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PubMed1985

Distribution, excretion and skeletal muscle effects of the mycotoxin [14C]cyclopiazonic acid in rats.

The distribution of the mycotoxin, cyclopiazonic acid (CPA), in tissues and its excretion in urine and faeces was studied in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Radiolabelled CPA was biosynthetically produced by cultures of Penicillium griseofulvum and was administered to rats either intraperitoneally (ip) or intragastrically (ig). Radiolabelled material was excreted in both urine and faeces from rats dosed by either route. There was no excretion of radioactivity as expired 14CO2. Biliary excretion apparently had a major role in the disposition of CPA, since 38% of the dose of radioactivity was excreted in the faeces of ip-dosed rats within 72 hr. Skeletal muscle tissue contained 48% of the radioactive dose 6 hr after either ip or ig administration. At 72 hr, skeletal muscle of the ip-dosed rats contained 3% of the dose, whereas rats dosed ig retained 8% of the dose in muscle. Degeneration was observed in muscle from rats treated with 8 mg CPA/kg/day for 4 days. The results indicate that some of the toxic effects observed in animals exposed to CPA (hyperaesthesia, hypokinesis, abnormal posture, opisthotonos and convulsions) may be due in part to direct effects of the toxin on muscle. Furthermore, if CPA or its metabolic products distributes in the tissues of other animals as it does in the rat, the potential exists for the exposure of humans to this mycotoxin by consumption of the meat of domestic animals fed contaminated feed.

Animals↗

PubMed1986

The mycoflora and some mycotoxins found in acha (Digitaria exilis Stapf) in Plateau State, Nigeria.

Mouldy acha (Digitaria exilis) samples were collected at three different periods of the year from some local government areas of Plateau State and were screened for their mycoflora and for seven mycotoxins. Phoma sorghina was the most common contaminant during the cold dry harmattan period (November-February) and during the humid and wet period (June-October). This was followed by Fusarium moniliforme and then by Aspergillus spp. During the hot and dry period (March-May), Aspergillus spp. were the most prevalent fungi, followed by Fusarium spp. and Phoma sorghina in that order. Zearalenone was the most prevalent mycotoxin in mouldy acha samples collected during the cold and dry period, while aflatoxins were the most prevalent in samples collected during the hot and dry period. Zearalenone was only detected in one of the samples collected during the hot, humid and wet period.

Aflatoxins↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Quantitative analysis of initiating and promoting activities of five mycotoxins in liver carcinogenesis in rats.

The initiating and promoting activities of several mycotoxins were investigated in F344 male rats. N-2-Fluorenylacetamide (2-FAA) was used as an initiator or a promoter and citrinin, ochratoxin A, sterigmatocystin, (+)rugulosin or patulin was administered at a fixed dose for the same period in the initiation stage or the promotion stage. Partial hepatectomy and administration of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) were examined to increase the induction of hyperplastic nodules. Ochratoxin A, sterigmatocystin and (+)rugulosin administered in either the initiating or the promoting stage significantly increased the induction of hyperplastic nodules. Citrinin and patulin administered in the initiating stage significantly increased the induction of hyperplastic nodules, but were not effective when administered during the promoting stage. The theoretical classification of the mycotoxins examined is discussed.

Animals↗

PubMed1987

Stimulation of DNA replication in rat esophagus and stomach by the trichothecene mycotoxin diacetoxyscirpenol.

Consumption by man of cereals contaminated by high levels of Fusaria mycotoxins has caused alimentary toxic aleukia, while chronic consumption at lower levels of contamination has been implicated in esophageal cancer in China and South Africa. Dietary treatment of animals with extracts of Fusaria cultures or with the trichothecene diacetoxyscirpenol (DS) caused esophageal hyperplasia but not cancer. The explanation could be that esophageal cancer is initiated by other factors, possibly by nitrosamines, and that Fusaria mycotoxins act either as co-carcinogens or as promoters as a result of their ability to stimulate cell replication. The effect of DS on replication in esophagus was therefore studied. As squamous stomach has a very similar histological structure to esophagus, the effect of DS on stomach was studied also. A high dose of DS given by gavage was shown by the bromodeoxyuridine-antibody technique to increase DNA replication in the basal cells of the esophagus and of the squamous and glandular stomach. For stomach, this correlated with an increased incorporation of tritiated thymidine into DNA, and an increase in ornithine decarboxylase activity. These effects had returned to normal by 7 days. The increased replication was apparently not a result of cell damage and restorative hyperplasia. It is suggested that, as has been proposed recently for butylated hydroxyanisole, DS may enhance carcinogenesis when exposure is sufficient to stimulate cell replication. This contrasts with the non-threshold action of initiating carcinogens. For man, acute exposure to the critical dose of DS probably occurs only under exceptional circumstances, as during outbreaks of alimentary toxic aleukia. Prolonged exposure to lower dose levels is more likely to be relevant.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

Biosynthesis of trichothecene mycotoxins: cell-free epoxidation of a trichodiene derivative.

