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At least 451 records · Page 25Linked to original sources
PubMed1997

Learning navigational maps through potentiation and modulation of hippocampal place cells.

We analyze a model of navigational map formation based on correlation-based, temporally asymmetric potentiation and depression of synapses between hippocampal place cells. We show that synaptic modification during random exploration of an environment shifts the location encoded by place cell activity in such a way that it indicates the direction from any location to a fixed target avoiding walls and other obstacles. Multiple maps to different targets can be simultaneously stored if we introduce target-dependent modulation of place cell activity. Once maps to a number of target locations in a given environment have been stored, novel maps to previously unknown target locations are automatically constructed by interpolation between existing maps.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Hyperactivity in children: a focus on genetic research and psychological theories.

Hyperactivity has attracted a large amount of research interest in recent years. Here we review developments in genetic research and in research testing psychological theories of the condition. Family, adoptee and twin studies indicate a strong role for genetic factors in the etiology of hyperactivity. Evidence is emerging also from molecular genetic studies, implicating specific genes that may be involved. At the level of cognitive functioning, a divided, focused or sustained attention deficit does not seem to be a 'core' deficit in hyperactivity. Although children with hyperactivity often perform poorly on certain executive function tasks, there is disagreement about the interpretation of these findings. The association reported in some studies between a slow inhibitory process and hyperactivity may reflect a generally slow, variable in speed and inaccurate pattern of responding. Hypotheses about psychological mechanisms such as state regulation or delay aversion provide alternative, and particularly encouraging, interpretations of the findings. We discuss the possible integration of the two lines of research--those of genetic research and research on psychological mechanisms.

Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity↗
PubMed2001

Population pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic model of craving in an enforced smoking cessation population: indirect response and probabilistic modeling.

PURPOSE: A population pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic model accounting for placebo effect was used to relate nicotine concentration and enforced smoking cessation craving score measured by the Tiffany rating scale short form. METHODS: Twenty-four smokers were enrolled in a placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind, three periods, crossover trial. The study objective was to describe the nicotine-induced changes on craving scores. Two modeling strategies based on a mechanistic (indirect response models with drug-related inhibition on the k(in) synthesis rate and with a drug-related stimulation of the k(out) removal rate were evaluated) and a probabilistic (logistic regression) approach were used. RESULTS: Placebo response model properly fitted the circadian changes on craving scores. The analysis revealed that the indirect response model with inhibition on k(in) was the preferred model for the smoking data whereas the preferred model for the Nicotine Replacement Therapy data was the one with stimulation on k(out). The logistic analysis showed that the nicotine concentration was a significant predictor of reduction in craving during the free-smoking period. CONCLUSIONS: Nicotine dosage regimen can influence the nicotine mechanism of action: an instantaneous delivery at an individually selected time seems to inhibit the onset of craving while constant delivery at a pre-defined time seems to attenuate the craving.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Assessment of exposure to political violence and other potentially traumatizing events. A critical review.

This paper focuses on the common use of internal-consistency reliability, test-retest, and interrater correlations based on counts of events, events sampling, and factor-analytic techniques in assessment of exposure to political violence and other potentially traumatizing events. The author attributes the continued use of these strategies to a tendency among researchers to identify items from conventional events lists as effect indicators. Through a discussion of four alternative measurement models, the rationale is provided for the proposition that exposure to political violence and similar constructs should be treated as composite variables with causal indicators, rather than as latent variables with effect indicators.

Bias↗
PubMed1998

Swinging: a review of the literature.

No review of the topic of swinging has been done in the last 20 years. This review is intended to update the literature. Studies estimating the incidence of swinging, the demographic and personality characteristics of swingers, along with how swingers are perceived by nonswingers are reviewed. Numerous theories explaining this behavior have been presented with a social psychological model being the primary focus here. Major reasons for getting involved in swinging, initiation into the lifestyle, effects on marriage, and dropping out of swinging are also covered. Finally, the literature dealing with some of the major problems with swinging, focusing on AIDS, are also discussed, along with the current state of swinging and suggestions for future research.

Extramarital Relations↗
PubMed1999

The application of latent curve analysis to testing developmental theories in intervention research.

