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PubMed1982

[Localization of C. ovis in experimentally infected lambs].

Studied were the distribution of Cysticercus ovis in cadavers of lambs experimentally infected with various amounts of Taenia ovis ova, the ratio between superficially localized cysticerci and those found deep in the individual groups of muscles and organs, and the ratio between alive and dead cysticerci. The tests were carried out with thirteen lambs treated as follows: 2 animals were infected with 1000 T. ovis ova each; 3 were infected with 4000 ova each; 4--with 7000 ova each; and 4--with 30 000 ova each. No strictly defined predilection for the localization of Cysticercus ovis was established in the body of the experimentally infected lambs. In compliance with the parasite burden in the individual organs and muscle groups per unit of mass these ranked in the following descending order: heart, diaphragm, fore and hind limbs, masticatory muscles, neck and back muscles, tongue, and abdominal and intercostal muscles. Experimentally, highest was the percent of viable cysticerci in the muscles of the fore and hind limbs and in the muscles of the neck.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Hypoalgesia in the referred pain areas after bilateral injections of hypertonic saline into the trapezius muscles of men and women: a potential experimental model of gender-specific differences.

OBJECTIVE: The study was to assess the local pain intensity, referred pain patterns, and changes in the pressure pain thresholds of the local and referred pain areas following bilateral injections of hypertonic saline into trapezius muscles and to delineate gender differences in pain profile and the possible modulation of pressure pain thresholds. METHODS: Fifteen healthy men and women each participated. Pain intensity and areas were assessed after bilateral injections. The pressure pain thresholds in the trapezius and posterolateral neck muscles (referred pain areas) were measured before and 7.5 and 15 minutes postinjection. RESULTS: The time to maximal pain intensity was significantly shorter after the second injection than after the first injection. Patients exhibited a bilaterally symmetrical distribution of pain areas that included the neck to shoulder angle and the posterolateral neck. Bilateral injections significantly elevated pressure pain thresholds in the right and left posterolateral neck muscles 7.5 and 15 minutes postinjection. In men but not women, the pressure pain thresholds measured in the posterolateral neck muscles 7.5 and 15 minutes after the second injection were higher than those after the first injection and also higher than those after the second injection in women, men tolerated more pressure than women at all time points. DISCUSSION: These findings indicate that both excitatory and inhibitory mechanisms modulate pain response characteristics in bilateral neck-shoulder pain conditions and suggest that there may be a more potent inhibitory control mechanism in men than women. This experimental model may be potentially used to detect gender differences in descending inhibition.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

31Phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy in the assessment of head and neck tumors.

PURPOSE: 31Phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P-MRS) provides biochemical information in a noninvasive way. The aim of this work was: (a) to characterize the 31P spectrum of advanced head and neck tumors, and (b) to evaluate the spectral changes after treatment and to correlate them with the pathologic response. METHODS AND MATERIALS: A total of 20 patients diagnosed with advanced head and neck tumors and 7 healthy controls participated in the study. The tumor mass and its contralateral side were studied by means of 31P-MRS before and after treatment. Neck muscles of a control group were also studied. RESULTS: Tumors presented ratios of phosphomonoesters (PME), phosphodiesters (PDE), and inorganic phosphate (Pi) with respect to the adenosine triphosphate (ATP), significantly higher and a PCr (phosphocreatine)/ATP ratio lower than the neck muscle of volunteers or the contralateral side. The PDE/ATP and PME/ATP ratio values obtained before therapy were similar, independent of the later response to treatment. However, when there was a complete response, the ratios measured after treatment were decreased. CONCLUSION: These results show the existence of significant differences between the 31phosphorus spectrum of tumors and neck muscle, but also between the tumors and their contralateral sides. Moreover, 31P-MRS is able to detect metabolic changes after a complete response. These results suggest that 31P-MRS would be useful in the evaluation of the clinical response of head and neck tumors.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗

PubMed1993

Excitatory effects on neck and jaw muscle activity of inflammatory irritant applied to cervical paraspinal tissues.

