The attachment-autonomy conflict in agoraphobia.
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Agoraphobia↗
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Results for “Object Attachment”
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Young drug abusers' problems of attachment to the family. Some consequences for treatment.
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Adolescent↗
Formation and expression of filial attachment in rhesus monkeys raised with living and inanimate mother substitutes.
The formation and expression of filial attachment was investigated in rhesus monkeys raised with dogs or inanimate mother substitutes in a longitudinal study spanning the first 4 years of life. At 2 months monkeys were identified within each rearing group as strongly attached or weakly attached, as measured by proximity, contact and clinging to the mother substitute in the living cage and in a novel room, and by differences in levels of distress vocalization and heart rate when they were alone and in the presence of the substitute mother in a novel room. By 4 months, all monkeys were attached, and the strongly attached and weakly attached monkeys of the first age-period were no longer distinguishable on any measure. The attachment was specific to the substitute mother. It was not exclusive, however, inasmuch as similar responses were elicited by a stranger of the same type as the substitute mother, although the stranger was less effective. The attachment figure was also influential when it could be seen but not touched. Evidence of attachment to the substitute mothers persisted until the end of testing at 44 months. Comparison of rearing groups support the hypothesis that the principal effect of living and inanimate mother substitutes is on responsiveness, rather than on the attachment process per se.
Animals↗
Maternal-fetal attachment: influence of mother-daughter and husband-wife relationships.
Intergenerational attachment relationships between the pregnant woman and her mother, her husband, and her fetus were examined. Self-completed instruments were used to measure the attachment variables for a convenience sample of 115 middle-class mothers who attended urban prenatal classes. Results supported the hypothesis that mother-daughter and husband-wife attachment were correlated positively. Contrary to study predictions, maternal-fetal attachment scores were not related to mother-daughter and husband-wife attachment scores. Maternal-fetal attachment was related to length of gestation. Results provide only partial support for the intergenerational model of attachment relationships.
Adult↗
Abuse and deprivation in failing adoptions.
Twelve children seen in psychiatric consultation by the authors over a 3-year period were failing in their adoptive placements. All twelve had been adopted as older children (average age at adoption 5 1/2 years). Ten out of the 12 were males. A retrospective case review demonstrated that all the children shared several common characteristics: (1) a history of both neglect and abusive treatment during at least the first two years of life, (2) a behavioral pattern that was intermittently provocative and punishment seeking, and (3) an ability to elicit a sense of bewilderment and betrayal in the adoptive parents. Twenty-one months was the average duration of the adoption before the families sought the consultation. These adoptive families were all considered competent by the agencies involved. All had raised other natural and adoptive children successfully. Treatment offered by the authors seemed to be helpful in salvaging 4 of the 12 adoptive placements. The authors present these cases as a way of drawing attention to much needed research, both in better understanding the early attachment process in "older child" adoptions, and in better understanding the relative impact of abuse in influencing the child's subsequent attachment capacities.
Adoption↗
The relationship between attachment styles and Cluster B personality disorders in prisoners and forensic inpatients.
The relationship between attachment styles and Cluster B personality disorders were examined among prisoners, forensic inpatients and controls from the general population. Forensic inpatients and prisoners reported significantly less frequently the secure attachment style (Relationship Questionnaire) and significantly more the fearful attachment style compared to the normal controls. Both forensic groups could not be distinguished from each other. Further, prisoners, forensic inpatients and controls could not be differentiated on the basis of the dismissing nor the preoccupied attachment style. With respect to personality pathology, almost all relationships between Cluster C pathology, on the one hand, and attachment styles, on the other, were significant. Cluster A pathology was clearly related to the secure and fearful attachment style. With respect to cluster B pathology, the results were more specific but also less clear. The results were strongly dependent on the way the personality pathology variables were treated, as either categorical or dimensional. None of the cluster B personality pathology variables were associated with the fearful attachment style and histrionic personality pathology was negatively associated with the dismissing attachment style. Antisocial personality features were associated with a dismissing attachment style. Borderline personality pathology, when treated as a categorical variable, was significantly related to the preoccupied attachment style. These results show that (1) cluster A and cluster C pathology are more strongly associated with attachment than cluster B, (2) treating personality data as either dimensional or categorical is of major importance to the conclusions that can be drawn, (3) it is important to control for the influence of co-morbid personality pathology when examining the relationship between (Cluster B) personality pathology and attachment.
Adult↗
Infant-mother attachment in patients with nonorganic failure to thrive syndrome.
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Child Development↗
Patients attachment patterns and response to a program for alleviating cardiovascular risk factors: a 1-year follow-up of patients in a patient education program.
This study was a 1-year follow-up of 295 consecutive patients at a patient education centre and assessed how attachment style influenced the outcome of the patient education program devised for individuals with multiple risk factors for cardiovascular disease. The program consisted of a 4-week residential program course, followed by a 4-day follow-up course a year later. In our cohort study, the 295 consecutive patients (mean age = 52years, S.D.=9.2) with multiple risk factors for cardiovascular disease, showed an initial overall reduction of 4.4 kg in weight (P=0.0001) and a reduction of 17/11 mm in systolic and diastolic blood pressure (P=0.0001 and 0.0001). The weight remained essentially the same at the follow-up 1 year later, whereas blood pressure tended to return to previous level. The attachment style was determined by means of a questionnaire: 87% were classified as 'secure', 9% 'avoidant' and 5% as 'ambivalent'. After 4 weeks, the ambivalent category had reduced weight (body mass index (BMI)) more than the secure group (P=0.04). At the 1-year follow-up, the avoidant category showed a more pronounced reduction in diastolic blood pressure than the other groups (P=0.001). Thus, it seems as if attachment style does have some influence on outcome. Patient education should take advantage of knowing patients' attachment style.
