PubMed Health⌕ Search

SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “Intergenerational Relations”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 451 records · Page 25Linked to original sources
PubMed1999

Managing the new generation.

As the Silent Generation quickly approaches retirement, and the Baby Boomer generation moves into management and supervisory roles, a new generation is entering the workforce. Generation Xers were born between 1965 and 1975, at a time when the country experienced high prices, wage inflation, stagnant consumer demands, and increased unemployment. Perhaps as a result, newcomers to today's workforce often have different characteristics, behavioral traits, and belief systems from their predecessors. To effectively supervise and motivate individuals from this unique generation, health care managers must begin by understanding the evolutions that have shaped each generation and influenced the workforce. In doing so, managers can create a thriving multigenerational work environment and embrace supervisory concepts that attract and motivate the new generation.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Time preferences for the very long term.

Many important decisions concern outcomes delayed by decades or centuries. Whereas some economists have argued that inter-generational discount rates should be lower than intra-generational rates, three experiments found that inter- and intra-generational discount rates were quite similar. Experiment 1 found that discount rates for long delays (30-900 years) were lower than those for shorter delays (1-30 years) but that, holding delay constant, discount rates for outcomes occurring to future generations were similar to those for outcomes occurring to the present generation. Experiment 2 compared inter-generational discount rates for three different types of outcomes and found similar discount rates for saving lives, improving health, and financial benefits. Experiment 3 found similar inter-generational discounting of life-saving programs that benefit people close to or distant from the decision maker. These studies indicate that the discount rate applied to outcomes occurring to future generations depends on the length of the time delay but not on other factors.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

A community based study on the change of practice of female genital mutilation in a Sudanese village.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the practice of female genital mutilation (FGM), among young and old parents. METHODS: One hundred and twenty young parents and grandparents in a rural area in central Sudan were randomly selected for interviews carried out according to structured questionnaires with open answer possibilities. RESULTS: All female respondents had undergone FGM. Of the young respondents, 44% had decided not to let their daughters undergo FGM. Young fathers were more involved in the decision process than previously known, especially when decisions were taken not to perform FGM. Tradition and social pressure were the main motives for performing FGM. Sexuality was an important aspect, mentioned both as motives for and against FGM. Religious belief and education level significantly affected to what extent FGM was practiced. CONCLUSION: This is the first community based study of FGM indicating a significant shift in practice between generations, young parents starting to question the value of FGM.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Intergenerational cycle of maltreatment: a popular concept obscured by methodological limitations.

OBJECTIVE: The intergenerational transmission of child maltreatment is a controversial subject. Much of existing research is plagued with at least three fundamental weaknesses: (1) using case status to define subjects: (2) adopting a dichotomous perspective that does not consider the reality of maltreatment on various continua; and (3) using operational definitions that fail to differentiate between maltreatment subtypes. We controlled for these problems and examined the structure of child maltreatment and its influence on later parenting practices in an ethnically-diverse community sample. METHOD: Data from a community sample of parents (N = 383) were analyzed with a Structural Equation Modeling methodology. Reliable and valid continuous measures of child maltreatment (Child Trauma Questionnaire) and parenting practices (Parental Acceptance and Rejection Questionnaire) were used. RESULTS: Results revealed a moderately strong effect from a general factor of Child Maltreatment to a general factor of Poor Parenting for both mothers and fathers, supporting a common dysfunction transmission process. For mothers. Family Neglect by itself also led to poor parenting, and sexual abuse as a child led to aggressive parenting. For fathers, Child Maltreatment had a different structure, as sexual abuse was distinct from the factors of Family Abuse and Family Neglect. Also, for fathers, sexual abuse led to rejecting parenting practices. CONCLUSIONS: This study supports the intergenerational cycle of child maltreatment hypothesis in such a way that several weaknesses in much of existing research were controlled. Clinical implications and potential mechanisms of transmission are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Intergenerational transmission of abuse: a two-generational prospective study of an at-risk sample.