A cell-free enzyme system from cultures of Fusarium culmorum catalyses the 12,13-epoxidation of semi-synthetic 9 beta,10 beta-epoxytrichodiene to 9 beta,10 beta;12,13-diepoxytrichodiene. This enzyme activity may be involved in the biosynthesis of trichothecene mycotoxins and since the 12,13-epoxide is known to be essential for toxicity, the enzyme activity probably confers the toxic properties associated with this group of mycotoxins. The epoxidase requires NADPH and molecular oxygen, is inhibited by carbon monoxide, and thus appears to be a cytochrome P-450-dependent mono-oxygenase. Whole cell cultures of the fungus carry out the same biotransformation, and in addition hydroxylate the diepoxide product at position 3, yielding 3 alpha-hydroxy-9 beta,10 beta;12,13-diepoxytrichodiene.

Cyclohexenes↗

PubMed1982

Nineteen mycotoxins tested on chicken embryos.

Embryos of White Leghorn Fowls incubated for 40 h were injected subgerminally with 19 mycotoxins dissolved in 30% ethanol to provide a range of doses. Embryonic death as well as the incidence of caudal-trunk abnormalities were determined after a further 24 h incubation. Of the substances tested, the maximum toxic effects were exerted by T-2 toxin and diacetoxyscirpenol which produced 100% embryonic mortality at doses as low as 0.01 microgram. 100 micrograms of griseofulvin, on the other hand, were needed to achieve the same effect. Abnormal development of the caudal trunk was observed after T-2 toxin and diacetoxyscirpenol (0.001 micrograms each) and griseofulvin (10 micrograms) administration. Comparison of these data with results published for both cell and tissue culture techniques and for classical rodent acute toxicity tests reveals a high predictive value for the Chick Embryotoxicity Screening Test (CHEST I), at least for mycotoxins.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

Identification of mycotoxins in keratomycosis-derived Fusarium isolates by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

The production of mycotoxins from Fusarium species has been demonstrated in isolates cultured from patients suffering from keratomycosis. The method employed a combination of thin-layer chromatography directly performed on gel plugs taken from the growth medium, cartridge column chromatography, silylation and gas chromatography on a non-polar stationary phase capillary column linked to mass spectrometry. The sensitivities of detection obtained for a signal-to-noise ratio of 33:1, were 200 pg for single stage GC-MS and 20 pg using tandem GC-MS-MS. Two mycotoxins, diacetoxyscirpenol and T-2 toxin were identified in three cultures.

Chromatography, Thin Layer↗

PubMed2026

Comprehensive study on pesticide residues and mycotoxins in freeze-dried strawberries and raspberries.

Freeze-dried fruit has gained popularity because it preserves the flavour and nutritional value of fresh fruit while providing extended shelf life. Despite this, there are concerns regarding its chemical safety. This study evaluated 58 freeze-dried fruit products from the Czech retail market, focusing on potential contamination. Pesticide residues and mycotoxins were determined using LC-MS/MS and GC-MS/MS. Overall, 111 pesticide residues (or their metabolites) and 3 mycotoxins were quantified. After applying processing factors, 12 pesticide residues exceeded EU maximum residue limits. Prohibited substances, including carbofuran, omethoate, and haloxyfop, were detected. Tenuazonic acid was found in 71% of samples, while alternariol and tentoxin were detected less frequently. More than half (54%) of strawberry samples contained 10 or more pesticide residues, indicating potential cumulative exposure concerns, particularly for children with lower body weight. These findings highlight the need for continued monitoring of freeze-dried fruits and further assessment of dietary exposure.

Pesticide Residues↗

PubMed2004

Evaluation of five essential oils from aromatic plants of Cameroon for controlling food spoilage and mycotoxin producing fungi.

Five essential oils (EO) extracted from Cymbopogon citratus, Monodora myristica, Ocimum gratissimum, Thymus vulgaris and Zingiber officinale were investigated for their inhibitory effect against three food spoilage and mycotoxin producing fungi, Fusarium moniliforme, Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus fumigatus. Five strains of each fungus were tested. The agar dilution technique was used to determine the inhibitory effect of each EO on the radial growth of the fungus, and a dose response was recorded. The EO from O. gratissimum, T. vulgaris and C. citratus were the most effective and prevented conidial germination and the growth of all three fungi on corn meal agar at 800, 1000 and 1200 ppm, respectively. Moderate activity was observed for the EO from Z. officinale between 800 and 2500 ppm, while the EO from M. myristica was less inhibitory. These effects against food spoilage and mycotoxin producing fungi indicated the possible ability of each essential oil as a food preservative. A comparative test on the preservative ability of the EO from O. gratissimum and potassium sorbate against A. flavus at pH 3.0 and 4.5 showed that the EO remained stable at both pH, whereas the efficacy of potassium sorbate was reduced at higher pH. We concluded that the EO from O. gratissimum is a potential food preservative with a pH dependent superiority against potassium sorbate, and these are novel scientific information.