Cardiovascular Diseases↗
Beyond insecurity: a reconceptualization of attachment disorders of infancy.
Some young children are not merely insecurely attached and at risk for later problems; by virtue of the severity of their attachment disturbances they are already disordered. This article reviews and critiques the approaches of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.; DSM-IV; American Psychiatric Association, 1994) and the International Classification of Diseases (10th ed.; ICD-10; World Health Organization, 1992) to attachment disorders and finds that they have not made use of findings from developmental research on attachment in developing their criteria. An alternative system of classifying attachment disorders that is compatible with the major findings from developmental research on infant-caregiver attachment is presented. Finally, many areas in need of empirical contributions are indicated.
Adaptation, Psychological↗
Mother-firstborn attachment and the birth of a sibling.
Stability of the firstborn's quality of attachment to the mother was examined during the period from the last trimester of the mother's second pregnancy through the early postpartum period, as assessed by the Strange Situation. A second pregnancy and the birth of a sibling were significantly associated with instability in the mother-firstborn attachment.
Birth Order↗
[Attachment characteristics and psychotherapy outcome following inpatient psychodynamic group treatment].
Within a reanalysis of the "Kiel Group Psychotherapy Study", the videorecorded intake interviews of 34 patients were analyzed using the adult attachment prototype rating. Three subgroups, differentiated according to their attachment patterns (avoidant, ambivalent, mixed insecure) differed marginally with respect to their treatment success, with ambivalent patients showing the most positive outcome (escpecially with regard to symptom- and self-system-related outcome criteria). In addition, there were indications for a differential assessment of group related therapeutic factors by the subgroups. Patients with an avoidant attachment pattern evaluated group-related factors such as cohesion and altruism as least helpful. The study is discussed in relation to existing findings on the significance of attachment related variables for the indication and prognosis of psychotherapy.
Adult↗
Continuing bonds in bereavement: an attachment theory based perspective.
An attachment theory based perspective on the continuing bond to the deceased (CB) is proposed. The value of attachment theory in specifying the normative course of CB expression and in identifying adaptive versus maladaptive variants of CB expression based on their deviation from this normative course is outlined. The role of individual differences in attachment security on effective versus ineffective use of CB in coping with bereavement also is addressed. Finally, the moderating influence of type of loss (e.g., death of a spouse vs. child), culture, and religion on type of CB expression within an overarching attachment framework is discussed.
Adaptation, Psychological↗
Young children traumatized by organized violence together with their mothers--the critical effects of damaged internal representations.
Three examples of young Kosovar children who were exposed to brutal violence together with their mothers are presented to illustrate how important it is to understand the impact of traumatic events on young children's development from the perspective of the parent-child relationship. The traumatized mothers' internal representations of self and self-being-together-with-child were damaged, and this in turn led to their care-giving system and internal representations of the children being negatively affected. No longer being able to see themselves as protective and loving parents, the mothers were unable to respond to their children with care-giving behaviour. The traumatized children's increased attachment behaviour and posttraumatic symptoms functioned as a trigger for posttraumatic symptoms in the mothers and contributed to a disengagement of the care-giving system. The on-going process disrupted the previous attachment pattern in mother-child interaction and a disorganized attachment pattern developed.
Adult↗
Attachment behavior of deaf children with deaf parents.
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Anxiety, Separation↗
Security of attachment and preschool friendships.
Attachment theory proposes that the quality of the mother-child tie predicts the quality of a child's other close relationships. The purpose of this study was to test whether security of attachment to mother is related to the quality of a preschooler's best friendships. 33 4-year-old and their best friends participated (mean age = 46 months). Attachment Q-set data were collected to score security of mother-child attachment. Security data were used to classify the friend pairs as secure-secure or secure-insecure. Best friend dyads were observed for a 1-hour free-play session. Each pair's behavior was described with the Dyadic Relationships Q-set, a measure designed to describe the behavior of a pair of children. Secure-secure pairs were more harmonious, less controlling, more responsive, and happier than secure-insecure pairs. The results are related to previous work on attachment and social competence.
Child, Preschool↗
Clinical implications of attachment concepts: retrospect and prospect.
The key features of attachment theory are summarized and the unresolved questions considered in terms of a behavioural control system, measurement of attachment security, qualities of attachment, the role of temperament, transformation of a dyadic quality into an individual characteristic, internal working models, manifestations of attachment post infancy, how one relationship affects another relationship, boundaries of attachment, associations with later functioning, the role of parenting qualities and patterns of caregiving, adaptive value of secure attachment, and disorders of attachment. The clinical implications are discussed in terms of: the need to reject the traditional psychoanalytic theories of development, the patterns of residential care for children, the provision of child care, the assessment of parenting, the effects of parental divorce and family break-up, "maternal bonding" to infants, psychotherapy and disorders of attachment.
Child↗
The relationship of maternal age, quickening, and physical symptoms of pregnancy to the development of maternal-fetal attachment.
In a study of maternal-fetal attachment we explored three variables that could influence such attachment: maternal age, the experience of quickening, and the physical symptoms of pregnancy. A convenience sample of 80 pregnant women filled out the Cranley maternal-fetal attachment scale and the pregnancy symptoms checklist. Maternal age and physical symptoms were not found to be significantly correlated to maternal-fetal attachment, but quickening, as well as the degree and frequency of fetal movement, were correlated, at the P less than or equal to 0.0001 level. Income, ultrasound, and planning of pregnancy were also found to be significantly related to maternal-fetal attachment.
Adolescent↗