OBJECTIVE: A model was examined in which the association between a parent's history of abuse and the parent's own abusive behavior toward his or her children was hypothesized to be mediated by parental psychopathology, early childbearing, and consistency of discipline. Additionally, the effect of severity of abuse on the likelihood of becoming abusive was examined. METHOD: Participants were 109 parents (G1) and their male children (G2) who were involved in a longitudinal study. The G1 parents reported on their own experiences of abuse when they were children. Ten years later, the G2 youths reported on the G1 parents' abusive behavior toward them. A number of other factors, including parental socioeconomic status (SES), antisocial behavior, depression and Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), consistency of discipline, and the perceived early difficulty of the G2 children were measured. RESULTS: As reported by their own children, parents who reported having been abused in childhood were significantly more likely to engage in abusive behaviors toward the next generation. Findings indicated that abuse experienced by the parents, as well as consistency of discipline and depression plus PTSD, were predictive of parental abuse of the child. Contrary to hypotheses, the effects were not fully mediated. However, there were significant interactions between parental history of abuse and consistency of discipline, as well as abuse history and depression and PTSD. Parents who had experienced multiple acts of abuse and at least one physical impact were more likely to become abusive than were the other parents. CONCLUSIONS: The implications of these findings for preventive interventions are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Artificially-reared female rats show reduced prepulse inhibition and deficits in the attentional set shifting task--reversal of effects with maternal-like licking stimulation.

Mammalian nervous system is plastic, particularly during early stages of development. Rat neonates that are reared without mothers, grow up to show deficient maternal behavior towards their own offspring. The purpose of this study was to assess whether maternal behavior deficits, seen in artificially-reared (AR) female rats, are associated with attentional deficits. Female rat pups were reared with or without their mothers, through artificial rearing. In adulthood, rats' maternal behavior and performance on attentional tasks (prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the startle response and attentional set shifting task) were assessed. We found that AR rats showed: decreased maternal pup licking and time crouching over pups, less PPI, and more trials to criterion in several stages of the attentional set shifting task. Artificially-reared rats that were provided with 'maternal-like licking' stimulation, during artificial rearing, were not significantly different from mother-reared rats. In addition, there was a significant correlation between maternal behaviors and both PPI and the performance in the attentional set shifting task.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2001

Long-term care and nursing home coverage: are adult children substitutes for insurance policies?

Recent theoretical work suggests that in some cases, parents will forego the purchase of long-term care insurance and rely on child-provided care in old age. This paper uses data from the Asset and Health Dynamics survey and the Panel Study of Income Dynamics to examine whether the availability of children and other potential caregivers explains why so few elderly persons have long-term care insurance. In contrast to the notion that family members serve as substitutes for long-term care insurance, variables measuring the availability of informal caregivers have no statistically significant effect in models of insurance ownership and models of intentions to purchase insurance.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Asymmetric information, ownership and quality of care: an empirical analysis of nursing homes.

Theoretically, when asymmetric information exists, nonprofit organizations, due to the attenuation of the property right, provide better quality of service than do the for-profits. Despite extensive theoretical examination of the behavior of nonprofits, there has been very little empirical testing of the plausibility of these theories. This article addresses the effect of ownership type on the quality of service in the nursing home industry, an environment particularly conducive to identifying the existence of asymmetric information. The study shows that the differences between for-profit and nonprofit homes do become manifest when asymmetric information is present.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Intergenerational caring in professional and family life.

My physician husband and I, as a gerontologic nurse, are committed to intergenerational home visiting because it contributes in a positive way to the social, emotional, and physical well-being of elderly persons that are care for in the home. Informal feedback from the patients has been encouraging, with many requests for return visits. Our children like the party atmosphere, cuddling, and inclusion in their father's work. I enjoy socializing and what this experience teaches the children (e.g., empathy and a glimpse of their mother in her professional role). We have discovered that opportunities for intergenerational visiting are plentiful. The children also make visits to their father's office, and that usually includes lots of interaction with elderly patients in the waiting room. On Saturday morning, which is my time off, my husband will often take the children on his supportive care visits to his "in-hospital" patients. After discharge from the hospital, one woman recalled the positive effects these visits had on her recovery. These visits appear to have an energizing effect not only on patients, but also on the nurses. Perhaps the exuberance of a child instills vitality in others. Simply from observing the reactions of patients during intergenerational home visits, there is no doubt that juniors and seniors benefit from one another's company. The middle generation also finds more satisfaction and integration as they blend family and professional life.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Embracing the Eden Alternative in long-term care environments.

