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PubMed2000

Fn-type chicory inulin hydrolysate has a prebiotic effect in humans.

The partial enzymatic hydrolysis of chicory inulin (GFn; 2 < or =n < or =60) yields an oligofructose preparation that is composed of both GFn-type and Fn-type oligosaccharides (2 < or =n < or =7; 2 < or =m < or =7), where G is glucose, F is fructose, and n is the number of beta(2-->1) bound fructose moieties. Human studies have shown that feeding GFn-type oligomers significantly modifies the composition of the fecal microflora especially by increasing the number of bifidobacteria. The experiments reported here were used to test the hypothesis that the Fn-type molecules have the same property. During a controlled feeding study, 8 volunteers (5 females and 3 males) consumed 8 g/d of an Fn-rich product for up to 5 wk. Fecal samples were collected and analyzed for total anaerobes, bifidobacteria, lactobacilli, bacteroides, coliforms and Clostridium perfringens. Both 2 and 5 wk of oligofructose feeding resulted in a selective increase in bifidobacteria (P<0.01). In addition, a daily intake of 8 g of the Fn-type oligofructose preparation reduced fecal pH and caused little intestinal discomfort.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Prebiotic inulin enriched with oligofructose in combination with the probiotics Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Bifidobacterium lactis modulates intestinal immune functions in rats.

Probiotics (PRO) modulate systemic immunity in animals and humans. In contrast, the effects of prebiotics (PRE) on systemic and intestinal immunity have not been investigated. Whether the combined application of PRO and PRE [synbiotics (SYN)] has synergistic or additive effects is presently unknown. Therefore, PRO (Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and Bifidobacterium lactis Bb12), PRE (inulin enriched with oligofructose), and SYN (combination of PRO and PRE) were fed to F344 rats for 4 wk as supplements to a high fat diet. Functions of immune cells isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), spleen, mesenterial lymph nodes and Peyer's patches (PP) were investigated. The SYN supplement increased secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) production in the ileum compared with controls fed the high fat diet alone (P<0.05), and decreased the oxidative burst activity of blood neutrophils (P<0.05) compared with rats fed PRO. The PRE supplement enhanced the production of interleukin-10 (P<0.05) in PP as well as the production of sIgA in the cecum (P<0.05), compared with controls. The PRO supplement modestly affected immune functions, whereas systemic immunomodulatory effects were observed in rats fed SYN. The PRE supplement primarily acted at the level of the gut-associated lymphoid tissue. The combined application of PRO and PRE has different effects from those of the individual supplements, but does not simply result in additive or synergistic effects.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Time course of inulin and creatinine clearance in the interval between two haemodialysis treatments.

BACKGROUND: Urinary volume of haemodialysis patients with residual renal function increases during the interdialytic interval. The contribution of GFR to this change in water and solute excretion has not been quantified in detail. The creatinine clearance (Clc) as a determinant of the GFR may overestimate GFR caused by the tubular secretion of creatinine. Cimetidine has been used to inhibit the secretion of creatinine in non-dialysed patients. No data are available on its usefulness in haemodialysis patients. METHODS: Two identical interdialytic intervals (DI) of 3 days (DI-1, DI-2) were investigated in 11 patients. The interval between DI-1 and DI-2 was 1 week. During DI-2 cimetidine 800 mg daily was administered. Each DI was divided in four urine-collection periods. RESULTS: The water and solute excretion in DI-1 and DI-2 were similar. Urinary production increased from 0.37 +/- 0.30 ml/min to 0.66 +/- 0.33 ml/min (P < 0.05), inulin clearance (Cli) increased from 1.8 +/- 1.1 ml/min to 2.7 +/- 1.2 ml/min (P < 0.05), fractional sodium excretion from 9.0 +/- 5.7% to 14.5 +/- 9.0% (P < 0.05). In contrast to Cli the Clc showed no increase during the interdialytic interval both in DI-1 and DI-2. The overestimation of GFR by creatinine (Clc-Cli) decreased during DI-1 from 1.35 +/- 1.69 ml/min to 0.26 +/- 0.60 (P < 0.05) and during DI-2 from 1.01 +/- 1.33 ml/min to 0.10 +/- 0.67 (P < 0.01). The ratio Clc/Cli decreased during DI-1 from 1.78 +/- 0.53 to 1.09 +/- 0.19 (P < 0.01) and during DI-2 from 2.02 +/- 1.13 to 1.05 +/- 0.30 (P < 0.01). All parameters were not different between the comparable days of DI-1 and DI-2. CONCLUSION: We conclude that the urinary volume in the interdialytic interval is directly related to changes in GFR. During the interdialytic interval GFR increased and tubular secretion of creatinine decreased. The administration of cimetidine did not improve the accuracy of Clc as a measurement of GFR in end-stage renal failure.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Inulin exclusion volume of sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles under various solvent conditions.

