency, and decreased when proximal injection was switched for distal injection.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Quantitative assessment of the effect of 0.05% chlorhexidine on rat articular cartilage metabolism in vitro and in vivo.

Wound infection remains a problem. Syringe and needle jet lavage of chlorhexidine gluconate 0.05% removed or killed 99.8% of contaminating bacteria within 1 minute in a wound model. In clinical use, however, possible toxicity to articular cartilage is a concern. In an established intact rat patella model in vitro, 1 minute of exposure to chlorhexidine 0.05% and chlorhexidine jet lavage did not significantly alter cartilage metabolism. A 1-hour exposure decreased metabolic activity. In vivo, a 30-minute exposure with or without rinsing produced no impairment of metabolic activity 6 weeks later, suggesting that cartilage has the potential for biological recovery. However, injecting and leaving chlorhexidine 0.05% in the joints was detrimental to the metabolic activity of the articular cartilage as assessed 6 weeks later. Thus, chlorhexidine gluconate 0.05% could be used on normal articular cartilage. Any potential damage from prolonged exposure can be avoided by rinsing after 1 minute.

Animals↗