The effectiveness of a prevention or intervention program has traditionally been assessed using time-specific comparisons of mean levels between the treatment and the control groups. However, many times the behavior targeted by the intervention is naturally developing over time, and the goal of the treatment is to alter this natural or normative developmental trajectory. Examining time-specific mean levels can be both limiting and potentially misleading when the behavior of interest is developing systematically over time. It is argued here that there are both theoretical and statistical advantages associated with recasting intervention treatment effects in terms of normative and altered developmental trajectories. The recently developed technique of latent curve (LC) analysis is reviewed and extended to a true experimental design setting in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment intervention or a control condition. LC models are applied to both artificially generated and real intervention data sets to evaluate the efficacy of an intervention program. Not only do the LC models provide a more comprehensive understanding of the treatment and control group developmental processes compared to more traditional fixed-effects models, but LC models have greater statistical power to detect a given treatment effect. Finally, the LC models are modified to allow for the computation of specific power estimates under a variety of conditions and assumptions that can provide much needed information for the planning and design of more powerful but cost-efficient intervention programs for the future.

Case-Control Studies↗
PubMed1998

Assessing culturally different students for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder using behavior rating scales.

Behavior rating scales are commonly used in the assessment of attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, there is little information available concerning the extent to which scales are valid with culturally different students. This study explored the use of the ADHD-IV Rating Scale School Version with male Caucasian (CA) and African American (AA) students from ages 5 to 18 years. Teachers rated AA students higher on all symptoms across all age groups. LISREL analysis indicated that scale does not perform identically across groups. This was supported by the results of multidimensional scaling with suggested that there is a different relation between items across groups. Implications for research and practice are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Cognitive psychology and self-reports: models and methods.

This article describes the models and methods that cognitive psychologists and survey researchers use to evaluate and experimentally test cognitive issues in questionnaire design and subsequently improve self-report instruments. These models and methods assess the cognitive processes underlying how respondents comprehend and generate answers to self-report questions. Cognitive processing models are briefly described. Non-experimental methods--expert cognitive review, cognitive task analysis, focus groups, and cognitive interviews--are described. Examples are provided of how these methods were effectively used to identify cognitive self-report issues. Experimental methods--cognitive laboratory experiments, field tests, and experiments embedded in field surveys--are described. Examples are provided of: (a) how laboratory experiments were designed to test the capability and accuracy of respondents in performing the cognitive tasks required to answer self-report questions, (b) how a field experiment was conducted in which a cognitively designed questionnaire was effectively tested against the original questionnaire, and (c) how a cognitive experiment embedded in a field survey was conducted to test cognitive predictions.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed2004

Ego constriction.

The terms ego constriction, ego inhibition, and ego restriction have not been clearly differentiated in their usage in the literature. In this paper a rationale for "ego constriction" as an entity distinct from both ego inhibition and ego restriction is given, despite its clear similarities to each. In a person with an ego inhibition, the ego inhibits a part of its own functioning because a particular function is linked to an unacceptable impulse. It is an internalized conflict. The person with an ego restriction, in contrast, avoids psychological pain triggered from an area in the outside world by restricting activity in that area. Like each of these problems but different, a person with an ego constriction first externalizes an internalized conflict associated with important functions or activities. Then, only through a series of particular obligatory steps can the person "overcome" the ego constriction--albeit temporarily. It is noted in this paper that the function of the specified obligatory steps is structurally parallel to the rigid obligatory behavior necessary for genital gratification in the perversions. As the recognition of this distinction arose in the course of an analysis of a mental health professional, something of the necessarily shared nature of analytic work is noticeable, shining through as the background for the work of this paper.

Conflict, Psychological↗
PubMed2001

Somatization and chronic pain.

The experience of pain is related not only to tissue damage and physical illness, but also to mental phenomena including depression, anxiety and somatization. Somatization is common among chronic pain patients and presents special problems in management and treatment. Somatoform patients are often given inappropriate diagnoses, treated for non-existent depressive disorders, and exposed to multiple, superfluous investigations. Psychological models of chronic pain and somatization are presented, and treatment issues including psychotherapy and the use of antidepressants are discussed.

Antidepressive Agents↗
PubMed2003

Personality traits in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients with and without fatigue experience.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the impact of personality characteristics on feelings of fatigue in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients and to compare the results with the impact of bodily impairment. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Eighty patients with definite MS (mean age 38.5 +/- 9.0 years, 62 females) were surveyed using questionnaires assessing fatigue experience and personality traits (German Freiburg Personality Inventory-Revised; FPI-R) and by clinical examination assessing the Expanded Disability Status Scale. RESULTS: Increased levels of "neuroticism", and "excitability" and decreased levels of "extraversion" were found to relate independent of fatigue scores (0.21 < beta < 0.52; 0.05 < P < 0.0001). The impact of these personality traits on fatigue (partial R2 ranging up to 0.32; 0.02 < P < 0.0001) was much higher than the impact of physical impairment (partial R2 ranging up to 0.04; not significant). CONCLUSION: Our results support a psychological model of fatigue in MS. FPI-R-items over-weighted somatic sources of the fatigue syndrome in MS and may specifically relate to fatigue experience in chronical disorders.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Hypnotic analgesia: dissociated experience or dissociated control?