As we move toward the new millennium, 76 million Baby Boomers are on the brink of retirement. For some seniors, long-term care will be a necessity. Older adults value independence, physical activity, intellectual curiosity, caring, and spirituality. The long-term care culture is being revolutionized by The Eden Alternative, which strives to decrease loneliness, helplessness, and boredom by developing healthy habitats in a home-like environment. Three key components are children, plants, and companion animals that provide variety and spontaneity in life.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

South Asian grandmothers' influence on breast feeding in Bristol.

OBJECTIVES: To assess South Asian grandmothers' health beliefs and cultural practices around baby feeding, knowledge of breast feeding and their ability to support successful breast feeding. To design a suitable antenatal intervention for grandmothers to support their breast-feeding daughters/in-law in an area of low exclusive breast feeding and to assess the acceptability and feasibility of the initiative by means of structured interviews. DESIGN: Qualitative focus groups and interviews. Evaluation of an intervention. SETTING: Community health centre and family homes in Easton, Bristol, where 32% of women having babies are South Asian. PARTICIPANTS: 14 Pakistani, Bangladeshi or Indian grandmothers in focus groups or interviews. 16 South Asian families in the intervention. INTERVENTION: An intervention for grandmothers to support exclusive breast feeding was based around a leaflet, which covered the health benefits of breast feeding, good positioning and attachment, feed management, and how families can support breast feeding. The intervention was delivered to mother and grandmother pairs at around 36 weeks gestation, and was translated into three languages. FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS: South Asian women are not a homogeneous group and differences were seen in cultural and religious practices and in breast-feeding rates between the Pakistani, Bangladeshi and Indian communities. To ensure that the health education message of exclusive breast feeding, how to overcome problems and the importance of family support reaches all women, linkworkers with appropriate training should be available to speak the languages relevant to the ethnic groups in the area. An antenatal educational intervention for extended family members to promote good breast-feeding practice was appreciated by the South Asian families involved and seemed to be influencing behaviour, particularly in giving colostrum, water or artificial milk and the use of dummies/pacifiers. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: Recording details of baby-feeding method at eight weeks systematically by ethnic group will enable local rates to be monitored, particular groups targeted with information and positive reinforcement provided. Linkworkers with appropriate training should be available to speak the languages relevant to the ethnic groups in the area. Involving influential local interpreters in an educational intervention will help to educate the wider population in practices to support exclusive breast feeding.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Doctor-parent-child communication. A (re)view of the literature.

Studies on doctor-patient communication focus predominantly on dyadic interactions between adults; even when the patient is a child, the research focus is usually on doctor-parent interaction. The aim of this review study is to evaluate the state of the art of research into doctor-parent-child communication, and to explore the specific role of the child. Researchers have focused on diverse aspects of the communication in this triad, and, as a result, knowledge gained from studies in this area is poorly integrated. Most of the studies have ignored the implications of a child's presence in medical encounters. Although all studies claim to examine the interaction in the doctor-parent-child triad, most research methodologies used are based on dyads. Our claim. however, is that, because the interactional dynamics of a triad differ fundamentally from those of a dyad, triadic analyses are a prerequisite for a full account of the communication between doctor, parent and child. Suggestions are formulated for an adequate research frame regarding triads.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

A study of demographic changes under sustained below-replacement fertility in Hong Kong SAR.

The total fertility in Hong Kong SAR fell continuously below replacement in the past two decades and reached a level of 0.98 in 1998. The rate in 1981 was close to replacement at 1.93. In this paper the theoretical outcomes of long-lasting below-replacement fertility are identified with a view to gaining some analytical insight into the situation, where the population is experiencing such a striking demographic trend. In the absence of migration, Hong Kong SAR will see its population start to decline between 2008 and 2038, if the future course of fertility falls within these 'bounds'. Concurrently, the aging of population will be reaching unprecedented proportions. Should fertility remain at the present below-replacement level, i.e. the worse-case scenario, the proportion of population aged 65 years or older would increase to 44 per cent, and those aged under 15 years would decrease to six per cent, by 2048. As a result, the potential labour supply (those aged 15-64 years) would dwindle to only 50 per cent of the population, suggesting that there would be less than one person potentially working to support one dependent (who is likely to be a person aged 65 years or older). The socio-economic consequences of population aging are discussed. By analysing net immigration in the demographic process in the past, the way in which replacement migration would help alleviate the problem of population decline and population aging is also discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Hong Kong Chinese daughters' intergenerational caregiving obligations: a cultural model approach.