Antifungal Agents↗

PubMed2005

Determination of mycotoxins in bovine milk by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry.

Liquid chromatographic/tandem mass spectrometric methods using pneumatically assisted electrospray ionisation (LC-ESI-MS/MS) was developed for determination of 18 mycotoxins and metabolites-ochratoxin A, zearalenone, alpha-zearalenol, beta-zearalenol, alpha-zearalanol (zeranol), beta-zearalanol (taleranol), fumonisin B1, fumonisin B2, T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, T-2 triol, diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS), 15-monoacetoxyscirpenol (MAS), deoxynivalenol (DON), 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-AcDON), 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-AcDON), deepoxy-deoxynivalenol (DOM-1) and aflatoxin M1--in milk. The mycotoxins were extracted and cleaned up simultaneously. Extraction and removal of lipophilic compounds was performed at pH 2 using a two-phase mixture of acetonitrile and hexane. The acetonitrile concentration of the aqueous phase was reduced and the pH was adjusted to 8.5 before clean up by solid phase extraction (SPE) on Oasis HLB. The toxins DON, DOM-1, 3-AcDON, 15-AcDON, ochratoxin A, zearalenone, alpha-zearalenol, beta-zearalenol, alpha-zearalanol and beta-zearalanol were detected in negative ion mode after separation on a Hypersil ENV analytical column, while the toxins T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, T-2 triol, DAS, MAS, fumonisin B1, fumonisin B2 and aflatoxin M1 were detected in positive ion mode after separation on a Luna C18 column. Two transition products were monitored for each compound. The extraction and SPE conditions were optimised to obtain maximum recovery and minimum signal suppression/enhancement. The detection capabilities related to the transition products of lowest abundance were in the range 0.020-0.15 microg/l. The mean true recoveries were in the range 76-108% at levels of 0.2-10 microg/l.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Influence of the mycotoxins alpha- and beta-zearalenol (ZOL) on regulators of cap-dependent translation control in pig endometrial cells.

The molecular mechanisms that control the mycotoxin-mediated effects in porcine endometrial cells are far from being completely understood. Recent results show that they could inhibit cell proliferation. Therefore, the present study investigated the effects of the mycotoxins alpha-zearalenol (alpha-ZOL) and beta-zearalenol (beta-ZOL) on a cellular level. Mainly, the abundance and phosphorylation state (activity) of the cell cycle-dependent kinases MAPK and Akt (PKB) and their potential targets eIF4E (eukaryotic initiation factor 4E) and 4E-BP1 (4E binding protein, eIF4E repressor protein) were investigated. The results show that alpha-ZOL has apparently only a slight influence on the phosphorylation state of MAP kinases, Akt and on eIF4E and 4E-BP1. In contrast, their phosphorylation was strongly reduced in beta-ZOL-treated cells in a concentration-dependent manner. Therefore, our results indicate that beta-ZOL potentially not only influences transcription but also effects gene expression on translational level. The effect of alpha- and beta-ZOL on endometrial cell proliferation and their toxicology are discussed.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Mutagenicity of the mycotoxin alternariol in cultured mammalian cells.

The mycotoxin alternariol (AOH) is an important contaminant of fruit and cereal products. Concern about exposure to low levels of AOH was raised after the disclosure that contamination of food with the AOH-producing species Alternaria alternata is associated with oesophagal cancer. Previously we have reported that AOH induces kinetochore-negative micronuclei in cultured Chinese hamster V79 cells. The present study investigates the mutagenicity of AOH at the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) gene locus in V79 cells and at the thymidine kinase (TK) gene locus in mouse lymphoma L5178Y tk(+/-) cells (MLC). Concentrations of 10 microM AOH and more gave rise to a significant and concentration-dependent induction of HPRT and TK mutations in V79 cells and in MLC, respectively. The mutagenic potency of AOH was about 50-fold lower than that of the established mutagen 4-nitroquinoline-N-oxide in both cell lines. Discrimination between small and large colonies in the TK assay revealed the predominant induction of small colonies, which are indicative for extensive chromosomal deletions and which correlated with the induction of micronuclei in MLC. The mutagenicity of AOH may have a bearing on the carcinogenicity of this mycotoxin.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Simultaneous determination of trichothecene mycotoxins and zearalenone in cereals by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

Trichothecene mycotoxins are commonly distributed in crop fields in the world, and zearalenone has been found in cereals. Rapid and accurate methods for the determination of these mycotoxins is required to prevent the intoxication of humans, and to contribute to the supply of safe foods and feeds for human and livestock. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is a useful method for the determination of these toxins. We describe here our current GC-MS analysis for the simultaneous determination of trichothecenes and zearalenone contaminants in cereals.