The inulin exclusion volume of sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles was studied using the ultracentrifugation method, after equilibrium penetration of solutes had been established under various solvent conditions. The intravesicular volume in equilibrium decreases with increasing salt concentration, while it does not change with neutral molecules. The concentrations of salt ions which caused the intravesicular volume to decrease to a half of the maximal volume were as follows; about 200 mM for KCl and NaCl, about 30 mM for CaCl2 and MgCl2. The mechanism of the volume change can be explained in terms of the Donnan pressure model on the basis of the existence of fixed charges inside the vesicles.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Comparative evaluation of urographic contrast media, inulin, and 99mTc-DTPA clearance methods for determination of glomerular filtration rate in clinical transplantation.

Plasma clearance of inulin (Cin), 99mTc-DTPA (CDTPA), and urographic contrast media (CCM) were determined simultaneously in 31 patients with varying levels of renal function evaluated in the setting of affiliated cardiac and renal transplantation programs. Cin and CDTPA were calculated from the ratio of simultaneously measured plasma concentration and urine excretion rate of these test agents (UxV/P). CCM was derived from x-ray fluorescence measurement of plasma iodine (PI) content following intravenous injection of 50 ml of nonionic, low-osmolar contrast media (180 mg I/ml). Urine collections were not required for CCM determinations. No adverse reactions attributable to CM occurred in any patient, and follow-up serum-creatinine values did not differ significantly from prestudy levels. CCM determined from the rate of decline in PI between 3 hr and 4 hr following administration of contrast media ("slope-intercept" technique) [Ccm-SI] correlated closely with corresponding levels of Cin (r = .86, P less than 0.0001). and CDTPA (r = 0.89, P less than 0.0001). Mean CCM-SI/Cin and CCM-SI/CDTPA ratios for the entire study cohort were 1.09 +/- 0.06 and 1.08 +/- 0.06, respectively. CCM-SI determinations also correlated well with CCM levels derived from a single measurement of PI ("single sample" technique) made at 3 hr following injection of contrast media (r = 0.94, P less than 0.0001). Both CCM-SI and CCM determined by the "single sample" method (CCM-3 degrees SS) tended to overestimate Cin and CDTPA, however, when the latter were less than 20 ml/min/1.73 m2 (mean CCM-SI/Cin and Ccm-3 degrees SS/Cin ratios 1.36 +/- 0.14 and 1.95 +/- 1.0, respectively. Reproducibility was evaluated by paired comparison of 3-hr vs. 4-hr "single sample" CCM determinations (r = 0.99, P less than 0.0001). In addition, analysis of the variation in iodine content between duplicate specimens obtained at each of these time intervals revealed a mean ratio of 1.0 +/- 0.01 (P = NS vs. identity). Contrast clearance determination utilizing the slope-intercept method is accurate, safe, pragmatic, and more precise than serum-creatinine and endogenous-creatinine clearance for measurement of renal function in clinical transplantation.

Contrast Media↗
PubMed1995

Conventional measurement of renal function utilizing serum creatinine, creatinine clearance, inulin and para-aminohippuric acid clearance.

Inulin and para-aminohippuric acid clearances, determined by the conventional method of continuous intravenous infusion with blood and urine sample collections, are the gold standards for estimating glomerular filtration rate and renal plasma flow, respectively. Creatinine clearance provides a reasonably good estimate of glomerular filtration rate but is still subject to errors in accuracy and precision. However, novel methods employing cimetidine to block renal tubular creatinine secretion hold promise for improving the accuracy of estimates. More importantly, a large (and growing) number of studies have consistently demonstrated that estimating glomerular filtration rate by creatinine clearance calculated from the Cockcroft-Gault formula is better than measuring creatinine clearance with a 24-h urine collection. Until newer, more simple methods are developed, calculating creatinine clearance using fasting serum creatinine level, body weight, age and sex provides a reasonable and clinically useful bedside measure of glomerular filtration rate for the practising clinician.