This paper, based on a study carried out in Hong Kong, outlines the caregiving obligations of Hong Kong Chinese daughters towards their frail elderly parents. A cultural model approach drawn from cognitive anthropology is taken to focus on how Chinese caregiving daughters develop a sense of what is right and emotionally fulfilling and acquire the motivation to care for their parents. An ethnographic approach was used in the study and techniques included guided and open-ended interviews and non-participatory observations. A total of 20 co-residential caregiving daughters were interviewed in their homes on average twice over the course of one year. All interviews were conducted in Cantonese. Although the sample was small, daughters' accounts are structured by reference to cultural models and this structure provides the common basis for generalisability of results. Concepts of Confucian antecedents, reciprocity and personhood and other modern ideas of filial duty are explored. Conclusions are drawn about the shifting rights and obligations of Chinese caregiving daughters within the contemporary urban realities of Hong Kong. The findings of this study have relevance for the development of welfare policy for older Chinese persons and the chronically ill, and to all services involving women. The findings will also serve to inform family caregiver education programs.

Aged↗
PubMed2001

"No strength": sex and old age in a rural town in Ghana.

This article is part of a larger project on social and cultural meanings of growing old in a rural community of Ghana, the fieldwork for which was carried out between 1994 and 2000. It deals with ideas and practices concerning sex among the elderly. Informal conversations were held with individual elders and with groups of people that were, middle-aged and young. Sex was generally regarded as a matter of "strength", which was diminishing at old age. For men the concept of strength specifically referred to sexual potency, whereas for women "strength" was part of a more general feeling of physical power and the ability to perform the many activities expected from being a man's sexual partner. Sex at old age is looked at with a considerable amount of ambivalence. On the one hand, it is something that the elderly should have left behind them. On the other hand, sex confirms the vitality and status of the elder. If sex is practised at old age, it should be orderly and restrained, "respectful".

Aged↗
PubMed1999

Lifeboat versus corporate ethic: social and demographic implications of stem and joint families.

We contrast stem and joint family systems, to show how differences in norms of inheritance and residence profoundly influence our values and social constructs. They shape how people evaluate each other and patterns of conflict and cooperation within and between generations. Through this, they influence many fundamental aspects of social organization and behaviour. These influence health outcomes through categorizing people into those whose health is encouraged to prosper or to fail. It also influences a wide range of other outcomes, including strategies of household resource management; migration; ways of exploiting commercial opportunities and the operation of civil society. A number of hypotheses are developed about the nature of these interrelationships, some of which are substantiated empirically and others which can be tested.

Culture↗
PubMed1999

Infant feeding practices of low-income, African-American, adolescent mothers: an ecological, multigenerational perspective.

The early introduction of non-milk foods among African-American infants has been well documented. Several studies report the addition of semi-solids as early as 1-2 weeks of age. This study investigated, through ethnographic, repeat indepth interviews with teen mothers and grandmothers of infants, the determinants of such feeding practices and the inter-generational factors involved in infant feeding decision-making. Nineteen adolescent mothers were recruited from Baltimore City WIC programs. The teen mothers were interviewed in their homes during four separate visits and the grandmothers at least twice. Ethnographic field guides focused on questions about what, why and how infants were fed and on the 'ethnotheories' of parenting and infant care in this population. All interviews were taped and transcripts were analyzed using text retrieval software. Results confirmed that it is the cultural norm to feed cereal in the bottle and to feed other semi-solid foods within the first month of life. Most grandmothers played the dominant role in deciding what the infant should eat and the timing of the introduction of solids. This pattern occurred both because grandmothers had extensive physical access to their grandchildren and because teen mothers were dependent upon grandmothers. The use of qualitative research methods, with an ecological, multi-generational focus, provides a rich description of the context within which infant feeding decisions are made.

Adolescent↗