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PubMed1984

Some further studies on the prediction of experimental colds in volunteers by psychological factors.

An analysis of the incidence of colds in volunteers, exposed experimentally to various rhinovirus and influenza virus challenges, confirmed an earlier report that assessments of virus shedding show a higher degree of infection by rhinovirus in Introverts than they do in Extroverts. The influenza trials however did not show such an effect. In addition, people with higher scores on a widely used self-report inventory of mild psychoneurotic symptoms tended to show more evidence of increased nasal secretion after infection by either type of virus. The specific scale showing the latter effect most clearly was that of Obsessional Symptoms. Taking account of these psychological factors greatly increased the sensitivity of a study of the beneficial effects of interferon.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed1995

The lateralized processing of affect in emotionally labile extraverts and introverts: central and autonomic effects.

The purpose of the present study was to better understand both the lateralized hemispheric processing of emotion and the differential neural processing of arousal in extraverts and introverts. We preselected right-handed male and female extraverts and introverts who were high in emotional lability. Each subject was exposed to two positive and two negative emotional stimuli under each of three counterbalanced conditions, including affective, cognitive, and neutral, while EEG and electrodermal activity (EDA) were recorded. Results showed that introverts are more aroused and that extraversion interacts with gender to produce differentiated patterns of lateralized neural activity. In addition, affective conditions produced higher levels of arousal than did cognitive or neutral conditions, particularly in the left hemisphere and under negative as opposed to positive stimuli. Finally, the hemispherically differentiated processing of positive and negative stimuli was affected by the contextual conditions under which they were experienced.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

The phobic stimuli response scales: a new self-report measure of fear.

Data from two large undergraduate samples were used to develop the phobic stimuli response scales (PSRS). Factor analyses of data from the first sample (N = 380) led to the creation of several scales, two of which (Social and Blood-Injection Fears) demonstrated good reliability and convergent validity. Analyses of data from a second sample (N = 330) were used to modify the three remaining scales (Animal, Bodily Harm, and Physical Confinement Fears), which also showed sound psychometric properties. As predicted, the PSRS were differentially correlated with neuroticism and extraversion, which may represent predisposing factors for these phobic responses. These new scales improve our understanding of the individual differences that are associated with various fears.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Relationship between IFN-gamma production by blood lymphocytes and constitutional personality features of patients with idiopathic mitral valve prolapse.

Psychological testing using Eysenck Personality Inventory and immunological testing of 75 patients with idiopathic mitral valve prolapse revealed low production of interferon-gamma by blood lymphocytes and a correlation between interferon-gamma production and patient's temperament. Low neuroticism and extroversion scores were found in patients with normal interferon-gamma production. High neuroticism score was detected in 82% patients with lowest interferon-gamma production, which refers these patients to a group at high immunological risk and prompts the use of interferon and/or its inductors in complex therapy of these patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Counselor and client personality as determinants of counselor expectancy effects.

Seventy-eight students enrolled in summer-session college courses were randomly assigned to serve either as counselors or as clients for a 20-min, role-played peer counseling session. All of the subjects completed a battery of standardized personality measures. Each counselor interacted with two clients. Prior to the sessions, the counselor was led to believe that one of the clients was especially introverted and that the other client was especially extraverted. Dependent measures were based on clients' change scores on a mood adjective rating scale administered before and after the peer counseling sessions. Analyses showed that counselors who were more successful at biasing their clients in the direction of their expectancies (a) scored higher on measures of Dogmatism, Nurturance, and Social Recognition, (b) scored lower on Impulsivity, and (c) were more likely to be women. Clients who were more susceptible to counselor bias scored higher on the Self-Monitoring Scale, the Self-Monitoring Other-Directedness subscale, and Social Recognition. These results are discussed in light of previous research and their implications for research on interpersonal expectancy effects.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Injury proneness and personality.

The aim of this research was to investigate some personality factors among groups of 43 physically injured inpatients and 43 non-injured hospital-based controls. The participants completed the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ) and the Coping Styles Questionnaire (CSQ). Logistic regression was used to compare the two groups on six psychological risk factors. The univariate regression models suggested three possible risk factors: extraversion, sensitization, and avoidance coping style. The multivariate regression model supported only extraversion and sensitization of emotion. Next, patients in the experimental group were questioned about whether they had considered preventive measures before the accident and whether they felt responsible for their injuries. Correlation analysis showed that introverted subjects felt more responsible for the sustained injuries than their extraverted counterparts. Sensitizers and subjects who scored high on psychoticism, neuroticism, and emotional coping had not considered preventive measures as often as others. Finally, the principal component analysis of risk factors was used to extract two correlates of injury-prone behaviour: extraversion and sensitized avoidance. It was concluded that psychological factors play an important role in predicting injury that is significant enough to require inpatient treatment. Two potential mechanisms of psychological impact have been suggested, notably distraction in extraverted subjects and overestimation in sensitizing avoiders.

Accident Prevention↗
PubMed2002

"On the Internet no one knows I'm an introvert": extroversion, neuroticism, and Internet interaction.

Social communication is one of the most common reasons for using the Internet. This paper examines how the personality characteristics of the user affect the meaning and importance of Internet social interaction in comparison with "real life," face-to-face interactions. Forty subjects all of whom were familiar with using "chat" participated in this study. After a at" session, they were instructed to answer several questionnaires. It was found that introverted and neurotic people locate their "real me" on the Internet, while extroverts and nonneurotic people locate their "real me" through traditional social interaction. The implications of our results for understanding the user-net interaction, the "real-me" location, extroversion, neuroticism, and Internet interaction, and the treatment of social phobics are examined.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Adult age differences in personality traits in the United States and the People's Republic of China.

Life experiences for corresponding age cohorts in the United States (US) and the People's Republic of China (PRC) have been dramatically different. If cohort effects account for cross-sectional age differences in mean levels of personality traits, different patterns of age differences should be seen in samples from the US and the PRC. The present study examined scores on scales from the California Psychological Inventory (CPI; Gough, 1987) in US (N = 348, age = 19-92 years) and PRC (N = 2,093, age = 18-67 years) samples. Very similar patterns of age correlations were seen. To compare results to other cross-cultural studies, CPI scales were interpreted in terms of the Five-Factor Model (FFM) of personality; an FFM Age-Relatedness Index based on American data accurately predicted CPI age correlations not only in the US but also in the PRC sample. Results are consistent with the hypothesis that there are universal intrinsic maturational changes in personality.

Adolescent↗