Creatinine↗
PubMed2006

Effect of chicory products with different inulin content on rat caecum physiology.

A 4-week experiment carried out on rats addressed the analysis of physiological properties of model casein diets supplemented with 5% cellulose or different preparations of chicory roots: flour, pulp, high- and low-molecular inulin (IN(HM) and IN(LM) respectively). Of all preparations, only pulp did not induce the hypertrophy of caecum walls or an increase in the bulk of caecal digesta. Chicory preparations lowered caecal pH and ammonia concentration (except IN(LM) preparation), evoked increased hydration of caecal digesta and protein content. The highest concentration of volatile fatty acids (VFA) was observed in rats fed a diet containing chicory pulp and IN(HM), whereas the lowest VFA concentration was reported after the administration of an IN(LM)-containing diet. The VFA pool was the highest in rats receiving a diet supplemented with chicory flour. All preparations examined diminished the coefficient of protein digestibility but not decrease nitrogen retention. The lowest levels of glucose and total cholesterol, at concurrently the highest level of HDL fraction, were recorded in serum of rats fed IN(LM). A distinct increase in intestinal wall and intestinal digesta, as well as the highest production of VFA and the lowest pH of caecal digesta indicate that chicory flour ingested to a semi-synthetic diet had the most profitable effect on the functioning of rat caecum, compared with other chicory products. Compared with the IN(HM), the preparation of IN(LM) increased caecal wall hypertrophy without increasing VFA production, still simultaneously increasing ammonia content and pH of caecal digesta, decreasing the total cholesterol concentration and increasing HDL content in serum.

Ammonia↗
PubMed1971

Determination of the renal clearance of inulin in rats: lowered values at low urine flow rates.

The renal clearance of inulin (ClIN) was measured in anaesthetized male rats using a continuous intravenous infusion method.ClIN was independent of urine flow rate provided this was greater than 0.03 ml/minute.At flow rates lower than this, CIIN was reduced and appeared to correlate with the rate of flow.In experiments where a constant kidney function is required. e.g., pharmacokinetic studies, it is advisable to maintain urine, flow rates in the rat above 0.03 ml/minute.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Effect of regular ingestion of Saccharomyces boulardii plus inulin or Lactobacillus acidophilus LB in children colonized by Helicobacter pylori.

AIM: To evaluate the effect of a probiotic, Lactobacillus acidophilus LB (LB), or a synbiotic, Saccharomyces boulardii plus inulin (SbI), on Helicobacter pylori (Hp) colonization in children. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A clinical trial was carried out in a school from a low socio-economic area of Santiago. Two hundred and fifty-four asymptomatic children (8.40+/-1.62 y) were screened for Hp by the (13)C-Urea Breath Test ((13)C-UBT). Hp-positive children were randomly distributed into three groups to receive either antibiotic treatment (lanzoprazole, clarythromycin and amoxicillin) for 8 d, or SbI or LB daily for 8 wk. A second (13)C-UBT was carried out at this time. Spontaneous clearance was evaluated in the same way in 81 infected, untreated children. The differences in the delta(13)CO(2) over baseline values before and after treatments (?DOB) were evaluated. RESULTS: 182 subjects (71.7%) were colonized by Hp, and 141 of them completed their treatment (22.5% dropout). Hp was eradicated in 66%, 12% and 6.5% of the children from the Ab, SbI and LB groups, respectively, while no spontaneous clearance was observed in the children without treatment. A moderate but significant difference in ?DOB was detected in children receiving living SbI (-6.31; 95% CI: -11.84 to -0.79), but not in those receiving LB (+0.70; 95% CI: -5.84 to +7.24). CONCLUSION: S. boulardii seems promising as an agent that interferes with Hp in colonized individuals. More studies are needed to confirm these results and to elucidate the mechanisms by which Sb inhibits Hp.

Child↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A comparison of inulin, para-aminohippuric acid, and endogenous creatinine clearances as measures of renal function in neonatal foals.