A study was carried out in 19 anaesthetized rats to determine if the electromyographic (EMG) activity of jaw and neck muscles could be influenced by injection of the inflammatory irritant mustard oil into deep paraspinal tissues surrounding the C1-3 vertebrae. The EMG activity was recorded ipsilaterally in the digastric, masseter and trapezius muscles and bilaterally in deep neck muscles (rectus capitis posterior). In comparison with control (vehicle) injections, mustard oil (20 microliters, 20%) injected into the deep paraspinal tissues induced significant increases in EMG activity in the neck muscles in all the animals and in the jaw muscles in the majority of the animals; the effects of mustard oil were more prominent in the former. The EMG response evoked by mustard oil injection was frequently reflected in two phases of enhanced activity. The early phase of the increase in EMG activity was usually initiated immediately following mustard oil injection (mean latency: 20.4 +/- 17.7 sec) and lasted 1.6 +/- 1.1 min. The second phase occurred 11.3 +/- 7.6 min later and lasted 11.0 +/- 8.1 min. Evans Blue extravasation was apparent in the deep paraspinal tissues surrounding the C1-3 vertebrae after mustard oil injection, and histological examination showed that mustard oil injection induced an inflammatory reaction in the rectus capitis posterior muscle. These results document that injection of the inflammatory irritant mustard oil into deep paraspinal tissues results in a sustained and reversible activation of both jaw and neck muscles. Such effects may be related to the reported clinical occurrence of increased muscle activity associated with trauma to deep tissues.

Animals↗

PubMed1983

[Ouabain-sensitive respiration and Na K ATPase of the skeletal muscles and brown fat in cold-adapted rats].

Respiration of the neck muscles and brown adipose tissue of the rats increased as the rats adapted to cold in periodic regimen. The ouabain--sensitive component of the neck muscles respiration did not increase while increasing in the brown adipose tissue. Activity of Na, K-ATPase of the neck and thigh muscles was reduced while increasing in the brown adipose tissue. Sensitivity of Na, K-ATPase of the skeletal muscles to the acetylcholine inhibitory effect considerably increased in the period of cold adaptation. The findings do not confirm assumption of Na--pump involvement in the activation of nonshivering thermogenesis in the skeletal muscles in cold adaptation.

Acclimatization↗

PubMed1994

Vertebral orientations and muscle activation patterns during controlled head movements in cats.

The focus of these experiments was to determine the relationships between head movement, neck muscle activation patterns, and the positions and movements of the cervical vertebrae. One standing cat and one prone cat were trained to produce voluntary sinusoidal movements of the head in the sagittal plane. Video-opaque markers were placed on the cervical vertebrae, and intramuscular patch electrodes implanted in four muscles of the head and neck. Cinefluoroscopic images of cervical vertebral motion and electromyographic responses were simultaneously recorded. Analysis of the spinal movement revealed that the two cats used different strategies to keep their heads aligned with the tracker. In the standing cat, vertebral motion described a more circular arc, compared to a forward diagonal in the prone cat. Intervertebral motion was limited, but more acute angles appeared between the vertebrae of the prone lying than of the standing animal. Data revealed that the central nervous system could control several axes of motion to keep the cervical spine matched to the moving stimulus. Phase relations between the sinusoidal motion of the vertebral column, peak activation of the neck muscles, and that of the stimulus were examined, and several different control strategies were observed both between and within animals. The results suggest that the central nervous system engages in multiple strategies of musculo-skeletal coordination to achieve a single movement outcome.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Muscle pain induces task-dependent changes in cervical agonist/antagonist activity.

This study examined the effect of experimental neck muscle pain on the EMG-force relationship of cervical agonist and antagonist muscles. Surface EMG signals were detected from the sternomastoid, splenius capitis, and upper trapezius muscles bilaterally from 14 healthy subjects during cervical flexion and extension contractions of linearly increasing force from 0 to 60% of the maximum voluntary contraction (MVC). Measurements were performed before and after injection of 0.5 ml hypertonic and isotonic saline into either the sternomastoid or splenius capitis in two experimental sessions. EMG average rectified value (ARV) of the sternomastoid, splenius capitis, and upper trapezius muscles and the muscle fiber conduction velocity (CV) of the sternomastoid muscle were estimated at 5% MVC force increments. During cervical flexion with injection of hypertonic saline in sternomastoid, ARV of sternomastoid was lower on the side of pain in the force range 25-60% MVC (P < 0.05) and was associated with a bilateral reduction of splenius capitis and upper trapezius ARV (P < 0.01). During cervical extension, injection of hypertonic saline in splenius capitis resulted in lower estimates of splenius capitis ARV on the painful side from 45 to 60% MVC (P < 0.05), which was associated with a bilateral increase in upper trapezius ARV estimates from 50 to 60% MVC (P < 0.001). However, no significant change was identified for estimates of sternomastoid ARV. Experimentally induced neck muscle pain resulted in task-dependent changes in cervical agonist/antagonist activity without modifications in muscle fiber CV.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Hypnosis and spasmodic torticollis--report of four cases: a brief communication.