Edible Grain↗

PubMed1976

Systematic analysis of mycotoxins by thin-layer chromatography.

The analysis of 37 mycotoxins and other fungal metabolites by thin-layer chromatography is described. Their R(F) values in eight solvent systems, colour reactions after chemical detection and detection under UV light are presented. From the R(F) values, "chromatographic spectra" which can be used as one of the characteristics for the characterization of unknown mycotoxins were constructed.

Aflatoxins↗

PubMed1976

Bioautographic detection of mycotoxins on thin-layer chromatograms.

A method for the bioautographic detection of mycotoxins on thin-layer chromatograms by using Artemia salina larvae is described. The method was tested on standard samples of mycotoxins (aflatoxin B1 kojic acid and sterigmatocystin) and on the extracts from toxicogenic fungi isolated from different sources.

Aflatoxins↗

PubMed1986

Analysis of trichothecene mycotoxins in human blood by capillary column gas chromatography-ammonia chemical ionization mass spectrometry.

Capillary column gas chromatography-ammonia chemical ionization mass spectrometry was found to be an excellent technique for the trace detection and identification of underivatized trichothecene mycotoxins. Abundant (M + H)+ and/or (M + NH4)+ pseudo-molecular ions were observed for T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, T-2 triol, diacetoxyscirpenol, deoxynivalenol and verrucarol under the conditions developed. This method was successfully applied to the analysis of human blood samples spiked with mycotoxins in the 0-500 ng/g range during a recent interlaboratory exercise. T-2 toxin and diacetoxyscirpenol were detected in these samples in the 2-180 ng/g range. Detection limits of 0.7 and 3.6 ng/g for T-2 toxin and diacetoxyscirpenol, respectively, were possible owing to the specificity of the method.

Ammonia↗

PubMed1984

Quantification and confirmation of four Fusarium mycotoxins in corn by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-selected ion monitoring.

A rapid method for the simultaneous determination of T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, diacetoxyscirpenol and zearalenone has been developed. Corn samples (10 g) are extracted with methanol, defatted with hexane and subsequently cleaned-up using both reversed-phase (C18) and normal-phase (silica gel) Sep-Pak cartridges. Confirmation of identity is made by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-selected ion monitoring of three ions characteristic of the trimethylsilyl derivatives of the mycotoxins. Use of deuterated internal standards makes the method quantitatively reliable and increases sensitivity. Confirmation of identity as well as quantitation can be achieved at levels of ca. 20-50 ppb, depending on the mycotoxin. Detection limits (without confirmation of identity) are estimated at 1-20 ppb. Recoveries at the 46-111 ppb level ranged from 80 to 103% with coefficients of variation ranging from 1.6 to 14.2%.

Food Contamination↗

PubMed1987

Standardized high-performance liquid chromatography of 182 mycotoxins and other fungal metabolites based on alkylphenone retention indices and UV-VIS spectra (diode array detection).

A general standardized method for the analysis of mycotoxins and other fungal secondary metabolites has been developed, based on high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with an alkylphenone retention index and photodiode-array detection combined with thin-layer chromatography (TLC) in two different eluents. Each fungal secondary metabolite is characterized by its bracketed alkylphenone retention time index, its UV-VIS absorption maxima and its retardation factors relative to griseofulvin in two TLC eluents. This system is effective for the comparison of chemotaxonomic data in different laboratories and for a precise identification of fungi based on organic solvent extracts of fungal cultures. All important groups of mycotoxins and other fungal secondary metabolites could be detected in the HPLC system described and data are listed for 182 metabolites. The fungal secondary metabolites separated and characterized include aflatoxin B1, B2, G1 and G2, ochratoxin A, citrinin, penicillin acid, viomellein, penitrem A, patulin, sterigmatocystin, alternariol, tenuazonic acid, trichothecenes, roquefortines, fusarin C, zearalenone, PR-toxin, citreoviridin, viridicatumtoxin, verruculogen, rugulosin, cyclopiazonic acid, penicillin G and many other alkaloids, polyketides and terpenes.

Aspergillus↗