The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was estimated in eight full-term neonatal foals by the single injection inulin plasma clearance method at two days of age, the continuous infusion plasma and urinary clearance methods at three days of age, and the 12-hour endogenous creatinine clearance method at four days of age. The effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) was estimated simultaneously by the single injection para-aminohippuric acid (PAH) plasma clearance method in the eight two-day old foals and the continuous PAH infusion plasma and urinary clearance method in the eight three-day old foals. The GFR (+/- 1 SEM), as determined from the single injection plasma clearance method, was 2.30 +/- 0.34 mL/kg/min; by continuous infusion plasma clearance 2.56 +/- 0.30 mL/kg/min; by continuous infusion urinary clearance 2.82 +/- 0.32 mL/kg/min; and by 12-hour endogenous creatinine clearance 2.81 +/- 0.55 mL/kg/min. Effective renal plasma flow (+/- 1 SEM) measured by the single injection plasma clearance method was 15.22 +/- 1.5 mL/kg/min, by continuous infusion plasma clearance was 18.21 +/- 2.0 mL/kg/min. and by continuous infusion urinary clearance it was 11.95 +/- 1.9 mL/kg/min. The results of these methods were not statistically different. On a per kilogram body weight basis, the full-term neonatal foal's GFR and ERPF was determined to be comparable with adult equine GFR and ERPF.

Animals↗
PubMed1966

The size of the sucrose, raffinose, and inulin spaces in the gastrocnemius muscle of the rat.

1. The sucrose, raffinose and inulin spaces within the gastrocnemius of the female rat have been estimated at 12.0 +/- 2.2%, 10.7 +/- 0.6%, and 10.0 +/- 0.3% respectively, expressed as a percentage of the total muscle volume.2. The mucopolysaccharide and hexosamine contents of the gastrocnemius have been found to be inversely dependent upon the weight of the muscle.3. The possibility that a relation exists between the saccharide spaces and the muscle musopolysaccharide content has been discussed in terms of saccharide molecular radii.

Animals↗
PubMed1970

The penetration of inulin, sucrose, mannitol and tritiated water from the interstitial space in muscle into the vascular system.

1. An isolated gastrocnemius muscle from cat was perfused with a modified Ringer fluid containing the extracellular tracers mannitol, sucrose and inulin and in some cases tritiated water (HTO). When equilibration of the tracers between the perfusate and the tissue was obtained, perfusion with tracer-free fluid was started.2. The fractional rate of escape, Phi (t), of the tracers was followed. For all tracers it declined steadily with time. The rate of decline was faster for the smaller extracellular molecules when any combination of two extracellular tracers was studied.3. Arrest of flow for 1-2 min lead to an increase in Phi (t) for the extracellular tracers when flow was resumed. There was little or no effect upon Phi (t) for HTO.4. Doubling the rate of flow had no effect upon Phi (t) for the extracellular tracers, while that of HTO increased.5. We conclude that the cause of the decline in Phi (t) for the extracellular tracers is concentration gradients in the interstitial space. The findings raise problems in methods for studying capillary permeability by means of the fractional rate of escape of tracers from the interstitial space into the vascular system.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

The distribution time of intravenously injected raffinose and inulin in intact animals and the effect thereon of sex and infusion of oxytocin.

1. In anaesthetized dogs whose renal pedicles were ligated the distribution time for I.V. administered raffinose was noted. In males the plasma concentration of raffinose fell for 7-10 min from the time of injection and in females it fell for 12-15 min; thereafter in both sexes the plasma concentration remained constant. 2. During I.V. infusion of oxytocin 10 mug/kg. min, the distribution time for raffinose was 12-16 min in males and 4-6 min in females. 3. During the period before stabilization of plasma concentration the concentration of raffinose was higher in the femoral artery than in the vein in both sexes. 4. In anaesthetized rats whose renal pedicles were ligated the distribution time for I.V. injected inulin was 7-8 min in males and 5 min in females. 5. Following alpha-adrenoceptor blockade with phentolamine the distribution time in both male and female rats was 14-15 min. 6. The sex differences in distribution time, both in normal and oxytocin-treated dogs, may be related to the state of contraction and differential sensitivity or pre- and post-capillary blood vessels and hence, of capillary pressure.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Elucidation of enzymes in fermentation pathways used by Clostridium thermosuccinogenes growing on inulin.