Dystonia and particularly spasmodic torticollis are neuromuscular disorders that are extremely resistant to most therapies (physical, medical, or surgical). Torticollis is a unilateral spasm of the neck muscles, particularly of the sternocleidomastoid, that produces violent, tonic turning of the head to one side. The etiology remains uncertain, although the role of psychogenic factors has been emphasized. This article reviews the literature and reports four cases of spasmodic torticollis treated successfully with hypnosis. In all four cases, psychogenic causes were involved. Postural hypnosis (i.e., hypnosis in the standing position) was employed to counteract and minimize muscle spasms due to postural reflexes. A hypnobehavioral approach was adopted along with hypnotic strategies that included hierarchical desensitization, sensory-imaging conditioning, ego-boosting suggestions, and hypnosis-facilitated differential muscle retraining. In two cases, a combined hypnosis and electromyographic-biofeedback approach was used to equilibrate and retrain affected neck muscles. Although the hypnotherapeutic process took several months to induce and stabilize significant changes, outcome results were good to excellent in all cases, with marked reduction of the torticollis and the hypertrophy of the neck muscles as well as a reduced interference of symptoms in daily living.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Heading in football. Part 1: development of biomechanical methods to investigate head response.

OBJECTIVES: There has been growing controversy regarding long term effects of repeated low severity head impacts such as when heading a football. However, there are few scientific data substantiating these concerns in terms of the biomechanical head response to impact. The present study aimed to develop a research methodology to investigate the biomechanical response of human subjects during intentional heading and identify strategies for reducing head impact severity. METHODS: A controlled laboratory study was carried out with seven active football players, aged 20-23 and of average stature and weight. The subjects were fitted with photographic targets for kinematic analysis and instrumented to measure head linear/angular accelerations and neck muscle activity. Balls were delivered at two speeds (6 m/s and 8 m/s) as the subjects executed several specific forward heading manoeuvres in the standing position. Heading speeds up to 11 m/s were seen when the head closing speed was considered. One subject demonstrating averaged flexion-extension muscle activity phased with head acceleration data and upper torso kinematics was used to validate a biofidelic 50th percentile human model with a detailed head and neck. The model was exercised under ball incoming speeds of 6-7 m/s with parameter variations including torso/head alignment, neck muscle tensing, and follow through. The model output was subsequently compared with additional laboratory tests with football players (n = 3). Additional heading scenarios were investigated including follow through, non-active ball impact, and non-contact events. Subject and model head responses were evaluated with peak linear and rotational accelerations and maximum incremental head impact power. RESULTS: Modelling of neck muscle tensing predicted lower head accelerations and higher neck loads whereas volunteer head acceleration reductions were not consistent. Modelling of head-torso alignment predicted a modest reduction in volunteer head accelerations. Exaggerated follow through while heading reduced volunteer head accelerations modestly. CONCLUSION: Biomechanical methods were developed to measure head impact response. Changing the biomechanics of currently accepted heading techniques will have inconsistent benefits towards the reduction of head loading. Furthermore, mathematical modelling suggested an increased risk of neck loads with one alternative technique. No consistent recommendations can be made on the basis of the current study for altering heading techniques to reduce impact severity.

Acceleration↗

PubMed2005

Kinematic and electromyographic response to whiplash loading in low-velocity whiplash impacts--a review.