High-hypnotizable subjects (n = 18) were superior to low-hypnotizable subjects (n = 18) in the extent of pain reduction produced by hypnotic analgesia and by a stress-inoculation procedure. However, stress inoculation but not hypnotic analgesia impaired performance on a cognitively demanding task that competed with pain reduction for cognitive resources. This outcome implies that hypnotic analgesia occurs with little or no cognitive effort to reduce pain and challenges the social psychological model of hypnosis. The findings are also inconsistent with the notion of dissociated experience, which proposes that pain and the cognitive efforts to reduce it are cut off from consciousness by an amnesialike barrier. However, the results do support the notion of dissociated control, which proposes that suggestions for hypnotic analgesia directly activate pain reduction and thereby avert the need for cognitive strategies to reduce pain.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Estimating individual influences of behavioral intentions: an application of random-effects modeling to the theory of reasoned action.

Methods are proposed and described for estimating the degree to which relations among variables vary at the individual level. As an example of the methods, M. Fishbein and I. Ajzen's (1975; I. Ajzen & M. Fishbein, 1980) theory of reasoned action is examined, which posits first that an individual's behavioral intentions are a function of 2 components: the individual's attitudes toward the behavior and the subjective norms as perceived by the individual. A second component of their theory is that individuals may weight these 2 components differently in assessing their behavioral intentions. This article illustrates the use of empirical Bayes methods based on a random-effects regression model to estimate these individual influences, estimating an individual's weighting of both of these components (attitudes toward the behavior and subjective norms) in relation to their behavioral intentions. This method can be used when an individual's behavioral intentions, subjective norms, and attitudes toward the behavior are all repeatedly measured. In this case, the empirical Bayes estimates are derived as a function of the data from the individual, strengthened by the overall sample data.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Causal models of adolescent substance use: an examination of gender differences using distribution-free estimators.

On the basis of previous literature (Hays, Widaman, DiMatteo, & Stacey, 1987; Huba, Wingard, & Bentler, 1981), four alternative causal models of substance use were specified, estimated, and evaluated for adequacy of statistical fit for samples of White male (N = 9,164) and female (N = 8,421) adolescents. Results supported the adequacy of a four-variable simplex model, in which alcohol use predicted marijuana use, and marijuana use predicted enhancer and dampener hard drug use. The four-variable simplex model was robust across the male and female adolescent samples. In addition, we found comparisons of maximum likelihood and asymptotically distribution-free estimators to be relatively robust across the causal models specified with respect to the magnitude of the parameter estimates, and with respect to the significance levels of the critical ratios, although chi-square model fit statistics for the maximum likelihood estimates were highly inflated.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Effects of communication, information overlap, and behavioral consistency on consensus in social perception.

Three experiments (N = 69, 162, and 201, respectively) were conducted to test the mathematically derived predictions of the Weighted Average Model (D. A. Kenny, 1991) of consensus in interpersonal perception. Study 1 estimated the effect of perceiver communication. Study 2 estimated the effects of communication and stimulus overlap, and Study 3 estimated the effects of communication, overlap, and target consistency on consensus. The strongest consensus was found when perceivers communicated about highly overlapping information about targets who were cross-situationally consistent. Conversely, the lowest level of consensus was observed when perceivers did not communicate and had nonoverlapping information about targets who were cross-situationally inconsistent. Both stimulus variables (overlap and consistency) and an interpersonal variable (communication) affected consensus as predicted by the Weighted Average Model.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Don't mind if I do: disinhibited eating under cognitive load.

Past research has shown that strong emotional or motivational states can cause normally restrained eaters to overeat. In this article it is argued that simple cognitive load can also disinhibit eating by restrained eaters. Two studies examined this disinhibition effect. In Study 1, restrained and unrestrained eaters were given the opportunity to consume high-calorie food while performing either a high cognitive-load or low cognitive-load task. Restrained eaters consumed more food when under high cognitive load than when under low cognitive load; unrestrained eaters showed the opposite pattern. Study 2 replicated the disinhibition effect and ruled out stress, diminished awareness of food consumption, and ironic rebound as probable mediators. Results suggest that cognitive load may disinhibit consumption by preventing restrained eaters from monitoring the dietary consequences of their eating behavior. Implications for theories of self-regulation are discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