Based on the presence and absence of enzyme activities, the biochemical pathways for the fermentation of inulin by Clostridium thermosuccinogenes DSM 5809 are proposed. Activities of nine enzymes (lactate dehydrogenase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase, malate dehydrogenase, fumarase, fumarate reductase, phosphotransacetylase, acetate kinase, pyruvate kinase, and alcohol dehydrogenase) were measured at four temperatures (37, 47, 58, and 70 degrees C). Each of the enzymes increased 1.5 to 2.0-fold in activity between 37 and 58 degrees C, but only lactate dehydrogenase, fumarate reductase, malate dehydrogenase, and fumarase increased at a similar rate between 58 and 70 degrees C. No acetate kinase activity was observed at 70 degrees C. Arrhenius energies were calculated for each of these nine enzymes and were in the range of 9.8 to 25.6 kcal/mol. To determine if a relationship existed between product formation and enzyme activity, serum bottle fermentations were completed at the four temperatures. Maximum yields (in moles per mole hexose unit) for succinate (0.23) and acetate (0.79) and for biomass (29.5 g/mol hexose unit) occurred at 58 degrees C, whereas the maximum yields for lactate (0.19) and hydrogen (0.25) and the lowest yields for acetate (0.03) and biomass (19.2 g/mol hexose unit) were observed at 70 degrees C. The ratio of oxidized products to reduced products changed significantly, from 0.52 to 0.65, with an increase in temperature from 58 to 70 degrees C, and there was an unexplained detection of increased reduced products (ethanol, lactate, and hydrogen) with a concomitant decrease in oxidized-product formation at the higher temperature.

Acetates↗
PubMed1981

Rise in inulin-sensitive B cells during ontogeny can be prematurely stimulated by thymus-dependent and thymus-independent antigens.

We have shown that the delayed acquisition of competence in expression of an anti-inulin (IN) response by neonatal BALB/c mice is preceded by a natural increase in the frequency of IN-sensitive B cells between 3 to 5 weeks of life. Up until 3 weeks of age, BALB/c mice resemble adult germfree mice in their low frequency of IN-sensitive B cells (1 to 2/10(6) B cells). Thereafter, the population of IN-reactive B cells rises about 10-fold to the young adult level, without deliberate immunization. This naturally expanded population of IN-reactive cells has an isotype profile resembling populations arising after intentional priming with other antigens in that it contained a large proportion of cells which generated clones expressing immunoglobulin G and immunoglobulin A isotypes, often without detectable immunoglobulin M. The late rise in frequency of IN-sensitive precursors could be induced prematurely by deliberate priming at 3 days of age with either the thymus-dependent antigen IN-hemocyanin or the thymus-independent bacterial levan. However, no circulating anti-IN could be detected following this early administration of antigen. Thus, the delayed expression of anti-IN does not reflect an absence of B cells of the appropriate specificity which can be stimulated to divide by antigen but rather other events occurring subsequent to perinatal generation of antigen-sensitive cells. Our observations support a role for the beta2 --> 1 fructosyl group as an environmental determinant which selectively expands out preexisting antigen-sensitive B cells at 3 to 5 weeks of age and these include clonotypes which express the predominant anti-IN idiotypes.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Effects of Lactobacillus casei Shirota, Bifidobacterium breve, and oligofructose-enriched inulin on colonic nitrogen-protein metabolism in healthy humans.

Pre- and/or probiotics can cause changes in the ecological balance of intestinal microbiota and hence influence microbial metabolic activities. In the present study, the influence of oligofructose-enriched inulin (OF-IN), Lactobacillus casei Shirota, and Bifidobacterium breve Yakult on the colonic fate of NH3 and p-cresol was investigated. A randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover study was performed in 20 healthy volunteers to evaluate the influence of short- and long-term administration of OF-IN, L. casei Shirota, B. breve Yakult, and the synbiotic L. casei Shirota + OF-IN. The lactose[15N,15N]ureide biomarker was used to study the colonic fate of NH3. Urine and fecal samples were analyzed for 15N content by combustion-isotope ratio mass spectrometery and for p-cresol content by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. RT-PCR was applied to determine the levels of total bifidobacteria. Both short- and long-term administration of OF-IN resulted in significantly decreased urinary p-cresol and 15N content. The reduction of urinary 15N excretion after short-term OF-IN intake was accompanied by a significant increase in the 15N content of the fecal bacterial fraction. However, this effect was not observed after long-term OF-IN intake. In addition, RT-PCR results indicated a significant increase in total fecal bifidobacteria after long-term OF-IN intake. Long-term L. casei Shirota and B. breve Yakult intake showed a tendency to decrease urinary 15N excretion, whereas a significant decrease was noted in p-cresol excretion. In conclusion, dietary addition of OF-IN, L. casei Shirota, and B. breve Yakult results in a favorable effect on colonic NH3 and p-cresol metabolism, which, in the case of OF-IN, was accompanied by an increase in total fecal bifidobacteria.

Adult↗