Whiplash injury is a common injury, with a substantial health and economic burden. For five decades, researchers have been striving to discover the mechanisms of acute whiplash injury to develop methods of prevention through automobile design, and to develop treatment approaches. While earlier experiments with animals, cadavers, and military volunteers have provided some useful insights, it is only in recent years that research has progressed to reveal how neck muscles respond to collisions, particularly how they bear the burden of the forces of collision and how impact direction affects the neck muscle response which may determine the mechanism of injury. Initial volunteer experiments tended to focus on impact velocities (specifically differences in target and bullet vehicle velocities) and head acceleration, but gradually the focus has shifted to understanding the pattern of spinal segment motion and muscle contraction in response to the perturbation. An approach has been devised using sled impacts with healthy volunteers to elucidate in more detail various head kinematics and cervical muscle responses in low-velocity whiplash-type impacts. This approach involves the use of four levels of very-low to low velocity impacts to describe the kinematics of the head and the EMG response of cervical muscles in response to acceleration, but avoids any discernible risk of injury. This allows researchers to determine the cervical muscle response under many different scenarios, including varying direction of impact, awareness of impending impact, and others, without subjecting volunteers to any discernible risk. An initial series of results of impacts from eight directions is presented here, and these reveal that the cervical response to whiplash-type impacts is modified by impact awareness, muscles studied, and direction of impact. This will hopefully improve the understanding of the human response to low-velocity whiplash impacts.

Acceleration↗

PubMed2007

Cervical dystonia in spinocerebellar ataxia type 2: clinical and polymyographic findings.

Eighteen patients from three large multigenerational families with genetically established spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 (SCA2) were examined, with special attention to the presence of dystonic features. Cervical dystonia (CD) was diagnosed according to standardised clinical criteria. CD was scored using the Tsui score. Polymyography was performed in six cases using bilateral surface electrode recordings of the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles together with needle electrode recordings of the splenius capitis muscles bilaterally. CD was found in 11 of 18 patients (61%), and was the presenting symptom in one case. Severity of CD was mild to moderate, with Tsui scores ranging from 5 to 12 points. Polymyography in 6 of 11 SCA2 patients with CD showed the typical pattern of dystonia with spontaneous, involuntary muscle activation at rest in at least one neck muscle with disturbed reciprocal inhibition of antagonistic neck muscles. CD appears to be a common clinical feature in SCA2 and may precede ataxia and gait disturbance. By contrast, none of the 18 patients had dystonic features in other body regions. CD has probably been underreported in patients with the ataxic SCA2 phenotype and should be considered as an additional clinical manifestation in patients with hereditary ataxia.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

In vivo proton MR spectroscopy of primary and nodal nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to determine the feasibility of performing in vivo proton ((1)H) MR spectroscopy of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and to document the (1)H spectrum of this cancer. METHODS: Twenty-seven patients with NPC lesions >1 cm(3) underwent localized (1)H MR spectroscopy performed at 1.5 T. Water-suppressed spectra from both primary tumors (nine cases) and metastatic nodes (18 cases) were obtained at TE 136 and 272. Spectra were analyzed in the time domain by using a nonlinear least squares fitting algorithm with incorporation of previous knowledge. Choline (Cho)/creatine (Cr) ratios for primary NPC and metastatic nodes were calculated and compared. Spectra from normal neck muscle of five volunteers were acquired as control data. RESULTS: (1)H MR spectroscopy was successfully obtained in seven (78%) of nine primary tumors and 16 (89%) of 18 metastatic nodes. Intense lipid signals in the range of 0.89 to 2.02 ppm were observed in 95% of spectra at TE 136 and 91% of spectra at TE 272. At TE 136, Cho/Cr for metastatic nodes (5.3 +/- 1.6) was significantly higher than the ratio for primary (2.6 +/- 0.5) NPC lesions (P =.02). Cho/Cr ratios for NPC lesions were higher than those for normal neck muscles, for which values ranged from 0 to 0.97 and 0 to 1.1 at TE 136 and 272, respectively. CONCLUSION: (1)H MR spectroscopy is a feasible technique for the evaluation of NPC tumors >1 cm(3). Cho/Cr ratios for the lesions were high compared with those for normal neck muscle.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Priming of head premotor circuits during oculomotor preparation.

Large, rapid gaze shifts necessitate intricate coordination of the eyes and head. Brief high-frequency bursts of activity within the intermediate and deeper layers of the superior colliculus (dSC) encode desired gaze shifts regardless of component movements of the eyes and head. However, it remains unclear whether low-frequency activity emitted by oculomotor neurons within the dSC and elsewhere has any role in eye-head gaze shifts. Here we test the hypothesis that such low-frequency activity contributes to eye-head coordination by selectively priming head premotor circuits. We exploited the capacity for short-duration (10 ms, 4 pulses) dSC stimulation to evoke neck muscle responses without compromising ocular stability, stimulating at various intervals of a "gap-saccade" task. Low-frequency neural activity in many oculomotor areas (including the dSC) is known to increase during the progression of the gap-saccade task. Stimulation was passed during either a fixation-interval while a central fixation point was illuminated, a 200-ms gap-interval between fixation point offset and target onset, or a movement-interval following target onset. In the two monkeys studied, the amplitude of evoked responses on multiple neck muscles tracked the known increases in low-frequency oculomotor activity during the gap-saccade task, being greater following stimulation passed at the end of the gap- versus the fixation-interval, and greater still when the location of stimulation during the movement interval coincided with the area of the dSC generating the ensuing saccade. In one of these monkeys, we obtained a more detailed timeline of how these results co-varied with low-frequency oculomotor activity by stimulating, across multiple trials, at different times within the fixation-, gap- and movement-intervals. Importantly, in both monkeys, baseline levels of neck EMG taken immediately prior to stimulation onset did not co-vary with the known pattern of low-frequency oculomotor activity up until the arrival of a transient burst associated with visual target onset. These baseline results demonstrate that any priming of the head premotor circuits occurs without affecting the output of neck muscle motoneurons, We conclude that low-frequency oculomotor activity primes head premotor circuits well in advance of gaze shift initiation, and in a manner distinct from its effects on the eye premotor circuits. Such distinctions presumably aid the temporal coordination of the eyes and head despite fundamentally different biomechanics.

Action Potentials↗

PubMed1997

Evidence of P2Y-purinoceptor mediated bladder neck smooth muscle post-contractile relaxation in the male mini-pig.

The functional role of non-adrenergic non-cholinergic (NANC) nerves in the autonomic control of the male mini-pig bladder neck was investigated in the present study. Electrical stimulation of muscle strips from male mini-pig bladder neck showed biphasic response with initial phasic contraction followed by post-contractile relaxation. Electrical stimulation in the presence of four autonomic blockers (atropine 10(-6) M, propanolol 10(-6) M, phentolamine 10(-6) M) showed suppression of 68 +/- 15% of the contractile response (P < 0.05, n = 8) but no significant change in the relaxation response. Alpha-chymotrypsin 2 U/ml, L-NG-monomethyl-L-arginine acetate (a nitric oxide synthetase inhibitor) 10(-4) M, 8-phenylthlophylline (a P1-purinoceptor antagonist) 10(-6) M, and pyridoxal-phosphate-6-azophenyl-2', 4'-disulphoric acid tetrasodium salt (a P2Y-purinoceptor antagonist) 3 x 10(-5) M did not alter the NANC response significantly. On the other hand, reactive blue-2 (a P2Y-purinoceptor antagonist) 3 x 10(-5) significantly reduced the relaxation by 79 +/- 9%. The result suggested that the P2Y-purinoceptor is involved in the electrically induced NANC post-contractile relaxation of the mini-pig bladder neck smooth muscle.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Descending control of muscles in patients with cervical dystonia.

It was reported recently that specific features in the frequency analysis of electromyographic (EMG) activity in the sternocleidomastoid (SCM) and splenius (SPL) muscles were able to distinguish between rotational idiopathic cervical dystonia (CD) and voluntary torticollis in individual subjects. Those with CD showed an abnormal drive to muscles at 5 to 7 Hz and an absence of the normal 10 to 12 Hz peak in the autospectrum of SPL. We sought to determine whether the same abnormalities in the frequency domain are found in complex CD, in which the head is displaced in more than two planes. EMG activity was recorded in the SCM, SPL, trapezius, and levator scapulae muscles bilaterally in 10 patients with complex CD. Frequency analysis of EMG was compared with conventional clinical and polymyographic assessment. The autospectrum of SPL during free dystonic contraction showed an absence of a significant peak at 10 to 12 Hz in 8 of the 10 patients. The presence of a 5 to 7 Hz frequency drive showed a significant association with muscle pairs determined as dystonic by means of polymyography (P < 0.005). The neck posture predicted blindly, based on the low-frequency drive, correlated significantly with the clinical assessment of posture (P < 0.01). Conventional assessment and the results of frequency analysis correlated, suggesting that a low-frequency drive to neck muscle may be a general feature of simple rotational and more complex cervical dystonia. The pattern of coherence between the EMG in different neck muscles may provide a means of identifying leading dystonic muscles, especially in patients with complex cervical dystonia.

Adult↗

PubMed1991

Change in pattern of muscle activity following botulinum toxin injections for torticollis.

Twenty patients with torticollis had electromyographic studies of their neck muscles performed before and after a series of local injections of botulinum toxin. The pattern of muscle activity changed after the injections, and this effect persisted even after head position had returned to baseline. Patients who did not experience any clinical benefit from the injections also demonstrated a change in the pattern of muscle activity. These results suggest that the underlying abnormality in torticollis usually involves a general motor program for head position, rather than the activity of individual neck muscles.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Influences of neck afferents on sympathetic and respiratory nerve activity.

It is well established that the vestibular system influences the sympathetic nervous system and the respiratory system; presumably, vestibulosympathetic and vestibulorespiratory responses participate in maintaining stable blood pressure and blood oxygenation during movement and changes in posture. Many brainstem neurons that generate vestibulospinal reflexes integrate signals from the labyrinth and neck muscles to distinguish between head movements on a stable body and whole body movements. In the present study, responses were recorded from the splanchnic (sympathetic), hypoglossal (inspiratory) and abdominal (expiratory) nerves during stimulation of the C2 dorsal root ganglion or C2 or C3 nerve branches innervating dorsal neck muscles. Stimulation of neck afferents using low current intensities, in many cases less than twice the threshold for producing an afferent volley recordable from the cord dorsum, elicited changes in sympathetic and respiratory nerve activity. These data suggest that head rotation on a stable body would elicit both cervical and vestibular inputs to respiratory motoneurons and sympathetic preganglionic neurons. The effects of cervical afferent stimulation on abdominal, splanchnic and hypoglossal nerve activity were not abolished by transection of the brainstem caudal to the vestibular nuclei; thus, pathways in addition to those involving the vestibular nuclei are involved in relaying cervical inputs to sympathetic preganglionic neurons and respiratory motoneurons. Transection of the C1-3 dorsal roots enhanced responses of the splanchnic and abdominal nerves to pitch head rotations on a fixed body but diminished responses of the hypoglossal nerve. Thus, neck and vestibular afferent influences on activity of respiratory pump muscles and sympathetic outflow appear to be antagonistic, so that responses will occur during whole body movements but not head movements on a stationary trunk. In contrast, neck and vestibular influences on tongue musculature are complementary, presumably to produce tongue protrusion either during movements of the head alone or of the whole body.

Afferent Pathways↗

PubMed2004

[Characteristics of vertebral and muscular tonic syndromes in acute and remote periods of cervical whiplash injuries].

The study elicited the peculiarities of vertebral and muscular tonic syndromes in acute and remote periods of whip cervical trauma (WCT). Forty patients in acute period of WCT (2nd-3rd degree of severity) and 30 patients in remote period of WCT, who experienced pain and other symptoms 6 months after the trauma (late whip syndrome--LWS) were examined. The control group included 30 patients with neck and arm pain due to cervical osteochondrosis. In WCT, comparing to cervical osteochondrosis, more marked movement restriction in sagittal plane, more frequent blockade of the lower cervical spine segments, stronger correlation between pain syndrome and movement restriction in the cervical segments, more frequent muscular tonic syndrome in the anterior neck muscles and deeper neck flexors were found. In LWS, in contrast to the acute period of WCT, dissociation between more restricted active and more preserved passive movements in the cervical segments, weaker correlation between emerging of pain syndrome and restriction of movement volume, more frequent blockade of the upper cervical segments, more frequent occurrence of supraspinal muscles and shoulder-scapular syndromes were detected. The data obtained revealed a complex mechanism of symptoms formation in WCT that should be taken into account in treatment planning for acute and remote periods of cervical trauma.

Acute Disease↗